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Galois Connections in Category Theory, Topology and Logic
Galois Connections in Category Theory, Topology and Logic
426
W. Gahler
B E MorB
~ 'lj;B
E MorA
427
~) ------t
The partial orderings ~ of the sets rpX are considered as finer relations. For each set X, the elements of rpX are called rp- objects on X,
and the minimal elements of rpX also ultra objects.
For each non-empty subset A of rpX the supremum V M exists.
MEA
V TJx(x)
by
xEX
428
W. Gahler
filter functor-, which assigns to each set X the set FX of all (proper)
filters on X. ::; indicates that the sets FX are equipped with the finer
relations of filters, that is , the inversion of the inclusion. ry and p, are
natural transformations consisting of all mappings 'r/x : X --+ FX and
fJ,x: FFX--+ FX respectively, where for each x EX, 'r!x (x) = {M ~
X I X E M} and for each filter .c on FX , Mx(.C) =
M. In
un
AE.CMEA
.T
EX,
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rpX
rpX
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W. Gahler
cp- t 2 of cpt 2 exists. We introduce the closure operator cl : cpX ---+ cpX
ofT ([3]) by means of the sup-inverse cp;t 1 defining
cl is a hull operator, that is, M ::::; elM holds for all M E cpX . If
M = elM, then M is called closed. Since cl is a hull operator, we
have that the infimum of any set of of closed cp-objects on X is closed,
as far as this infimum exists.
As neighbourhood operator nb : cpX ---+ cpX of the <I>-convergence
structure T we mean the neighbourhood operator of the associated <I>pretopology p ofT, which is defined by p(x) = V M for all x E X.
M--tx
This shows that the notions of a closure operator and of a neighbourhood operator are in some sense dual. More exactly, here we can
speak of an associated pair of Galois connections. In general topology both notions of closure operator and of neighbourhood operator
are used for different reasons. This differs from the classical case of
a topological space and even of a pretopological space in which each
of the notions of a closure operator and of a neighbourhood operator determines uniquely the other one. This simple situation in the
classical case depends on the fact that for the interior and the closure of subsets of a space we have X\ intM = cl(X \ M), where
intM = { x E X I M E p( x)}. Because of this reason, classical pretopological spaces are sometimes called closure spaces. That in general
such a one-to-one correspondence does not exist, will be demonstrated
at the end of this paper by examples of different <I>-pretopologies which
have one and the same closure operator.
In the following let T be a <I>-convergence structure on a set X and let
nb be its neighbourhood operator. A cp-object M on X is called open
provided that M = nbM.
431
(0) 0 is closed with respect to all non-empty suprema and all infima,
as far as these infima exist.
Each if>-topology p can be characterized by the set 0 of all open <pobjects on X by taking
(1)
p(x) =
MEO,ryx(x):SM
Proposition 3 ([6]) Let 0 be a subset of <pX which fulfills the condition (0) and let p be the mapping defined by (1). Then the following
are equivalent:
E <pX we have
nbM =
1\
N.
NEO,M:SN
i EI
i EJ
a ----+ y = max { x E L
I a 1\ x
y }
W . Gahler
432
iEI
iEI
a ---+ y = max { x E L
I a * x :S
y }
and for the mappings fa : L ---+ L and ga : L ---+ L, given by fa (x) = a*X
and ga(Y) =a---+ y, we have fa(x) :S y +-+ x :S ga(Y) for all x , y E L.
Clearly, a frame is a commutative quantale with 1\ : L 2 ---+ L the
related binary operation.
Further examples of commutative quantales are given by means of the
continuous t-norms * : 2 ---+ L. They are defined as follows:
(T1) L is the unit interval [0, 1] equipped with the usual ordering.
(T2) * is a continuous commutative and associative binary operation
with unit element 1.
(T3) * is order preserving, that is, a :::; band c :::; dimply a* c :::; b *d.
Because of the continuity of*, for at-norm the complete distributivity
law with respect to * holds.
We note some special examples:
Godel t-norm
a* b =min{ a, b}
Product t-norm
a * b = a b (product of reals)
Lukasiewicz t-norm
a* b = max{O , a+ b- 1}
433
434
W. Gahler
1\
g)= M(f)
1\
Lx.
M :S:: N ~ M(f)
:::=:
For each mapping f : X --* Y, the mapping FLf : FLX --* FLY
assigns to each M E FLX the fuzzy filter FLf(M) on Y given by
FLf(M)(g) = M(g of) for all g E Lx .
For each set X, each x E X and f E Lx let 'TJx(x )(f) = f(x) , and
for each E FLFLX and f E Lx let J-tx(.C)(f) = .C(ef) , where ef :
FLX--* L is the mapping M r-+ M(f).
We distinguish some types of fuzzy filters. An L-filter M on a set X
is called
bounded
if M(a) :::;; a holds for all a E L and
homogeneous
if M(a) =a holds for all a E L.
As a specialization of the general property of being stratified, here we
have that an L-filter on a set X is
stratified
if and only if M(a) :::=: a holds for all a E L.
Each fuzzy filter coarser than a bounded fuzzy filter is also bounded.
Each fuzzy filter finer than a stratified fuzzy filter is also stratified.
435
(v
M)(f) =
M EA
A M(f)
(2)
M EA
(A
M)(f) =
MEA
h 1\ 1\ fnS!
Ml , ... ,MnEA
E Lx
and each a E L
[/, a[(g) = { ;
iff g '
if f ::; g =!= I ,
if g =I
for all g E Lx, a bounded fuzzy filter [f, a] is defined, called a principal
fuzzy filter on X (first defined in [4]).
W. Gahler
436
In the following some representations of fuzzy filters by means of principal fuzzy filters are given.
Proposition 9 ([8]) Let X be a set of at least two elements. Then
faT each fuzzy filter M on X we have:
M is the infimum of all principal fuzzy filters [f, a] coaT"ser than M ,
that is, of all principal fuzzy filters [f, a] for which a ::; M (f) 1\ U.f
holds:
1\
[f, a].
a ~M(f) 1\ Uf
M=
1\
[f].
Uf~M(f)
1\ [.f, nf ].
/ ELX
(Ql) M(O)
= 0 and
M(l ) = 1.
437
If* is the infimum 1\ in (L , ::;), then the notion of a fuzzy filter in both
the frame case and in the quantale case coincide. Hence, the quantale
case is more general than the frame case.
In the quantale case, the related partially ordered fuzzy filter monad
(.ri, ::;, ry, fJ), also called the L-filter monad, is defined in the same way
as in the frame case. In particular, the L-filters Tlx(x) : Lx ---* L are
the same mappings as in the frame case.
Moreover, the notions of bounded, homogeneous and stratified fuzzy
filter are defined in the same way as in the frame case. There exist the
partially ordered fuzzy filter submonads of (FL, ::;, ry, 11) defined by all
bounded, homogeneous and stratified L-filters, respectively.
For each set X the supremum of a non-empty subset A of FLX has
the same representation as in the frame case given in Proposition 7
by equation (2). It follows that for each non-empty set X , T]x [X] =
V Tfx(x) also is a fuzzy filter in the quantale case.
xEX
(A
M)(J) =
h fn S:: f
MEA
M1 , ... ,MnEA
(A
MEA
M)(J)
MEA
M(J) .
MEA
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W. Gahler
f(x) = { :
if
X= Xo
if
X -::j::. Xo
439
Under some conditions, in the quantale case, homogeneous fuzzy filters [f] exist.
* f or Uf *Uf = 0
holds and there is an x EX with f(x) = Uj, the fuzzy filter infimum
in the quantale case
[f]
[f,Uf] !\1Jx[X]
M(f
v g)
M(f)
v M(g)
440
(L,
W. Gahler
~)
is a complete chain.
Proposition 17 ([9]) If L fulfills the condition (Z), then each stratified ultra fuzzy filter is distinguished.
If L is a non-degenerate complete chain, then each distinguished homogeneous fuzzy filter is a homogeneous ultra fuzzy filter.
Remark. ([9]) Propositions 13 and 17 imply that under the condition
(Z) each fuzzy filter has a finer distinguished fuzzy filter (which may
not be homogeneous).
In the following let an antitone involution c : L --t L be fixed. Clearly,
for all a, bEL we have a V b = c(c(a) 1\ c(b)).
By means of c each distinguished fuzzy filter M on X can be assigned
a further fuzzy filter Me defined by
Me(!) = c(M(c o !))
441
* c(b)).
holds for all f, g E Lx. Notice that in this definition only an inequality
appears, which is in accordance with the inequality in condition (Q3)
of the definition of a fuzzy filter in the quantale case.
Analogously as in the frame case, to each c-distinguished fuzzy filter
M can be associated a further fuzzy filter Me defined by M e(!) =
c(M(c of)) for all f E Lx. Me is called the c-adjoint of M. Propositions 18 and 19 hold analogously in the quantale case. The notions
c-adjoint pair and c-selfadjoint fuzzy filter are defined analogously as
in the frame case.
In the example which will be presented in Section 13 all c-distinguished
fuzzy filters M are c-selfadjoint.
442
W . Gahler
L J
fs
443
(3) In this example [h, 1], [!4 , 1], 7Jx(O), 7Jx(1), M0 and M1 are the
distinguished fuzzy filters, indicated in Fig. 3 additionally by overlines.
(4) {M 0 , [h, 1]} and {M 1 , [!4 , 1]} are adjoint pairs.
(5) Both fuzzy filter-s 1Jx(O) and 7Jx(1) are selfadjoint.
(0, 0]
TJx(
=[h]
444
W . Gahler
defined by
0 0 0 0
1
1
2 0 0 2
1 0 21 1
By a fuzzy filter here we mean an L-filter with L the quantale (L, :::; , *).
There are 22 fuzzy filters in this example. They are shown in Figure
4, where the finer fuzzy filters are situated more downwards. In particular, there are
11 bounded, non-homogeneous fuzzy filters, indicated by small circles,
and
11 homogeneous fuzzy filters , indicated by bold faced dots.
Stratified fuzzy filters which are non-homogeneous, in particular microfuzzy filters, do not exist.
From Proposition 14 it follows:
The mappings [!5, 1], [!6, 1], [f5] and [f6] are excluded as fuzzy filters with respect to (L , :::; , *).
Proposition 21
There are four bounded non-homogeneous fuzzy filters which are not
single principal fuzzy filters. They are:
834
[h, ~],
1\
[!4, ~]
B36
854
[f5, ~]
1\
[f4, ~],
B56
=
=
[/s, ~]
[f5, ~]
1\
1\
[!6, ~],
[!6, ~].
Notice that for the principle fuzzy filters [!,a] appearing in this example in some cases only the condition f :::; f * f (e.g. for [h, 1]) and
in some other cases only the condition a* a = 0 (e.g. for [h , ~]) is
fulfilled.
445
[0,0]
'TJX (0)
=[h]
Among the principal fuz zy fil ters there are three which are homogeneous, that is [ 0] =
~] , [!I] = [/I ,~] and [h] = [h , ~ ].
The further homogeneous fuzzy filters are [h] = T,lx(O), [!4 ] = T,lx(1)
and
[J,
H12 = [!1]
H3
1\
[h, ~]
1\
[0], H4 = [j4 , ~ ]
[j4 , ~] ,
1\
H32 = [h, ~]
1\
1\
[h] ,
[!4,
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
1 1 1
446
W. Gahler
447
Case
Case
Case
Case
Case
(A)
(S)
(B)
(H)
(B')
all
all
all
all
all
fuzzy filters
stratified fuzzy filters
bounded fuzzy filters
homogeneous fuzzy filters
balanced fuzzy filters with
(L, :S:) a non-degenerate complete chain
and*= 1\
all homogeneous balanced fuzzy filters with
Case (H')
(L, :S:) a non-degenerate complete chain
and*= 1\.
By the interior operator of a fuzzy pretopology p : X ---+ <pX we mean
the mapping int : Lx ---+ Lx defined for all f E Lx and x E X by
(intf)(x) = p(x)(J).
(3)
448
W. Gihler
In the frame case conditions (2) and (3) are equivalent to the condition
(2)'
(0')
!1
Each <I>-topology p can be characterized as a subset T of Lx which fulfills condition (0') by taking intf =
V g for all f E Lx.
g"S_ f,gET
Remark. In the frame case, (0') is a well-known condition for characterizing a <I>-topology. Notice that (0') and condition (0) in Proposition 3 look completely different.
Proposition 26 The set r of all open fuzzy sets of a fuzzy topology
equipped with the argumentwise defined partial ordering and the argumentwise defined product *, is a quantale.
1\ f(x) (x
X).
! EM
449
Proposition 27 The sup-inverse 'P;t 1 : (/)X ---+ (/JT of J.Lx o'Pt 1 : (/JT ---+
'PX is given by
(4)
for all M E 'PX and h E LT, wheTe joT each f E Lx, ef : 'PX ---+ L is
defined by ef (N) = N (f).
Because of this proposition the closure operator cl
given as follows.
(elM)(!)
(5)
N(h)NCJn) ~ f (x)
for all N -tx
cl (h, , fn)(x)
V(N(h) * * N(.fn))
(6)
N-tx
By means ofthe notion offuzzy set closure, equation (4) can be written
as follows:
(ciM)(.f)
M(h* *fn)
J
(7)
450
W. Gahler
V N(.f).
(8)
N -+ x
Proposition 30 In the frame case the equations (4) , (5) and (7) can
be reduced, respectively, to
<p~t1(M)(h)
(ciM)(.f)
e9 o
v M(g) ,
v M(g),
t1 ::; h
N(g ) ~
(ciM)(.f)
(9)
f( x)
M(g).
clg :S: f
Proposition 31 In the cases (A) and (S) under the assumption that
(L, ~) fulfills the condition (Z) and in the cases (B') and (H') (in which
(L, ~ ) even is a complete chain) we have cl M V ciN = cl (M V N)
for all M,N E <pX .
Hence, under the assumption on <I> stated in Proposition 31 we have
that the supremum of finitely many closed <p-objects is closed.
Examples. In the "basic example" in the cases (A), (B) and (B') as
well as in the "analogous Lukasiewicz case" we have: p and q defined
451
by p(O) = [!I], q(O) = [h, ~] and p(l) = q(l) = 7Jx(l) are different
<I>-pretopologies which have one and the same closure operator.
References
[1] G. Birkhoff, Lattice theory, Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ. 25 , 1940.
[2] P. Eklund, W. Gahler, Completions and compactifications by means
of monads, in: Fuzzy Logic, State of Art, Kluwer (1993) 39-56
[3] W. Gahler, Monadic topology- a new concept of generalized topology,
in: Recent Developments of General Topology and its Applications,
Akademie Verlag 1992, 136-149.
[4] W. Gahler, The general fuzzy filter approach to fuzzy topology, I,
Fuzzy Sets and Systems 76 (1995) 205-224.
[5] W. Gahler, The general fuzzy filter approach to fuzzy topology, II,
Fuzzy Sets and Systems 76 (1995) 225-246.
452
W . Gahler
Author's address:
Werner Gahler,
Scheibenbergstr. 37,
12685 Berlin