Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage
Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage
Effect of Acoustic Vibration On The Satellite Structure at Launch Stage
By
Supervised by
Dr.Safeen Y.Al-Qassab
Assistant Professor
July 2009
Rejeb 1430
Poshpar 2709
By
Dr.Safeen Y.Al-Qassab
Assistant Professor
July 2009
Rejeb 1430
Poshpar 2709
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ]<]<
<
<
DEDICATION
To my
Father and Mother
To my
Brother and Sister
To all
those Whom I love
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, thank you God for all the incredible blessings you have
always given me through my whole life and especially during my thesis years.
I would like to thank my advisor, Ass.Professor " Dr. Safeen Y. AlQassab", for his invaluable guidance. His encouragement and support were
instrumental to the successful completion of this project. I was indeed very
fortunate to have him as my project guide.
My special thanks are for my age friends "Mr. Azher Kareem" and
"Mr. Nyaz Taher", master students for the invaluable discussions and help
during the course of this work.
I like to express my special thanks to "Mr. Dlawar Ali" in Ministry of
Electricity for the help on creating the experimental work. And also wish to
express my deeply thankful to Engineers " Hussain Hamad " and " Karaman
Maulud" in the Ministry of Electricity.
I like to thank the members of the mechanical workshop to disturbance
them with high noise during my project tests, and I would like to thank
"Mr.Emad Odish" in mechanical department.
Also, I would like to thank my mother, my brothers, and all family. They
provided me with great love and encouragement to continue whenever I meet
difficulties in life.
AbdulRahman
ABSTRACT
The launch of satellite generates extreme conditions, such as vibrations and
acoustics that can affect the launch pad, satellite, and their payloads. The noise at
launch and liftoff causes intense acoustic loads. These acoustic loads are the result
of an intense acoustic environment generated by the interaction of the rocket-engine
exhaust stream mixing with the atmosphere.
Acoustic load among the most critical quantity measures before all the satellites
when launches to space. Vibrations that produced by use one side of the satellite
structure can contain valuable information about the state of acoustic on the
satellite. This work was planned and carried out in such a way to provide detailed
information on effect of the acoustic vibration on the plate of satellite structure.
The focus of this study is to find a correlation between acoustic and the plate
vibration. A Vibrometer measurement device was used to measure displacement
and velocity in horizontal directions to obtain the vibration information. Stress in
(x , y)-directions on the plate are measured by applying a strain gage technique.
The ranges of acoustic parameters in the present study were quite limited:
starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB), frequency of sound (31.5,
63,125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz) and strain gage directions
(horizontal, and vertical).
The pressures of the sound and pressure spectral density are calculated by
sound pressure level (dB).
In this study also the finite element technique were used by software ANSYS to
appearance acoustic parameters, to analytical predictions. Structural modeshapes
and assessed with ANSYS. The plate was completed initially to define the
procedure and a method required in ANSYS to complete a plate assessment, and by
ANSYS was showed high level and low level of deformation and stress at each
place on the plate.
List of Symbols
A
Amplitude
CTE
DC
Direct current
e.g.
ELV
EM
EGSE
Etc.
Frequency (Hz)
FEA
FM
fx
f ref
i.e.
NASA
Pref
Ps
Prms
Quality factor
QM
RLV
RMS
RSLVF
II
SM
SPL
Time (sec)
T3
T6
T7
VRMS
fc
f max
f min
Natural frequency
Period (sec)
Displacement (m)
x&
Velocity (m/sec)
&x&
Acceleration (m/sec2 )
yield
Ultimate
Stress (MPa)
Strain (m/m)
III
Contents
Subject
Page
Abstract ....
II
Contents ...
IV
List of Figures .
VII
4
x&
4
x&
x &
1- 4 Materials .....
10
12
13
18
19
24
25
25
IV
Subject
Page
2-3 Octaves ..
26
29
30
33
34
43
44
44
3-2-2 Vibrometer ..
45
46
47
3-2-5 Oscillator
48
48
49
3-2-8 Loudspeaker.
50
53
56
72
72
77
79
85
Subject
Page
91
97
100
105
108
109
111
113
114
REFERENCES ...
115
VI
List of Figures
Figures
Page
Figure (1-1)
Figure (1-2)
11
14
Figure (1-4)
15
Figure (1-5)
19
supported beam
Figure (2-1)
Harmonic motion
30
Figure (2-2)
31
on a circle
Figure (2-3)
/2
and
31
Figure (2-4)
35
Figure (2-5)
38
Workbench programs
Figure (2-6)
40
42
43
Figure (3-2)
Vibrometer device
45
Figure (3-3)
46
Figure (3-4)
46
VII
Figures
Figure (3-5)
Page
47
Electronic Oscillator
48
Figure (3-7)
49
Figure (3-8)
50
Figure (3-9)
Structure of loudspeaker
52
Figure (3-10)
52
Figure (3-11)
54
Figure (3-12)
54
Figure (3-13)
55
67
78
average condition
Figure (4-2)
79
Figure (4-3)
80
82
86
VIII
88
Figures
Page
92
108 dB)
Figure (4-8)
94
100
108
frequency
Figure (4-11)
IX
110
List of Tables
Tables
Page
14
27
28
29
35
56
Table (3-2) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
74
Tables
Page
80
98
99
XI
107
Chapter
INTRODUCTION AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER ONE
However, the shipment of a satellite to its final destination in orbit is far more
complicated than for all other products. Launching satellites is the launch vehicleinduced vibration and shock environment that a satellite must endure on its trip to
orbit. Excessive dynamic and shock loads can be a satellite killer causing permanent
damage to electronics, optics, and other sensitive equipment. To compensate for the
harsh dynamic environment, payloads must be designed and tested to very high
dynamic levels, greatly increasing the cost of many payload components. An
excellent alternative is to reduce the launch dynamic loads through the use of wholespacecraft passive vibration isolation [2].
At the end of the 20th century, remarkable progress had been made in design,
analysis, and fabrication of advanced composite structures. Structures and
mechanisms are integral parts of any satellite, and the launch vehicle is required to
place the satellite into orbit. The structures and mechanisms subsystem serves as the
physical backbone supporting all other subsystems. Although other subsystems are
not directly affected by the launch vehicle [3].
During the launch of space vehicles, there is a large external excitation
generated by acoustic and structural vibration. This is due to acoustic pressure
fluctuations on the vehicle fairing caused by the engine exhaust gases. This external
excitation drives the fairing structure and produces large acoustic pressure
fluctuations inside the fairing cavity. The acoustic pressure fluctuations not only
produce high noise levels inside the cavity but also cause damage such as structural
fatigue, and damage to, or destruction of, the payload inside the fairing. This is an
important problem because one trend of the aerospace industry is to use composite
materials for the construction of launch vehicle fairings. The use of these materials
has resulted in large-scale weight reductions of launch vehicles, but one of its
potential disadvantages is the increase of noise transmission with a resulting
increase in acoustic levels inside the fairing [4].
Rocket motors generate tremendous acoustic energy at liftoff. Turbulent mixing
of the hot exhaust gas with the surrounding air is the dominant acoustic source. The
2
exhaust gas may also have aerodynamic shock waves, which further add to the noise.
Combustion instability and rough burning may also contribute to the noise Consider
a rocket vehicle which has a payload enclosed in a nose cone firing [5].
The acoustic energy propagates to the payload fairing. The energy is then
transmitted through the fairing wall to the enclosed air volume. The payload may be
sensitive to the transmitted acoustic excitation, especially if the payload has solar
panels or delicate instruments. Excessive vibration and shock can cause permanent
damage to satellite electronics, optics, and other sensitive equipment. To
compensate for the environment, payloads must be designed and tested to high
vibration and shock levels, greatly increasing the cost of many components. An
excellent alternative is to reduce the launch loads through the use of isolation
systems. Because, the primary source of structural vibrations and internal loads
during launch is due to these acoustic loads. Once the vehicle achieves supersonic
speed, the effect of rocket exhaust noise are generally minimal compared with the
turbulent flow noise excitation [5, 6].
The rocket engines produce noise throughout the whole frequency range of
interest, but the high frequency content is particularly intense. High frequency noise
remains a matter of concern in space vehicles, since during launch it can be
enhanced due to deflected jet flow noise and associated acoustical reflections. High
frequency noise adds concern because it causes a large number of stress reversals in
space vehicles structures, space station payloads, satellites, and electronic packages.
These stress reversals can cause fatigue failure during launch and the two-minute
flight phase through the atmosphere.
Excessive noise levels inside the payload bays of launch vehicles are blamed for
as many as 60% of first day satellite failures. It is claimed that 40% of the mass of a
satellite is present just to enable the satellite to survive the harsh vibro-acoustic
launch environment. If payload bay interior noise levels could be reduced, the
probability of satellite survival would increase and the mass of a satellite could be
reduced, which has obvious financial benefits for both the cost of a satellite and the
associated launch costs [7].
1-2 Payloads
The payload is dependent upon the mission of the satellite, and is typically
regarded as the part of the satellite "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could
include scientific instruments (cameras, telescopes, or particle detectors, for
example), cargo, or a human crew [8].
Tests on the test models may lead to changes in the design. Deviations from the
design specifications need to be approved by the client [1].
1-4 Materials
Mechanics of materials describes how structural members react to environmental
loads. Since the satellite structure is by function a load-bearing structure, the stresses
and deformations must be modeled for strength verification. The structures ability
to withstand normal and shearing stresses as well as in-plane and out-of-plane
deformations should be adequate for the structures desired lifetime [9].
Materials used in the fabrication of satellite hardware shall be selected by
considering the operational requirements for the particular application and the
engineering properties of the candidate materials. Satellite structural designs also
use several different materials. Materials are chosen based on their properties, cost,
and complexity. There are two typical materials used in satellite applications: metals
and fiber composites [10].
Aluminum alloys are the most widely used metallic materials in satellite
manufacturing. The advantages include high strength to weight ratios, high ductility
and ease of machining. The stiffness to weight ratio is comparable to steel; however,
the strength to weight ratio is typically higher. The disadvantages include low
hardness and a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
The alloys are typically tempered to increase the material strengths. Two typical
alloys used in manufacturing are 6061-T6 and 7075-T7. Aluminum 6061-T6
contains silicon and magnesium which strengthens the alloy during tempering. This
alloy has good machinability and corrosion resistance. Aluminum 7075-T7 contains
zinc and trace amounts of magnesium. The alloy exhibits higher strength than
(6061-T6), but is more difficult to machine [11].
Beryllium is used for very high-stiffness aerospace applications. It has a
specific modulus 6.2 times the specific modulus of aluminum. The material is nonisotropic and therefore exhibits low ductility and fracture toughness in its short grain
5
apparent that the actual response of the structure can not be evaluated any better then
the excitation can be predicted [17], as shown in figure (1-1).
P2
SPL = 10 log 2
P
ref
..................................................................................... (1.1)
5
where the reference value of the sound pressure, Pref = 2 10 Pa and P is the
10
Figure (1-2) Sketch of the rocket flow and contour overall sound-pressure level
for flight and launch cases [18]
11
In Europe the ARIANE 5 and SOYUZ launch vehicles are well known while in
the USA the Shuttle, the DELTA family, the ATLAS family and the TITAN family
of launch vehicles are well known [1].
13
Acoustics
Random
Vibration
Lift-off
Aerodynamics /Buffet
Sine
Vibration
Shock
satellite)
Motor burn /Combustion/
POGO
The dynamic mechanical loads are occurring along the lifetime of a satellite as
shown in figures (1-4).
14
Launch loads
Handling
loads
Transportation
loads
Sinusoidal
vibrations
Random
vibrations
Acoustic
pressures
Re-entry
loads
Dynamic loads
during launch
(Emergency)
landing loads
Loads following
launch
Loads/influences on
the satellite in orbit
(In-service loads)
Transfer orbit
loads
Steady-state
acceleration
Extension of
folded elements,
Sinusoidal
vibrations
Temperature
gradients
Random
vibrations
Micrometeorites /
Acoustic
pressures
0g loads
Pressure
variations
Shock loads
Figure (1-4) Sketch of loads at launch stage [1, 19]
15
Sinusoidal loads
Low frequency sinusoidal vibrations occur as a result of the interaction between
launch vehicle mode forms and loads occurring during.
Lift-off, the fast build-up of thrust causes a shock load that excites the low
frequency domain.
Combustion of the engines, during combustion of the engines sinusoidal vibrations
occur, both in, and adjacent to, the launch direction [20].
16
Random load
Acoustic loads and boundary layer turbulence are transformed into mechanical
vibrations in the launch vehicle, which affect the satellite at its base. It is assumed
that the acoustic loads will cover the random mechanical vibrations [1].
Acoustic loads
The noise of the launch vehicle engines, the separation of the airflow along the
launch vehicle and the aerodynamic noise generate acoustic loads in a broad
frequency spectrum from 20-10000 Hz. This acoustic environment generates
random vibration loads due to the sound pressure acting on the surfaces of the
satellite. Acoustic loads are developed during powered ascent, the first 3 to 4
minutes of ascent. Compression waves are particularly significant for structures with
a ratio of high cross-sectional area to low mass [16].
Shock load
Shock loads as a result of the separation of the stages and the separation of the
satellite from the launch vehicle, the ignition and the stopping of the engines. The
separation of the satellite results in the highest shock load [1].
Micro-meteorites/Debris
Space surrounding Earth is full of millions of micro meteoroids and man-made
orbital debris. Orbital debris consists not only of large redundant stages of rockets
and old satellite but, also small parts such as bits of paint and other fragments. Even
minute parts can seriously damage a satellite because these parts move at very high
velocities. Orbital debris flies with a velocity of 7.5 km/s (27000 km/h) in an orbit
around the earth [1].
17
18
Figure (1-5) first and second harmonic modes for a simply supported beam [21]
Salter J. P., [1964] calls for two test improvements to alleviate overtesting: 1)
multi-point control to reduce the impact of fixture resonances and 2) force limiting
to account for the vibration absorber effect at test item resonances. It proposes a
very simple method of computing the force limit, i.e. the force is limited to 1.5 times
the mass times the peak acceleration, i.e. the acceleration specification. His
approach, in conjunction with a review of the force data obtained in the system
acoustic tests of the Cassini spacecraft, provides the impetus for what in this
monograph is called the semiempirical method of predicting force limits [22].
Kurng Y. Chang , Terry D. Scharton, [1996] describe the force limited vibration
test of the Cassini spacecraft. Over a hundred acceleration responses were monitored
in the spacecraft vibration test, but only the total axial force is used in the control
loop to notch the input acceleration. The force limit specified in the spacecraft
19
vibration test plan is used in the test without any modifications. The force limit for
the complete spacecraft vibration test, as well as the limits for many of the Cassini
instrument vibration tests, are developed using a simple, semi-empirical method
which requires only the acceleration specification and data from a low level pre-test
to determine the apparent mass of the test item. The instrument force limits derived
with the semi-empirical method are generally equal to or less than those derived
with the two-degree-of-freedom method, but are still conservative with respect to the
interface force data measured in the acoustic test [23].
John C. Forgrave, Kin F. Man , et al.,[1997] This paper describes a method for
optimizing acoustic and random vibration trials to reduce cost and schedule, without
incurring undue risk to the hardware depending on the surface area, mass, and
geometry of the test object, one vibration test is normally more effective as a failure
screening mechanism. Random vibration is found to be more effective in springmass systems with input frequencies ranging from 20 to 2,000 Hz, whereas acoustic
testing is more effective for plate-like structures with input frequencies ranging from
30 to 10,000 Hz. By calculating a test article response in each environment and
comparing the relative response magnitudes. Investigation the effects sound pressure
level and frequencies on the spacecraft when become acoustic vibration and random
vibration, when there was used sound pressure level to 135 dB [13].
Terry Scharton , [1998] Instead of conducting the acoustic test with the spacecraft
in a reverberant room, as is the usual practice, the test was conducted with the
spacecraft mounted on a shaker slip-table in a nearly anechoic, vibration test cell.
The spacecraft was surrounded with a three-meter high ring of large, large, electrodynamic speaker, spaced approximately 1.3 meters away from the two-meter
diameter, 900 kg spacecraft. The thirty-one speaker cabinets were driven audio
amplifier power, the acoustic specification, with an overall sound pressure level of
135 dB. This study was presented a detailed experimental investigation for the effect
of maximum displacement with low frequency [24].
20
Craig L. Stevens, [2002] The purpose of this thesis was to design, analyze,
fabricate, and test a nanosatellite for flight qualification aboard the NASA STS.
Investigated several materials and methods used to optimize the structural properties
of spacecraft assemblies. chose aluminum isogrid as the most efficient design for
this program. This thesis was described the design of the spacecraft and the entire
satellite configuration, and applied the theory to results of the finite element analysis
to arrive at the design. Thesis was verified the models using modal analysis
techniques, and performed environmental testing on the satellite assembly at NASA
Wallops Flight Facility, and was devised integration methods to raise the
fundamental frequency of the structure and reduce the dynamic amplification of the
loading on critical components [11].
Deyu Li., [2003] this work has focused on the goal of better characterization of the
noise transmission into advanced composite cylindrical structures, which leads to
better noise transmission controls. The task is by no means complete, but all the
theoretical models and design schemes can be used for full size composite
cylindrical structures for characterizing their noise transmission behavior and
conducting noise transmission control. In this thesis was used four speaker with
amplifier and frequency range was used between (0- 2000 Hz) and sound level range
to 110 dB, finally there was analyzed the cylinder shape by finite element was
obtained mode shapes and relation between frequency and sound level [3].
Peter Davidsson , [2004] investigates structure-acoustic systems by using of finite
element analysis. The systems studied here are limited to those that consist of an
enclosed acoustic fluid cavity, which is coupled to a flexible structure and/or a
porous sound absorbing material domain.
The typical procedure of structure-acoustic analysis is discussed, including the
generation of the governing system of equations and the solution of the generated
systems using sub structuring and modal reduction. This study was presented a
detailed experimental investigation for the effect of maximum displacement with
frequency (0-2000Hz) and sound pressure level between (100-147 dB) [25].
21
Simon J. Estve, [2004] has demonstrated that a lightweight and compact noise
reduction treatment can significantly increase low frequency transmission loss of a
composite cylinder representative of a payload fairing. This is possible because in
such structures the lower part of the internal acoustic spectrum is composed of sharp
structural and acoustic resonances, which cannot be effectively damped by
traditional acoustic blankets. Therefore, damped vibration absorbers and Helmholtz
resonators represent an efficient way to add damping to these resonances without
adding a significant amount of weight or volume [26].
Aidan Bettridge, [2004] deals with the investigation into the design and analysis of
developing the structural subsystem of a picosatellite capable of carrying a scientific
payload into orbit. The design of the satellite is constrained by the specifications
defined by the CubeSat Standards. Provide a detailed design and analysis of the
CASsat structural subsystem only (without experimental) because data of this thesis
came from CASsat company, by using finite element analysis computer programs
Strand7 .when Strand7 is respective programs in Sydney university networks. There
was analyzed acoustic vibration and random vibration of one side of plate and all
sides with them (box) [17].
William O. Hughes [2005] This paper compares the results obtained from the
Normal Tolerance Limit method with those obtained from the Bootstrap method.
The Bootstrap is a statistical subsampling method which utilizes sample data to
generate replicates which are utilized for parameter and confidence interval
estimation. The Bootstrap makes no assumption on the underlying distribution of the
data, whereas the Normal Tolerance Limit assumes normality. It was using
MATLAB computer programs to analyzing with Bootstrap method [27].
K. Renji, M. Mahalakshmi, [2006] Vibration energy transfer in a system of three
plates separated by a small distance and connected at a few discrete points, like solar
panels in a spacecraft, is investigated. Coupling loss factors are obtained
experimentally using the power injection technique. The system is then subjected to
the acoustic excitation in a reverberant chamber. The measured responses of the
22
inner plate are significant. But the measured responses of the inner plates are higher
than the responses estimated based on the coupling loss factors obtained. When the
system is subjected to mechanical excitation the measured responses of the inner
plate closely match with the estimated responses. Investigation the effect frequency
in acceleration by using accelerometers in each plate of three plates was used in this
study [28].
Mir Md. Maruf, [2008] establishes theoretical and numerical models for the
prediction of external sound pressure loading on composite structures representing
launch vehicles, such as a large composite cylinder referred to as a Boeing cylinder
and a Representative Small Launch Vehicle Fairing (RSLVF). To predict the
external sound pressure loading, various incident wave conditions were investigated.
For the theoretical model, both the incident and scattered sound pressure fields due
to incident plane waves; perpendicular to an idealized long cylinder were
investigated. The results show that the scattered sound pressure field plays a major
role in determining the total circumferential sound pressure field at the surface of the
cylinder and cannot be ignored for the launch case.
The theoretical model was developed further for a point source, line source and
oblique incident waves, and modified to determine the incident, scattered and total
sound pressure fields away from the cylinder. The approach developed overcomes
some limitations of previous analytical derivations.
An experiment was undertaken to determine the sound pressure patterns at the
surface of a cylinder at various frequencies due to a point source positioned at a
finite distance from the cylinder surface. The experimental work confirmed the
accuracy of the theoretical model for a point source at a finite distance from the
cylinder [4].
23
24
Chapter
THEORITICAL AND
FINITE ELEMENT OF
ACOUSTIC VIBRATION
CHAPTER TWO
2-2 Decibels
The decibel is one-tenth of the original unit, the bel (B). This was found
inconvenient for practical use, and was divided into 10 decibels. The decibel scale
alone, without reference to a standard level, is simply a way of expressing the factor
by which an oscillatory quantity, such as voltage, force, pressure, etc., changes. It is
defined in terms of power (mean square) values. So, for example, if an RMS
voltage, v1 , changes to v 2 , the change expressed in dB is SPL, say, where:
v2
SPL(dB) = 10 log10 22
v1
or
v 22
= 10 SPL / 10 .........................(2.1)
2
v1
or
v2
= 10 SPL / 20
v1
.........................(2.2)
25
Pa, i.e. [ 20 10
-6
N/m 2 ] (or
2.90 10 -9 lbf/in 2 ).
The sound pressure level (SPL) is then given by:
p2
p
p2
= 10
2
p ref
SPL ( dB )
10
p = p ref 10
2
................................................................................... (2.4)
SPL ( dB )
10
....................................................................................... (2.5)
2-3 Octaves
Acoustic spectra are given as dB in bands, with band centers usually spaced at a
given fraction of an octave, although dB levels in 1 Hz bands are also used. An
octave, as in music, is an interval over which the frequency doubles. Very often, the
center frequencies of the bands are spaced at (1/3) octave intervals, but other
fractions, or even whole octaves, can be used. Taking the (1/3) -octave system as an
example, and starting at 10 Hz, the band centers, f c , are as shown in table (2-1).
These are awkward numbers, but the rounded, standard, values shown are usually
close enough for practical purposes.
For a constant relative bandwidth, the ratio between two consecutive frequencies is
defined as:
fx
= 2 x ........................................................................................................ (2.6)
f ref
26
x: octave band
10 2 0 = 10.000
10
10 21 3 = 12.599
12.5
10 2 2 3 = 15.874
16
10 21 = 20.000
20
10 2 4 3 = 25.198
25
10 2 5 3 = 31.758
32
etc.
etc.
x=
fx
= 21 and when
f ref
1
1
one speaks of an octave band f x = 2 3 = 1.260
3
f ref
16
27
The centre frequencies in an octave- and one-third octave band are given in
Table (2-3) .The centre frequency f cent is the geometric mean of the minimum
frequency f min and the maximum frequency f max in the relative frequency band,
and is of course dependent on the octave band used. The centre frequency is:
f cent =
Relative bandwidth
The bandwidth f is the difference between the maximum frequency f max and
the minimum frequency f min and is given by:
f max
= 2 x . It is then easy
f min
to derive the expression for the bandwidth in terms of the centre frequency
x
2x
2
f = 2 2
f cent
..................................................................................... (2.10)
xst-Octave band
Bandwidth (Hz)
x =1
f = 0.7071 f cent
1
3
f = 0.23161 f cent
x=
28
Table (2-3) Centre frequencies octave and one-octave frequency bands [1]
Octave frequency
band (Hz)
One-third octave
frequency band
(Hz)
25
31.5
63
125
250
31.5
Octave frequency
band (Hz)
1000
One-third octave
frequency band
(Hz)
800
1000
40
1250
50
1600
63
2000
2000
80
2500
100
3200
125
4000
4000
160
5000
200
6300
250
8000
315
8000
10000
400
500
500
630
Ps is defined as:
P2
Ps =
f
........................................... (2.11)
29
(2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10
Ps =
............................................................................. (2.12)
0.231 f n
Equation (2.5) and (2.7) was used to determine pressure spectral density ( Ps ) [13].
x = A sin 2
.......................................................................................... (2.13)
30
[t = x / x& ( sec)] Then using Microsoft Excel Computer Program the diagram of
Figure (2-3) In harmonic motion the velocity and acceleration lead the
displacement by
/ 2 and [31]
31
The quantity is generally measured in radians per second, and is referred to as the
circular frequency. Since the motion repeats itself in 2 radians, the relationship is:
= 2f .......................................... (2.15)
Where and f are the period and frequency of the harmonic motion, usually
measured in seconds and cycles per second respectively.
The velocity and acceleration of harmonic motion can he simply determined
by differentiation of Eq. (2.14). Using the dot notation for the derivative, it can
obtain:
32
33
34
After identify some fundamental frequencies of interest such as (31.5, 63, 125,
250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz) for the Harmonic analysis and
samples of pressure ,finally run the Harmonic analysis to obtain deformation
and stress in all different stages [35,36 ,37 ].
35
Modeshape
When solving programs at step Modal will obtain the modeshape as shown in
table (2-4) and the shapes as shown in figure (2-5)
59.692
107.78
108.54
122.
209.07
248.05
264.8
265.92
353.72
385.07
Displacement (deformation)
Finally solving programs at step Harmonic analysis will obtain the deformation
shape at different frequency and pressure as shown in figure (2-6).
STRESS
After solving programs at step Harmonic analysis and Equivalent (von-Mises)
stress type will obtain the stress shape at different frequency and pressure as shown
in figure (2-7).
36
First mode
Second mode
Third mode
Forth mode
37
Fifth mode
Sixth mode
Seventh mode
Eighth mode
Ninth mode
Tenth mode
Figure (2-5) Indicated ten modeshape of plate by using ANSYS Workbench
38
40
42
Chapter
EXPE
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3-1 Introduction
The experimental work for this study was carried out in the workshop
measurement laboratory of the mechanical engineering department. This chapter
deals with the experimental work and procedure that were followed to prepare plate
and equipment for testing. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the necessary
steps measuring the vibration and strain on the one side in the satellite structure.
The work was planned and carried out in such a way to provide detailed
information on effect of acoustic vibration on the satellite structure, the details of
equipment, instrumentation. In order to investigate the possibility of measurement of
acoustic vibration relationships between sound frequency and plate vibration, an
experimental apparatus to measure plate vibrations was installed in plates as shown
in figure (3-1).
43
Plate Properties
Aluminum (2024) plate was used for testing have dimension (25cm X 25cm)
and
the
thickness
is
(1mm),
and
mechanical
properties
are
yield = 360 Mpa , Ultimate = 475 Mpa 2 , Vickers hardness number is (129), and
3.83%C1, C=carbon)
The chemical composition test carried out in chemical department .College of Science .university of
Salahaddin
2
The test was carried out in the Mechanical Engineering .Department.(tensile test machine)
44
3-2-2 Vibrometer
A Hottinger SM60 (10) type measurement device vibration as shown in figure
(3-2). The tip of the vibrometer was transducer the motion on plate to signal in the
device, signals such as amplitude (x) or velocity ( x& ) of a point on the plate. In this
work we had taken five points in the plate to measure the displacement and velocity,
the points in left side, right side, center, bottom and top as shown in figure (3-3).
An apparatus have two direction for using horizontal and vertical and this direction
depending in vibration direction horizontally or vertically, in this thesis process was
horizontally .The measurement range displacement reading is (0.1-600m), velocity
range reading is (0.01-60mm/sec) with 9V DC power.
Corks
Wood
Vibrometer
45
D
Figure (3-3) indicate place of reading of vibration in the plate
46
The foil of strain gages with a gage factor of (2.030) and gage resistance of
(120 ) are connected by wires with the strain indicator and switch balance unit to
convert the value of strain from the resistance of the foil to the devices and then
shows the value from digital gage as shown in figure (3-5) .
Figure (3-5) Digital strain indicator and switch balance unit strain measuring
device
47
3-2-5 Oscillator
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive
electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. The harmonic or 'linear'
oscillator produces a sinusoidal output. The basic form of a harmonic oscillator is an
electronic amplifier with the output attached to an electronic filter, and the output of
the filter attached to the input of the amplifier, in a feedback loop. When the power
supply to the amplifier is first switched on, the amplifier's output consists only of the
noise. The noise travels around the loop, being filtered and re-amplified until it
increasingly resembles the desired signal.
Oscillator connected by wires with loudspeaker to obtain the sound under
oscillator frequency in side and with oscilloscope to obtain shape of frequency in
another side, frequency range between (0.1 ~ 100000 Hz), as shown in figure (3-6).
3-2-6 Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes are widely used when it is desired to observe the exact wave shape
of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can
measure the frequency, show distortion, show the time between two events, and
show the relative timing of two related signals .A typical oscilloscope has a display
screen, numerous input connectors, and control knobs and buttons on the front panel.
48
To obtain very accuracy data it must calibrated the display, after choosing
required frequency, the signal from oscillator to one of the input of oscilloscope.
The oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis and time on horizontal axis .as
shown in figure (3-7).
49
3-2-8 Loudspeaker
The job of a loudspeaker is to set up vibrations in the air which are acoustic
representations of the waveforms of the electrical signals that are being supplied to
the input terminals. A loudspeaker is therefore an electro-mechanico-acoustic
transducer. Loudspeakers transform the electrical drive signals into mechanical
movements which, normally via a vibrating diaphragm, couple those vibrations to
the air and thus propagate acoustic waves. Once these acoustic waves are perceived
by the ear, we experience a sensation of sound [39].
50
51
x, x&
Input Frequency
Figure (3-13) Experimental Procedure describes input variables and output investigation
55
Acting position
Starting Sound
pressure level (dB)
left
80,90,100,108
right
80,90,100,108
center
80,90,100,108
bottom
80,90,100,108
top
80,90,100,108
horizontal
80,90,100,108
vertical
80,90,100,108
Frequency (Hz)
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
31.5,65,125,250,500,
1000,2000,4000,8000
56
The range of variation parameters which obtained from these experiments such as
frequency, amplitude, velocity and sound pressure level, the experimental results are
shown in tables [(3-2a), (3-2b), (3-2c), (3-2d)]
Table (3-2a) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the left side in the plate
Test
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
80
81
82
83
83.5
84
83.5
81
80.5
x&
Displacement Velocity
(m)
(mm/sec)
0.7
0.6
1
0.4
0.3
0.34
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.26
0.18
0.22
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
Table (3-2b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the left side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
57
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.62
0.32
0.88
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
Table (3-2c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the left side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
19
31.5
100
2.8
1.3
20
63
102
2.2
1
21
125
103
4.9
1.8
22
250
103
1.2
0.52
23
500
103.5
1
0.28
24
1000
103.5
0.6
0.12
25
2000
102
0.6
0.1
26
4000
101.5
0.5
0.06
27
8000
99.5
0.6
0.04
Table (3-2d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the left side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.5
109
110
109.5
109
108.5
107
106.5
20.2
11.8
35.4
5.5
3.4
2
1.2
0.9
0.7
7.1
6.6
13.5
4.8
1.1
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.06
58
Test No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
81
82.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
81.5
80.5
0.90
0.70
1.60
0.64
0.39
0.27
0.39
0.16
0.16
0.29
0.16
0.24
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.02
Table (3-3b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the right side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
59
1.52
0.90
1.86
0.82
0.64
0.62
0.58
0.36
0.16
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.78
0.60
1.10
0.43
0.30
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.04
Table (3-3c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the right side in the plate
Test
No
Velocity
(mm/sec)
55
31.5
100
3.20
1.71
56
63
101.5
2.40
1.30
57
125
103
5.30
2.10
58
250
103
2.10
0.83
59
500
103.5
1.30
0.33
60
1000
104
0.84
0.20
61
2000
102
0.62
0.10
62
4000
101.5
0.61
0.07
63
8000
100
0.40
0.04
Table (3-3d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the right side in the plate
Test
No
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
108
108.5
109
109.5
109.5
109
108.5
106.5
106
22.35
12.40
37.61
5.86
4.20
2.10
1.40
1.10
0.80
60
Velocity
(mm/sec)
7.42
6.90
14.84
5.08
1.80
0.64
0.22
0.14
0.10
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80
82
83.5
84
84
84
81
80.5
1.2
0.9
2.3
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.36
0.38
0.7
0.34
0.2
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
Table (3-4b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the center side in the plate
Test
No
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
90
91
93
93.5
93.5
93
91.5
91
90
1.9
2.3
3.2
1.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
61
Velocity
(mm/sec)
1.2
1.14
4.8
0.92
0.42
0.18
0.1
0.08
0.05
Table (3-4c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the center side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
91
31.5
100
6.8
4.9
92
63
102
5.4
5.3
93
125
103
24.2
13.8
94
250
103
4.8
4.6
95
500
103.5
3.3
1.1
96
1000
103
2.1
0.64
97
2000
102
0.9
0.22
98
4000
101
0.5
0.1
99
8000
100
0.3
0.08
Table (3-4d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the center side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108
109
110
110
109
108
107
107
48
28.8
98.6
16
8.2
4.1
2.2
1.5
1.2
12
13.2
27
9.6
2.6
1.1
0.52
0.3
0.1
62
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80
82.5
83
84
83.5
84
81
80.5
0.86
0.64
1.2
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.22
0.2
0.22
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
Table (3-5b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the bottom side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91.5
93.5
93
94
93
91.5
90.5
90
1
0.8
1.4
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.38
1.3
2
0.72
0.28
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.03
63
Table (3-5c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the bottom side in the plate
Test
No
Velocity
(mm/sec)
127
31.5
100
2.8
2.4
128
63
101
2
1.3
129
125
102.5
4.8
3.1
130
250
103.5
1.4
1.32
131
500
103.5
1.1
0.4
132
1000
104
0.8
0.2
133
2000
102
0.4
0.1
134
4000
101
0.3
0.04
135
8000
99.5
0.1
0.02
Table (3-5d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the bottom side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.5
108.5
109.5
109.5
109
108
106.5
107
24
12.8
40.4
8.6
6.3
2.2
1.5
1.1
1
7.4
7
14.2
5.1
2.4
1.9
0.9
0.2
0.1
64
Table (3-6a) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the top side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.5
82
83
83.5
84
84
81.5
81
0.8
0.6
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.28
0.14
0.36
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.02
Table (3-6b) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the top side in the plate
Test
No
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
90
91
93.5
93.5
93.5
93.5
92
91
89.5
1.2
1
2.5
1.1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
65
Velocity
(mm/sec)
0.82
0.38
1.6
0.28
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.03
Table (3-6c) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the top side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
163
31.5
100
3.3
2
164
63
101.5
3.2
1.9
165
125
103
5.3
2.6
166
250
103.5
3.1
1.1
167
500
104
1.8
0.52
168
1000
103.5
1.4
0.14
169
2000
102.5
1
0.08
170
4000
102
0.65
0.06
171
8000
100
0.3
0.05
Table (3-6d) values of x , x& and sound pressure level with different frequency
on the top side in the plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Sound pressure
level (dB)
Displacement
(m)
Velocity
(mm/sec)
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108
109
109.5
110
109.5
108
106.5
106
28
13.5
47
9.6
6.2
3.1
1.8
1.3
1.2
7.3
5.4
15.3
5.3
3.1
1.9
1.3
0.3
0.1
66
The range of variation parameters which obtained from these experiments such as
frequency, strain and sound pressure level ,the experimental results are shown in
tables [(3-7a), (3-7b), (3-7c), (3-7d)]
1
15 mm
55 mm
55 mm
1
55 mm
4
55 mm
5
15 mm
(A)
(B)
Figure (3-14) indicates the direction of foil strain gage on the plate
(A: Vertical, B: Horizontal)
Table (3-7a) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in vertical direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
80
81
82
83
83.5
83.5
83
81
80
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
-2
-3
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
67
Table (3-7b) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in vertical direction in plate
Test
No
Frequency
(Hz)
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
1
pressure
level (dB) (m/m)
90
91
93
93
93.5
93.5
91.5
90.5
90
0
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
0
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
-4
-4
-6
-3
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
Table (3-7c) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in vertical direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
100
101.5
102.5
103
103
103
102
101.5
99.5
-3
-3
-9
-6
-6
-4
-3
-2
-1
-2
-6
-13
-6
-3
-3
-2
-1
-1
-36
-21
-48
-22
-18
-12
-9
-6
-6
-2
-5
-12
-5
-4
-4
-2
-2
-1
-3
-4
-8
-4
-4
-3
-3
-3
-2
68
Table (3-7d) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in vertical direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
108
108
108.5
109.5
109.5
109
108
106.5
106.5
-4
-15
-37
-14
-8
-7
-3
-2
-2
-34
-72
-150
-67
-55
-32
-23
-9
-3
-249
-274
-469
-216
-213
-123
-104
-77
-71
-31
-83
-167
-78
-64
-41
-38
-12
-5
-5
-13
-32
-11
-9
-6
-4
-3
-2
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Table (3-8a) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in horizontal direction in plate
Test Frequency
No.
(Hz)
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
80
80.5
82
83.5
84
84
84
81.5
80.5
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
69
Table (3-8b) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in horizontal direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
90
91.5
93.5
93
94
93.5
92
91.5
90
-1
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-3
-3
-5
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
-2
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
Table (3-8c) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in horizontal direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
100
102
102.5
103.5
104
104
102
101.5
100
-2
-4
-8
-6
-5
-4
-3
-3
-1
-4
-6
-12
-8
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
-40
-38
-53
-38
-29
-28
-19
-15
-15
-3
-5
-11
-7
-5
-4
-3
-3
-2
-3
-3
-9
-5
-5
-4
-3
-3
-1
70
Table (3-8d) values of strain and sound pressure level with different frequency
in horizontal direction in plate
Test Frequency
No
(Hz)
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
(m/m)
108
108
109
110
110
109
108.5
107
107
-5
-18
-39
-14
-10
-9
-4
-4
-3
-58
-96
-182
-75
-65
-55
-34
-12
-5
-281
-293
-505
-229
-224
-133
-115
-84
-68
-43
-88
-203
-98
-55
-45
-22
-11
-3
-6
-82
-166
-68
-53
-41
-23
-9
-3
71
Chapter
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER FOUR
Sample of calculation
From the table (4-1a) the following data was obtained:
Vibration parameter data for horizontal direction ;( velocity x& = 0.26 mm/sec),
(displacement x =0.82 m),
x
0.82
= 1000 = 1000 = 0.00315384 sec .................................................... (4.1)
x&
0.26
72
x : Displacement (m)
x& : Velocity (mm/sec)
1
f
=
The reciprocal
........................................................................................... (4.2)
f =
1
0.00315384
= 317 . 73 Hz
x = A sin 2
Where;
A=
x&
x&
0 . 26
= 0 . 00013 mm
1995 . 34
73
&x& = 2 A = -(1995.34)
Then the previous calculation can be repeated for all experimental tests the
results will be obtain was recording the table (4-1)
Table (4-1a) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
frequency in each side of border of the plate
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Average
Sound
pressure
level (dB)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.6
82.3
83.1
83.6
83.8
83.8
81.3
80.6
x&
Average
Average
Displacement Velocity
(m)
(mm/sec)
0.82
0.64
1.28
0.59
0.37
0.3
0.26
0.12
0.12
74
0.26
0.17
0.26
0.1
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
&x&
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
0.16
0.09
0.11
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
Table(4-1b) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
frequency in each side of border of the plate
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
90
91.3
93.4
93.4
93.8
93.1
91.8
90.9
89.9
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
1.23
0.88
1.79
0.88
0.61
0.46
0.37
0.22
0.12
0.9
0.65
1.4
0.42
0.22
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.04
1.32
0.96
2.19
0.40
0.16
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.03
Table (4-1c) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
frequency in each side of border of the plate
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
100
101.5
102.875
103.25
103.625
103.75
102.125
101.5
99.75
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
3.03
2.45
5.08
1.95
1.3
0.91
0.66
0.52
0.35
1.85
1.38
2.4
0.94
0.38
0.17
0.1
0.06
0.04
2.26
1.55
2.27
0.91
0.22
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.01
75
Table(4-1d) average values in x , x& , &x& and sound pressure level with different
frequency in each side of border of the plate
Average
Frequency Sound
No
(Hz)
pressure
level (dB)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
108
108.375
108.875
109.625
109.625
109.125
108.25
106.625
106.375
Average
Displacement
(m)
Average
Velocity
(mm/sec)
Average
Acceleration
(m/sec2)
23.64
12.63
40.1
7.39
5.03
2.35
1.48
1.1
0.93
7.31
6.48
14.46
5.07
2.1
1.21
0.64
0.19
0.09
4.52
6.65
10.43
6.96
1.75
1.25
0.55
0.07
0.02
76
Test
No
Acceleration( &x& )
(m/sec2)
Test
No
Acceleration ( &x& )
(m/sec2)
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
0.216
0.321
0.426
0.257
0.133
0.096
0.043
0.036
0.032
1.516
1.130
14.400
1.209
0.353
0.081
0.033
0.026
0.013
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
7.062
10.404
15.739
8.817
0.733
0.390
0.108
0.040
0.043
6.000
12.100
14.787
11.520
1.649
0.590
0.246
0.120
0.017
77
Maximum range
113.0
108.0
103.0
98.0
80 dB
90 dB
93.0
100 dB
108 dB
88.0
83.0
78.0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-1) variation of level sound values with frequency for average
condition
Figure (4-1) shows that effect of frequency on the sound pressure level, as well
as the effect of starting sound pressure level point. The result was showed that
increasing in frequency due to increase in sound pressure level in all curves (80 dB),
(90 dB), (100 dB) and (108 dB). Therefore it can be resulted that increasing in
frequency with higher sound pressure level caused in maximum pressure from
equation (2.5). In figure (4-1) each starting sound pressure level have maximum
value of sound pressure level, in a curve when starting sound pressure level is (80
dB) the maximum value of sound pressure level at frequency (1000 Hz), in a curve
when starting sound pressure level is (90, and 100 dB) the maximum value of sound
pressure level at frequency (500 Hz), and in a curve when starting sound pressure
level is (108 dB) the maximum value of sound pressure level at frequency (250 Hz).
The maximum point of all curves approximately at 125 Hz because has sufficient
frequency in specified time (to complete one sine shape required time (0.76 sec)).
78
This subject has been explained by William O. Hughes , Anne M. McNelis, [2000]
it was using
high starting sound pressure level (133 ,126 ,and 124 dB) with
frequency between (31.5 - 8000 Hz) finally will obtain the figure (4-2) [40].
Figure (4-2) variation of high level sound values with frequency [40]
1.28m
Maximum point
displacement (m)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
80 dB
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
125
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
displacement (m)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
90 dB
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
80
displacement (m)
5
4
3
100 dB
2
1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
36
displacement (m)
32
28
24
20
108 dB
16
12
8
4
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and displacement in tables [(3-4a), (3-4b),
(3-4c), and (3-4d)] were plotted in figures [(4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and (4-4d)]
respectively, as well as the figures contain the different starting sound pressure level
(80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
2.5
displacement (m)
2.3 m
Maximum point
1.5
80 dB
0.5
0
10
125
100
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
82
displacement (m)
3
2.5
2
1.5
90 dB
1
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
30
displacement (m)
25
20
15
100 dB
10
5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
displacement (m)
100
80
60
108 dB
40
20
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] have
been constructed to illustrate the main effect of frequency on displacement.
It is clear that at the starting point of vibration the displacement is very high after
this by increasing the range of frequency the displacement will be decreasing and
become here stability because when playing sound the frequency combine audio (45
sec) at first the plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become mini
shock after there proceed to real trajectory of curves. The maximum point of the
displacement in all figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and
(4-4d)] at frequency (125 Hz) because the frequency 125 Hz is approximately is
resonance point of plates and this is one of the common point between the curves .
The minimum point of the displacement in all figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d),
(4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] it was event at frequency (8000 Hz) and this is
another common point between the curves because one signal of sinusoidal in
frequency (8000 Hz) have a very small time (0.012 sec) to complete one signal sine .
84
In Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)]
show that the curves starting sound pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was near to
each other but starting sound pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves
starting sound pressure level (80 & 90 dB) , and starting sound pressure level at (108
dB) curves was very higher than the curves starting sound pressure level (80,90,and
100 dB) because the rate of increasing was bigger with increasing sound pressure
level.
In Figures [(4-3a), (4-3b), (4-3c), (4-3d), (4-4a), (4-4b), (4-4c), and ((4-4d)] show
that the value of average displacement of (left, right, bottom, and top position) is
smaller than the value of the displacement in center position because the all borders
position were near the fixed points.
85
Velocity (mm/sec)
0.25
0.2
0.15
80 dB
0.1
0.05
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-5a) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (80 dB)
1.6
Velocity(mm/sec)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
90 dB
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5b) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (90 dB)
86
Velocity(mm/sec)
2.5
2
1.5
100 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5c) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (100 dB)
16
12
Velocity(mm/sec)
14
10
8
108 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-5d) Velocity versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (108 dB)
87
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and velocity in tables [(3-4a), (3-4b), (3-4c),
and (3-4d)] were plotted in figures [(4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and (4-6d)] respectively,
as well as the figures contain the different starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100,
and 108 dB).
0.8
Velocity(mm/sec)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
80 dB
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6a) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (80 dB)
88
Velocity(mm/sec)
5
4
90 dB
1
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6b) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (90 dB)
16
Velocity(mm/sec)
14
12
10
8
100 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6c) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (100 dB)
89
30
Velocity(mm/sec)
25
20
15
108 dB
10
5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-6d) Velocity versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (108 dB)
From Figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)]
that is explain relation between velocity with frequency.
At the starting point of vibration the velocity at higher value, after that
decreases rapidly and also increases that is mean rapid fluctuation until it is reach to
125 Hz, because when playing the frequency combine audio (45 sec) at first the
plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become mini shock after there
proceed to real path of the curves. The higher point of the velocity in all figures [(45a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)] at frequency (125 Hz)
because the frequency (125 Hz) is approximately is resonance point of the plates and
this is common point between all curves. The Lower point of the velocity in figures
[ (4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and (4-6d) ] that is reported at
frequency (8000 Hz) and this is second common point between all curves, because
90
one signal of sinusoidal in frequency (8000 Hz) have a very small time (0.012 sec)
and frequency approximately will be constant .
The Figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)]
explain sound pressure levels, which is starting at (80 dB) to (108 dB).
the curves (80 dB) and (90 dB) was very closed to each other but starting sound
pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves which is starting sound pressure
level (80 & 90 dB), and starting sound pressure level at (108 dB) curves was higher
than the curves starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB) because the rate of
increasing was larger with increasing sound pressure level.
In Figures [(4-5a), (4-5b), (4-5c), (4-5d), (4-6a), (4-6b), (4-6c), and ((4-6d)]
shown the average value of velocity in (left, right, bottom, and top) position was
lower than the velocity value in center position, because all borders position were
considers the fixed points.
91
Acceleration (m/sec )
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
80 dB
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure (4-7a) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (80 dB)
2.5
Acceleration(m/sec )
1.5
90 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7b) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (90 dB)
92
2.5
Acceleration(m/sec )
1.5
100 dB
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7c) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (100 dB))
12
Acceleration(m/sec )
10
8
6
108 dB
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-7d) Acceleration versus frequency in border of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (108 dB)
93
B: In center
The Relationship between frequency and acceleration in table (4-2) were plotted
in figures [(4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and (4-8d)] respectively, as well as the figures
contain the different starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB).
0.45
Acceleration(m/sec )
0.4
Maximum point
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
80 dB
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10
125
100
Hz
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8a) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (80 dB)
94
12
14
Acceleration(m/sec )
16
10
8
90 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8b) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (90 dB)
16
Acceleration(m/sec )
14
12
10
8
100 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8c) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (100 dB)
95
Acceleration(m/sec )
14
12
10
8
108 dB
6
4
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency(Hz)
Figure (4-8d) Acceleration versus frequency in center of the plate with starting
sound pressure level at (108 dB)
Figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and ((4-8d)]
illustrated the main effect of frequency on acceleration.
at the starting point of vibration the acceleration was at maximum value, after
that due to increasing the range of frequency the acceleration rapidly decreases and
stay near stabile at this range because when playing the frequency combine audio
(45 sec) at first, the plate will transfer from static stage to wave stage will become
small shock after there proceed to real trajectory of curves. The higher point of the
acceleration in all figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and
((4-8d)] at frequency (125 Hz), because the frequency (125 Hz) is approximately
resonance point of plates and this is unique point between the curves. The lower
point of the acceleration in all figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b),
(4-8c), and ((4-8d)] it was occur at frequency (8000 Hz) and this is another unique
point between the curves because one signal of sinusoidal in frequency (8000 Hz)
was a very small time (0.012 sec) and frequency approximately will be constant .
96
In Figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and ((4-8d)]
illustrated the curves of starting sound pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was
closed to each other but starting sound pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the
starting sound pressure level (80 & 90 dB) , and starting sound pressure level at
(108 dB) curves was highest value than the starting sound pressure level (80, 90,
and 100 dB) , because the rate of increasing was larger with increasing sound
pressure level.
In Figures [(4-7a), (4-7b), (4-7c), (4-7d), (4-8a), (4-8b), (4-8c), and ((4-8d)]
shown the value of average acceleration in (left, right, bottom, and top) position was
smaller than the value of the acceleration in center position, because the all borders
position considers as a fixed points
Sample of calculation
From test number (181) the following data can be obtained:
The strains data at foil third strain is = 1 m / m ,
To determine the values of stress in uniaxial direction, it must apply the following
equations:
= E ....................................................................................................... (4.9)
= 72 103 (1 106 ) = 0.072MPa
(Compression)
Table (4-3) shown the stress value at horizontal direction and table (4-4) shown the
stress value at vertical direction. .
97
Table (4-3) indicate value of stress at horizontal direction (x-direction) position of plate
Test
No
stress 1
(Mpa)
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
0
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
2
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
stress
3
(Mpa)
-0.072
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
-0.216
-0.216
-0.36
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
stress
4
(Mpa)
0
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
5
(Mpa)
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
Test
No
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
98
stress
1
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.288
-0.576
-0.432
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.072
-0.36
-1.296
-2.808
-1.008
-0.72
-0.648
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
stress
2
(Mpa)
-0.288
-0.432
-0.864
-0.576
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-4.176
-6.912
-13.1
-5.4
-4.68
-3.96
-2.448
-0.864
-0.36
stress
3
(Mpa)
-2.88
-2.736
-3.816
-2.736
-2.088
-2.016
-1.368
-1.08
-1.08
-20.23
-21.1
-36.36
-16.49
-16.13
-9.576
-8.28
-6.048
-4.896
stress
4
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.36
-0.792
-0.504
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-3.096
-6.336
-14.62
-7.056
-3.96
-3.24
-1.584
-0.792
-0.216
stress
5
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.216
-0.648
-0.36
-0.36
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.072
-0.432
-5.904
-11.95
-4.896
-3.816
-2.952
-1.656
-0.648
-0.216
Table (4-4) indicate value of stress at vertical direction (y-direction) position of plate
Test
No
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
stress
1
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0.072
0
0.072
0
stress
2
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
-0.072
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
3
(Mpa)
-0.072
-0.144
-0.216
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
-0.288
-0.288
-0.432
-0.216
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
stress
4
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
stress
5
(Mpa)
0
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
-0.072
0
0
0
0
Test
No
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
99
stress
1
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.216
-0.648
-0.432
-0.432
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-0.288
-1.08
-2.664
-1.008
-0.576
-0.504
-0.216
-0.144
-0.144
stress
2
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.432
-0.936
-0.432
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-0.072
-0.072
-2.448
-5.184
-10.8
-4.824
-3.96
-2.304
-1.656
-0.648
-0.216
stress
3
(Mpa)
-2.592
-1.512
-3.456
-1.584
-1.296
-0.864
-0.648
-0.432
-0.432
-17.93
-19.73
-33.77
-15.55
-15.34
-8.856
-7.488
-5.544
-5.112
stress
4
(Mpa)
-0.144
-0.36
-0.864
-0.36
-0.288
-0.288
-0.144
-0.144
-0.072
-2.232
-5.976
-12.02
-5.616
-4.608
-2.952
-2.736
-0.864
-0.36
stress
5
(Mpa)
-0.216
-0.288
-0.576
-0.288
-0.288
-0.216
-0.216
-0.216
-0.144
-0.36
-0.936
-2.304
-0.792
-0.648
-0.432
-0.288
-0.216
-0.144
Maximum point
8000 15
100
-0.4
-0.35
-0.2
-0.15
31.5
-0.1
Stress (MPa)
-0.3
-0.25
63
-0.05
125
250
Freq
ue
0
235
500
ncy (
Hz)
1000
180
2000
e (m
anc
dist
125
4000
70
m)
8000 15 15
8000
-4
-3.5
-2
-1.5
31.5
-1
Stress (MPa)
-3
-2.5
63
-0.5
125
250
Freq
uenc
0
235
500
y (Hz
)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
70
e (m
anc
dist
m)
80008000
1515
-40
-35
-20
-15
31.5
-10
Stress (MPa)
-30
-25
63
-5
125
250
Freq
500
uen
cy (H
z)
0
235
1000
180
2000
m)
e (m
anc
t
s
i
d
125
4000
70
8000 1515
8000
-0.25
-0.15
-0.1
31.5
-0.05
63
125
250
Freq
uenc
y (H
0
235
500
z)
1000
180
2000
)
mm
ce (
n
a
t
dis
125
4000
70
80008000
1515
Stress (MPa)
-0.2
-0.45
-0.4
-0.35
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
31.5
-0.1
63
125
-0.05
250
Freq
uenc
0
235
500
y (Hz
)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
(m
ance
dist
70
m)
8000 15
15
8000
-3.5
-3
-2
-1.5
-1
31.5
Stress (MPa)
-2.5
63
-0.5
125
Freq
u
250
ency
(
0
235
500
Hz)
1000
180
2000
e (m
anc
dist
125
4000
70
m)
8000 1515
8000
Stress (MPa)
-0.3
-35
-30
-20
-15
-10
31.5
Stress (MPa)
-25
63
-5
125
250
Freq
uenc
y (H
0
235
500
z)
1000
180
2000
125
4000
70
ance
dist
)
(mm
8000
15 15
8000
The results which indicated in the relationship between frequency and x-direction
distance on the stress in the plate for different starting sound pressure level were
plotted in figures [(4-9a), (4-9b), (4-9c), (4-9d), (4-9e), (4-9f), (4-9g), and (4-9h)].
When starting sound pressure level at (80 dB) at both directions horizontal and
vertical, the stress in each frequency is lower than other starting sound pressure
levels. When starting sound pressure level at (90 dB) at both horizontal and vertical
directions, the stress will become higher than the starting sound pressure level (80
dB) in each frequency, in starting sound pressure level (100 dB) this increasing was
continues, and in starting sound pressure level (108 dB) the stress is higher state
than starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB).
The maximum point of the stress in each parameters (horizontal and vertical
directions), and in every starting sound pressure level (80, 90, 100, and 108 dB) it
104
event at frequency (125 Hz) as shown in figures [(4-9a), (4-9b), (4-9c), (4-9d), (49e), (4-9f), (4-9g), and (4-9h)] because in frequency (125 dB) a maximum
displacement and the frequency (125 Hz) approximately a resonance of the plate. In
all figures after frequency (125 Hz) the stress will become decreasing with increase
frequency until to frequency (8000 Hz) the stress was lower points.
The value of stress in borders of both directions horizontal and vertical at
(15mm) and (235mm) as shown in figures [(3-14a) and (3-14b)] indicated by point
"1" and "5" was near each other and it's smaller than other points. The value of
stress at (70 mm) and (180 mm) distance as shown in figures [(3-14a) and (3-14b)]
indicated by point "2" and "4" was near each other and it's higher than other points
("1" and "5"). The value of stress at (125 mm) distance as shown in figures [(3-14a)
and (3-14b)] indicated by point "3" in horizontal and vertical directions was near
each other and it's higher than all points (1, 2, 4, 5) because it's far from fixed
supports, and it is the center.
Sample of calculation
From the test number one the following data was obtained:
Frequency is 31.5 Hz
Average Sound pressure level is 80 dB
Ps is defined as:
P2
Ps =
........................................................................................................ (4.10)
f
105
Where;
P: Sound pressure (Pa)
f : Difference of frequency (Hz)
f = 0.231 f n
P 2 = (2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10 ............................................................................. (4.11)
P 2 = (2 10 5 ) 2 1080 10 = 0.04 Pa
and is calculated from:
(2 10 5 ) 2 10 dB 10
Ps =
......................................................................... (4.12)
0.231 f n
(2 10 5 ) 2 1080 10
Ps =
= 0.005497148
0.231 31.5
106
( N / m 2 ) 2 Hz
Table (4-5) show the result of the pressure , and pressure spectral density
Avg. Sound
Pressure spectral
Frequency
Level Pressure
density(
( N / m 2 ) 2 Hz )
(Hz)
(dB)
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
80
80.6
82.1
83.2
83.7
83.8
83.7
81.2
80.5
90
91.2
93.3
93.3
93.7
93.2
91.7
90.9
89.9
100
101.6
102.8
103.2
103.6
103.6
102.1
101.4
99.8
108
108.2
108.9
109.7
109.7
109.1
108.2
106.7
106.6
0.005497148
0.003135092
0.002268944
0.0014519
0.000814529
0.000414018
0.000203632
5.72554E-05
2.42861E-05
0.054971484
0.036352647
0.029519529
0.014759765
0.008145291
0.003629749
0.001284833
0.000536099
0.000212919
0.549714835
0.401229795
0.263093081
0.145189956
0.078817175
0.039408587
0.013949572
0.006015132
0.002060295
3.468466128
1.821948234
1.064761365
0.648539712
0.324269856
0.139826945
0.057391369
0.020314989
0.009828809
107
Pressure of
sound (Pa)
0.2
0.213600087
0.255960443
0.289563809
0.306721544
0.309254274
0.306721544
0.23000871
0.211850745
0.632455532
0.727351404
0.923242333
0.923242333
0.969938686
0.915681166
0.770449684
0.703815079
0.627275849
2
2.416422399
2.756231615
2.895638094
3.017181417
3.017181417
2.538641786
2.35753727
1.951262553
5.023772863
5.149253601
5.544815993
6.119899374
6.119899374
5.683311029
5.149253601
4.332556963
4.261882031
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
80 dB
90 dB
0.02
0.01
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
108
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
100 dB
108 dB
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
It is clear that at the curves starting at maximum point at frequency (31.5 Hz) after
this point the pressure spectral density was decreasing with increasing the frequency
until minimum point at frequency (8000 Hz) and near to zero point, the maximum
and minimum point is common point at all curves in figure (4-10a, 4-10b)
In Figures [(4-10a), and (4-10b)] show that the range of the curves starting sound
pressure level (80 dB) and (90 dB) was near to each other, but starting sound
pressure level (100 dB) is higher than the curves starting sound pressure level (80 &
90 dB), and starting sound pressure level at (108 dB) curves was very higher than
the curves starting sound pressure level (80, 90, and 100 dB)
109
pressure (Pa)
0.8
0.6
80 dB
90 dB
0.4
0.2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
pressure (Pa)
4
100 dB
108 dB
2
0
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
110
Figures [(4-11a) and (4-11b)] shows that effect frequency on the pressure, as
well as effect of starting sound pressure level point. The result was showed that
increasing in frequency due to increase in pressure in all curves [(80 dB), (90 dB),
(100 dB) and (108 dB)].
Therefore it can be resulted that increasing in frequency with higher pressure, in
the curve when starting sound pressure level is (80, and 100 dB) the maximum value
of pressure at frequency (1000 Hz), in a curve when starting sound pressure level is
(90 dB) the maximum value of pressure at frequency (250 Hz), and in a curve when
starting sound pressure level is (108 dB) the maximum value of pressure at
frequency (500 Hz).
,second
mode
occur
in
frequency
(107.78
Hz)
the
maximum
ninth
mode
occur
in
frequency
(353.72
Hz)
the
maximum
deformation appearance in eight point in border of the plate, and tenth mode occur
111
112
Chapter
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FUTURE WORKS
CHAPTER FIVE
113
114
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
[1] Jacob J.Wijker, "Spacecraft Structures", Springer, pp. 1-248, 2008.
[2] Conor D. Johnson, Paul S. Wilke and Scott C. Pendleton , " SoftRide Vibration
and Shock Isolation Systems that Protect Spacecraft from Launch Dynamic
Environment ", Langley Research Center, 2006.
[3] Deyu Li, "Vibroacoustic behavior and noise control studies of advanced
composite structures" PhD. Thesis , University of Pittsburgh, July 16, 2003.
[4] Mir Md. Maruf Morshed , " Investigation of External Acoustic Loadings on a
Launch Vehicle Fairing During Lift-off ", University of Adelaide ,
AUSTRALIA, 01st December, 2008.
[5] Tom Irvine, "Rocket Vehicle Liftoff Acoustic Part I: Acoustic Pressure Level
near Nozzle Exit Plane Revision H", November 9, 2000.
[6] Michael E. Everta, Paul C. Janzena, Eric H. Andersona, Charlotte Gerhartb and
B. Kyle Hendersonb,
http://www.wikipedia.org
115
REFERENCES
116
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
[34] Michael R. Hatch, "Vibration simulation using MATLAB and ANSYS " ,
Chapman & Hall/CRC, pp.3, 2001.
[35] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Flight Loads Analysis As a
spacecraft Design Tool", GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, PRACTICE
NO. PD-AP-1317, APRIL 1996.
[36] ANSYS program ,"Release 11.0 Documentation for ansys workbench"
[37] Kent L.Lawrence, "ANSYS Tutorial Release 9.0", Mechanical aerospace
engineering in University of Texas, 2005.
[38] Thomas D. Rossing, "Springer Handbook of Acoustics", ,Springer , pp.968,
2007.
[39] Philip Newell and Keith Holland, "Loudspeakers For Music Recording and
Reproduction", Elsevier, First edition, pp 1, 2007.
[40] William O. Hughes and Anne M. McNelis," Investigation of Acoustic Fields for
the Cassini Spacecraft: Reverberant Versus Launch Environments ",
NASA/TM-209387, 2000.
118
@ @a
@@ma@ba@qdm@r@L@au@b@@a@a@@@ba@ba@nm
@ba@c@Nbn@ba@a@@ @a@@@q m@a@paana@
@@m@a@ba@@N@by@@m@bc@bjj@a@a@by@@ba
@@Nbi@a@a@@b@pba@b@bna@@@wmb
@a@ba@a@a@j@bm@@ua@a@rc@@ma@ba
@@n@@c@@@ba@a@@kau@@qa@@ba@paana@Nba
@@a@ba@^@N@ba@@a@@@pa@qdm@y@b@pb
@@Nba@a@@@ma@paana@qdm@b@@z@^i
@@N@@z@paana@@pa@i@a@bg@@@szja@a@@
@N@@@a@bdi@ @a@ya@a@b@HVibrometerI@bu@ana@
@ba@b@@@@@.@paana@@y@@b@@@vna@lby@
@q@NHstrain gaugeI@@m@an@di@ya@@a@@a@bbi
@@Nbi@@@@pba@^ai@pabua@lby
@L@XPIa@ja@pa@@n@@@@aa@@@ma@aa@@c@@@
@L@RPPP@L@QPPP@L@UPP@L@RUP@L@QRU@L@VS@L@SQ~UI@pa@pam@L@Hj @QPX@@L@QPP@L@YP
@@@LHm@XPPP@L@TPPP
@pa@@n@^ai@b@ iby@@^a@bra@@@pa@@c@
@ana@^ai@a@ba@m@anc@aa@@@@bcNHjI
@@y@@N@ba@@zna@@ma@aa@@z@ANSYS@wbi
@@@y@ania@ba@m@q@Nwba@a@@H@modeshapes@I
@@i^a@pba@@z ANSYS @wbi@@a@^a@auc
@@pabua@@pb@n@@a@@b@n@wbna@p@sy@L@wba
Nya@@by@@@zna@aua
*+- #$%"
('
@ @ba@a@@@ma@ana@qdm
@ @@a@y@@
@@@b
@@icMa@@bu@@a@@@a@
@@@@@nub@u@@pbj#n@@v
@@ba@
@@j@
@@b@abi@aj
@@ba@@@i
@@
@@abi@
@@lb@b@@na
@@b@bnc
@@
@@@RPPY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@QTSP@ku@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@RWPY@@rq
@ @nq
@@bi@a@pb@o@o@bi@@@n@b@a @@@@@@@
@@@n@b@@a @i@@mb@b@u@i@@L@@@@i
@@Nm @@bi
@L@@i@@b@i@i@o@@ni@aa @mb@i@@aa@@@@@
@i@m@bbq@@ b@b@@oi@o@@@bi@
@@Nai@@a@@@
@@b@a @a@@q@oq@@a7@@@bi@@@@@@@
@@bbi@@oiaq@@@ @@@bN@bi@i@n
@i@pbi@o@o@b@@@ba@@n@b@q@b@
@a@7 a@i@q@a@@N@n@b@@@bi@b
@b@@@@@b@@ba@@@@ab
@@N mai@n@b@q
@b@Na@oq@@@@a@q@am@@@@@
@i@o q@abm@a q@i@abi@Ho q@a@@a@@I@Vibrometer
@N@@@b@o@i@i@a@@a@bbi@i@@b@nab
@@i@oq@nq@@a@H@ q@@bmI@ai@@@@b
@@N@(Strain gauge@I@bbi
@o@Z@a@b@ i@a@m@@@bnb@m@@@@@
@L@SQ~UI@@@@@L@H@j@QPX@@L@QPP@L@YP@L@XPI@@bnq@b@ q
@@a@ q@nab@b@@LHm @XPPP@L@TPPP@L@RPPP@L@QPPP@L@UPP@L@RUP@L@QRU@L@VS
@@i@n@@ai@7 @nq bq@@@bnq@NH@n@@bI
@@N@bnq@b@bbi
Finite Element @ a@7@bum@am@@b@@@@
@o@m@i@ANSYS@mr@bi@b@bi@mb@@Lpbbi
@N@modeshapes@@b@@ n@b@jq@L@@bnabq
@nq@@ANSYS @bi@@oq@ba@@abm@nq
@o@@@o@ q@a@@i@b@a@ANSYS bi@@bbq@a
@@@@No@nq@b
@@bn@@my
@@a@m@@b bi@@ma
@@@M@y@a
@n@b@q@@@@b
@ @aa@mb
@ @b
@ @My@a@@a@ba@@@q
@ @@nb@q@b@oi@bnaq@@i@
@ @b@ba@a@
@@
@@
@ @
@ @b@abi@aj
@ @b@ba@@bi
@ @q@i
@ @lb@b@@On
@ @b@q
@@@RPPY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@QTSP@ku@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@RWPY@@rq