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Application of Carson's Equation
Application of Carson's Equation
Sii
zii ri 4 P G j 2 G xi ln
2Q
Radiusi
Sij
zij 4 P G j 2 G ln
2 Q
Dij
where: i j 1, 2 ncond
ncond number of conductors
G 0.1609347 10
2 f
ij
Sii
Sij
j'
(1)
i'
Figure 1 - Spacings
In Equations 1:
Pij
Radiusi
xi ln
GMRi
where: Radiusi conductor radius in ft.
(2)
1
zii ri 4 P G j 2 G ln
ln Sii 2 Q
GMR
i
1
zij 4 P G j 2 G ln
ln Sij 2 Q
Dij
(3)
The difficulty in applying Equations 3 lies in the terms of P
and Q. For purposes of this paper, P and Q are defined by
Equations 4 and 5 [3],[6]. In the rest of this paper, these will
be referred to as the full Carsons equations.
kij 2
16
1
3 2
kij cos ij
k ij 3
ij sin ij
kij 2 cos 2 ij
2 45
0.6728 ln 2
16
cos 3 ij
kij 4
1536
kij
cos 4 ij
(4)
kij
1
2
1
ln
kij ij
cos 2 ij
2
kij 3 2
64
2
Qij 0.0386
kij 3
45 2
cos 3 ij
kij 4
384
ij sin 4 ij
2
1
ln
2 kij
1
zii 0.09530 ri j 0.12134 ln
7.93402
GMR
i
1
zij 0.09530 j 0.12134 ln
7.93402
Dij
(5)
zin
znn
(9)
In Equations 4 and 5:
Where:
(8)
zij
z primitive
znj
kij 4 cos 4 ij 2
ln
1.0895
384
kij
kij 8.565 10
(7)
Qij 0.0386
Pij
(10)
Sij
f frequency = 60 Hz
resistivity of earth in Ohm-meter
(6)
4.5'
a
c
3.0'
4.0'
n
25.0'
rdirt 0.09530
j1.6184
j 0.8515
j 0.7802
j 0.7865
0.0953
1.2153
0.0953
0.0953
j 0.8515
j1.6184
j 0.7266
j 0.7543
0.0953
0.0953
1.2153
0.0953
(15)
constant = 7.93402
The mean values of the dirt resistance and constant for the
full equations are:
Note in Figure 2 that the phase sequence is b-a-c and that all
impedance matrices that follow have units of /mile.
Applying the modified equations the primitive impedance
matrix in is:
1.2153
0.0953
zpmod
0.0953
0.0953
j 0.7802
j 0.7266
j1.6184
j 0.7524
0.0953
0.0953
0.0953
1.2153
j 0.7865
j 0.7524
j 0.7674
j1.6184
rdirt 0.09327
(16)
constant = 7.95153
1
zii 0.09327 ri j 0.12134 ln
7.95153
GMR
i
(17)
(10)
Applying the full equations the primitive impedance matrix
is:
1.2132
0.0932
zp full
0.0932
0.0933
j1.6206
j 0.8537
j 0.7824
j 0.7886
0.0932
1.2132
0.0932
0.0933
j 0.8537
j1.6206
j 0.7288
j 0.7545
0.0932
0.0932
1.2132
0.0953
j 0.7824
j0.7288
j1.6206
j 0.7674
0.0933
0.0933
0.0953
1.2132
j 0.7886
j 0.7545
j 0.7674
j1.6206
(11)
In Equations 10 and 11 notice the small differences in the
real and imaginary components of the matrix elements.
The Kron reduction is applied to the modified and full
primitive impedance matrices to develop the phase impedance
matrices. Those matrices are:
1.3369 j1.3331 0.2102 j 0.5778 0.2132 j 0.5014
(12)
Imerror 0.2328 %
(18)
Imerror 0.0183 %
(13)
Realerror 0.1334 %
Realerror 0.0342 %
6"
6"
6"
(19)
(20)
(21)
Imerror 0.0094 %
Imerror 0.0980 %
(24)
(25)
n
Figure 4 Four wire quadraplex cable
The phase conductors are 2/0 AA phase and the neutral
conductor is 2/0 ACSR. The thickness of the phase insulation
is 60 mils.
For this case the primitive impedance matrices are 4x4 and
the Kron reduction is used to compute the 3x3 phase
impedance matrices for the modified and full Carsons
equations.
1.2543 j 0.6031 0.4619 j 0.4936 0.4853 j 0.4490
(23)
Realerror 0.0688 %
Realerror 0.0085 %
(22)
14606.60/ .62
(26)
(27)
vdropmod
VLN800 VLN808
VLN800
3.2344
100 2.3288 %
1.9441
(28)
(29)
VLN800 VLN808
VLN800
3.2353
100 2.3282 %
1.9437
0.0278
100 0.0237 %
0.0166
VLN full808
0.0009
100 0.0006 %
0.0002
(34)
(35)
The load end voltages for 100 -meters were found to be:
(31)
14606.46/ .62
(36)
For this case the errors per phase between the 1000 and 100
-meter lines are:
14602.29/ .61
Needless to say, the errors in using the modified vs. the full
phase matrices are insignificant.
V 808error
(30)
vdroperror
(33)
(32)
Verror
0.0286
100 0.0067 %
0.0355
(37)
Verror
(38)
0.0327
100 0.0049 %
0.0380
(39)
6
constant =7.6786
1
ln
2
60
constant1000 7.6786
constant10 7.6786
1
1000
ln
9.08531
2
60
(40)
1
10
ln 6.78272
2
60
X. REFERENCES
Applying these new constants in the modified Carsons
equations will yield the same very small percentage errors as
with the full equations.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
The primary purposes of this paper were to investigate how
the elements in the phase impedance matrix are affected by:
The number of terms used in Carsons equations
for:
o Overhead lines
o Concentric neutral underground lines
o Secondary quadraplex cable
The assumed value of resistivity
The phase impedance matrix was developed for the
following IEEE Test Feeder configurations:
Overhead - #400
Concentric neutral underground - #425
Secondary quadraplex - #460
For each configuration the phase impedance matrices were
computed using the modified Carsons equations from
reference [7] and the full Carsons equations from references
[3] and [6] assuming a resistivity of 100 -meters. A very
small error (less than 0.3%) was found in comparing the
individual elements in the two matrices. To test the error
introduced on the node voltages using the modified and full
equations a routine was developed to compute the node
voltages at the end of a three-phase overhead line serving an
unbalanced three-phase load. For this study it was found that
the error in the node voltages was of the order 0.0005 %.
The effect of resistivity was studied for the overhead line for
values of resistivity of 1000 and 10 -meters. These values
were used in computing the phase impedance matrices using
the full equations. The new matrices were used to compute the
load voltages for the unbalanced load. These voltages were
then compared to the voltages computed using the modified
equation that assumes 100 -meters. The errors were found to
be in the order of 0.03%. This very small error could be
minimized by changing the constant in the imaginary term of
the modified equations.
The IEEE Test Feeders are beginning to be used in many
papers submitted for presentation at conferences and/or
published in the transactions. There has been some concern
that the values of the phase impedance matrices used by the
authors might be the cause of paper results that do not match
the published results. It is hoped that this paper has
demonstrated that either the modified or full Carsons
equations may be used in the computation of the phase
impedance matrices.