SPARTAN Program: Tour of the

Human Anatomy
ONI data file SP-137
Content: Tour of SPARTAN Anatomy
Test Subjects: Riley Miller, David Gonzalez, Jax Downs, Josh Frias

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[Title II, Subtitle C, Section 312]

The Immune System and Endocrine System

Primary Objective: Defense and Informational Signaling
The immune system is a biological system designed to protect against disease. Immunology is
the study of this system and its defense layers. Skin forms the first line of any SPARTANs
defense, mechanically protecting against pathogens and microorganisms. The other two lines of
defense lie in non-specific and specific responses. In non-specific responses, the leukocytes
called Phagocytes and Macrophages are released to eat the foreign material. Basophil and Mast
Cells can then also be released to illicit an inflammatory or allergic reaction, often requiring antihistamines to disperse... The usual result is localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain as the body
tries to fight off the invaders, or, the Macrophages can start a fever using Interleukins. If further
countermeasures are required, a specific response is unleashed throughout the body. In a specific
response, Macrophages along with T cells and B cells will be deployed in force from the Thymus
after production in bone marrow to combat the infection. (See ONI report A.135 on flood
infection) Lymphocytes, or B and T cells, are deployed to cells with Antigen markers who use
Antibodies for recognition. B cells create the antibodies, secreting them into the blood or placing
them upon cells to paint targets for the T cells. The T cells are divided into two roles, Helper and
Killer T cells. Killer T cells eliminate infected body cells and tumor cells. Helper T cells on the
other hand manufacture and release chemicals the prompt the creation of effector and memory
cells who will stand guard against the specific aggressor and create future immunity for the
organism. Vaccines and antibiotics can also be used to combat pathogens, with antibiotics
actively seeking out and suppressing diseases and vaccines developing immunity to a disease
beforehand by exposing the body to dead pathogens. Auto-immune diseases can also occur in
which the body targets itself for an immune reaction. Allergic responses are different in that they
are immune responses directed at harmless substances. The endocrine system on the other hand
is an information signaling system with slow initiation and long term effects. It makes use of
hormones secreted into the blood
stream to perform its duties. It is
primarily responsible for the
glucagon insulin feedback loop,
both of which are secreted by the
pancreas. These two chemicals
must be properly balanced to
obtain homeostasis. If the levels of
one hormone fluctuate, it can cause
repercussions across the body as
seen in diabetes. Travel is
dangerous to these two systems as
it is likely that you will be
identified as a hostile intruder. It is
recommended to practice extreme
caution when visiting.

The Excretory System

Primary Objective: Removal of Waste
The excretory system is designed for the sole purpose of excretion in the form of urination of
sweat. Excretion is, simply put, the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. To
accomplish this, metabolic wastes must undergo a process known simply as the excretory
process. First off, blood is cleaned in the by the kidneys. The kidney is made up of Nephrons and
houses the adrenal glands above it. Each of the two kidneys is fed blood by the renal artery. The
blood is then thoroughly processed, with all excess material pulled out by around a million
nephrons. Each nephron works to filter the blood by running it through Bowmans capsule and
into the glomerulus, a structure that removes plasma and small solutes from the blood, leaving
behind a heavily hypertonic solution. The plasma then undergoes filtration and reabsorption
through the use of active transport. The cleaned blood then exits through the renal vein for
dispersal into the aorta and the larger body. The remaining material is converted to urine and
collected by the ureter. The ureter passes the urine to the bladder where it is stored before being
ejected from the body through the urethra in an act known as urination. The other two organs
involved in the excretory system are the skin, liver, and lungs. The liver also works to clean the
body, but, instead of removing waste, it detoxifies metabolites. Alongside this important role, its
main purpose lies in assisting with digestion through the creation of bile. Skin plays a part as
well, helping to remove salts out through the skin. This is accomplished in the sweat glands,
where sweat is manufactured and secreted. Sweat, besides helping in excretion, also assists in
homeostasis by helping to maintain a stable body temperature. Lastly, the lungs also play a role
in excretion of waste. As a part of respiration, the lungs diffuse carbon dioxide and other harmful
gases out of the bloodstream. Through this act, it serves a role in the excretory system. This area
is at medium risk for travel. Use appropriate caution.

Cortanas Helpful Tips: Listen up chief! Heres what you need to know. The
excretory system is designed to remove excess waste from the body in order to
maintain homeostasis and prevent damage. This is done through sweating,
urination, or exhalation both being forms of excretion.

The Excretory System

Primary Objective: Removal of Waste

The Digestive System

Primary Objective: Processing Food Material

The Digestive System

Primary Objective: Processing Food Material

The Nervous System

Primary Objective: Command and Control

The Nervous System

Primary Objective: Command and Control

The Skeletal System

Primary Objective: Skeletal Support

The Skeletal System

Primary Objective: Skeletal Support

The Muscle System

Primary Objective: Body Movement

The Muscle System

Primary Objective: Body Movement

The Respiratory System

Primary Objective: Gas Exchange

The Respiratory System

Primary Objective: Gas Exchange

The Circulatory System

Primary Objective: Circulation and Transport of Nutrients

The Circulatory System

Primary Objective: Circulation and Transport of Nutrients