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Ieeeee13caf2 935f 20150515073915
Ieeeee13caf2 935f 20150515073915
I. INTRODUCTION
Z Saa
Z S = Z Sba
Z Sca
Z Sab
Z Raa
Z R = Z Rba
Z Rca
Z Rab
Z SR
Z Sbb
Z Scb
Z Sac
Z Sbc
Z Scc
(1)
Z Rac
Z Rbc
Z Rcc
(2)
Z Rbb
Z Rcb
Z aa
= Z ba
Z ca
Z ab
Z bb
Z cb
Z ac
Z bc
Z cc
E Sa
E S = E Sb
E Sc
(3)
(4)
VS = mZ SR I S + RF I F
(5)
where
I S = [I Sa
I Sb
I Sc ] and
T
I F = [I Fa
I Fc ] .
T
I Fb
(6)
m=
imag I F V S
imag I F Z SR I S
(7)
D ( m ) = [(1 m ) Z SR + Z R ] 1 [ Z S + Z SR + Z R ]
(9)
I Sp = I S I S 0
(10)
m=
imag I Sp D(m)*VS
imag I Sp D(m) Z SR I S
(11)
I 01 p = I 01 I 010
(12)
where
I01 is the during-fault current flowing from node 0 to node 1
and
I010 is the pre-fault current flowing from node 0 to node 1.
Note that, for brevity, in many places the impedance matrix
and the current/voltage vector are simply written as
impedance and current/voltage.
Next, compute the current distribution factor D(m) using (13)
(13)
TABLE 1(a)
THREE-PHASE SYMMETRICAL FAULT
5
TABLE 1(b)
PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT IN PHASE a
I F = D(m) I Sp
(14)
where ISp is the pure-fault current at the substation end. Let IFb
and IFc be the estimated fault current in the health phases for a
phase-to-ground fault in phase a. Define an error index as
2
eindex = I Fb + I Fc
(15)
eindex = I Fa
(16)
6
TABLE 2
PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT IN FEEDER 0-1 AT A DISTANCE OF ml FROM NODE 0
TABLE 4
TEST RESULTS FOR THE PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT IN FEEDER 4 5
7
TABLE 6
Y3 R = YL 3 (U + Z 3 YL 3 ) 1
Y0S = YS
(A-4)
(A-5)
APPENDIX II
Data for Example 1
Substation data: 58 MVA SCL, 11 kV, Zs0/Zs+ = 1.0, X/R =
10.
Feeder data:
0.4013+ j1.4133 0.0953+ j0.8515 0.0953+ j0.7266
Z = 0.0953+ j0.8515 0.4013+ j1.4133 0.0953+ j0.7802/km
0.0953+ j0.7266 0.0953+ j0.7802 0.4013+ 1.4133i
Lengths of the main feeders and load tap feeders are given
in the figure.
Loads: L1 = 500 kVA, 3-ph
L2 = 25 kVA, b c
L3 = 50 kVA, a b
L4 = 150 kVA, 3-ph
L5 = 250 kVA, 3-ph
L6 = 375 kVA, 3-ph
L7 = 500 kVA, 3-ph
Power factor of all loads = 0.9 lagging
(A-1)
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
(A-2)
where
[3]
[4]
[5]
(A-3)
[6]
9
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
K. Ramar received the Bachelor of Engineering degree from University
of Madras in 1964, and Master of Technology and Ph.D. degrees from Indian
Institute of Technology Madras, India in 1968 and 1972 respectively. He
worked as a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Madras until December 2002. He is currently a
Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia.
He has more than 40 years of teaching and research experience. He has
published more than 75 papers in leading international journals and
conferences. His fields of interest include Power System Operation and
Control, Computer Application to Power Systems, Power Systems Protection,
and Fault Location in Overhead Transmission Lines. He is a Senior Member
of IEEE.
E. E. Ngu was born in Malaysia. She received the Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering and Master of Engineering (Electrical) degrees from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia in 2002 and 2004, respectively. She is currently working
as a Lecturer and pursuing her Ph.D. on part time basis at Multimedia
University, Malaysia. Her research interests include fault location on power
system and lightning protection.