Petroleum Geology of Indonesia : Current Knowledge

Regular HAGI Course

Yogyakarta, 2 6 August 2010

7. SUMATRA
Minangkabau architecture

by : Awang Harun Satyana

SUMATRA

Barber et al. (2005)

Simandjuntak and
Barber (1996)

SUMATRA MAJOR
TECTONIC ELEMENTS
The Sunda Shelf borders the back arc basin to the east
Asahan Arch, Bukit Tigapuluh Mountains and Lampung
High partitions the back-arc basins
The Bukit Barisan Range : Neogene Magmatic arc,
separates the back-arc basins from West Sumatra forearc basins
The Outer Arc Islands : accretion wedges
The Sumatra trench: an oblique subduction zone

SUMATRA BACK ARC BASIN MODEL

Koesoemadinata (2006)

Sumatra Pre-Tertiary Basement

Pre Tertiary rocks are exposed in the Barisan Range,
Tigapuluh Mountains and Lampung High.
Sumatra Pre-Tertiary rocks have been analyzed into
separate terranes consisting of :
highly tectonized Paleozoic and Mesozoic
terranes
Paleozoic to Mesozoic intrusive rocks
Melange (ophiolitic rocks).
Pre-Tertiary terranes are interpreted as a collage of
Asian and Gondwanan microcontinents.

Microplate boundaries

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

SUMATRA TERTIARY BASINS

Back-arc and partly fore-arc basins are underlain by
continental crust.
The magmatic arc, Barisan Range, uplifted Pre-Tertiary
rocks forms border to the basins.
Paleogene rift basins extend from back-arc to fore-arc
basins across the Bukit Barisan.
Volcanism is limited to Paleogene (in the Southwest) and
Plio-Pleistocene.
The presence of the Great Trans-Sumatra wrench fault
(Semangko Fault) along the Bukit Barisan.

Barber et al. (2005)

North Sumatra Basin

Central Sumatra Basin

South Sumatra Basin

Sedimentary basins of Sumatra

Stratigraphy of Sumatra back-arc basins

Samuel and Gultom (1986)

Sumatra Tectono-Stratigraphic
System
From top to base :
Syn-orogenic deposition in a back-arc basin :
regressive (Mid-Miocene-Recent)
rising Barisan Range clastic source
Post-rift deposition in a shelfal basin : transgressive
(Early Miocene)
Sundaland clastics source and carbonates
Syn-rift deposition in active rift-valley basins : one or
more rift phases (?Eocene-Oligocene)
local clastic source

Sumatra Major Fault System

THE TRANS SUMATRA STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT SYSTEM : active since Early Tertiary
times
THE PALEOGENE BASEMENT FAULT
SYSTEM :
This fault system resulted in the Paleogene
graben-half-graben system with syn-rift deposition
The Sumatra Paleogene Fault System extends SE
to the NW Java basinal area

Sumatra
Fault
System

Koesoemadinata (2006)

The Paleogene Basement

Fault System
This fault system consists of two main
components
N-S component
WNW-ESE component
In South Sumatra a NE-SW component is present

This fault system cuts clear across the

Barisan Range, beneath the fore-arc basin.
This fault system is responsible for the
development of Paleogene graben- halfgraben basin system with syn-rift deposition
forming important oil kitchens.

Murphy (2000)

Sumatra
Paleogene
Fault
System

Koesoemadinata (2006)

Paleogene Basement Faults

Explanation
Moulds (1989): Faults are mainly N-S and was
created due to the E-W directed extensional
regime during the initial stage of the N-S
directed stress caused by the subduction.
Other explanation: transtensional faults due to
the dextral wrenching movements of the Indian
Ocean Plate relative to the Sunda continental
plate

The Neogene Fold system

The fold system is dominated by the WNW-ESE
trending anticlinoria.
Generally forming an en-echelon pattern.
Explanation:
Wrench movement along the NW-SE basement faults
(related to the Paleogene graben system)
(Harding,1988)
Draping over uplifted blocks due to compressive
regime of the subduction (Moulds, 1989)

North Sumatra Basin

The basin is notable for the first commercial oil field the Telaga Said field
(discovered1885)andthegiantArun gasfield.

ThebasinisextremelylargeandextendsfromjustnorthofMedan northwards
for several hundred kms into the Andaman Sea and across the Thailand
Indonesiaborder.

The Indonesian sector of the basin is bordered to the west by the Barisan
MountainthrustsystemandtotheeastbythestableMalaccaplatform.

Onshoresectorofthebasinhasbeenextensivelyexplored,however,remaining
potentialsinclude:gasfilledPeutu carbonatebuildups,Belumai buildupsonthe
Malacca shelf, Baong and Keutapang stratigraphic play, lowstand turbiditefan
systems of middle Miocene (Tsukada et al., 1996; Nuraini et al. 1999), latest
OligoceneBampo fansystems,synriftParapat ingraben deeps,EoceneTampur
carbonates(Ryacudu andSjahbuddin,1994).

Relativelyunexplorednortherndeepwater(>1000mwaterdepth)sectorofthe
basinmeritsfurtherinvestigation.

NORTH SUMATRA BASINAL AREA

Koesoemadinata (1994)

North Sumatra Crustal Section

Koesoemadinata (1994)

North Sumatra Basin

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

Generalized
physiography and
productive HC
discoveries of the
North Sumatra
basin

Netherwood (2000)

Cross section across Barisan uplift and

Southern NSB

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Cross section across North Sumatra Basin

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Cross section across NE corner of Barisan uplift

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

North Sumatra Eocene Basin Configuration

Davies (1984)

North Sumatra Basement Eocene

Davies (1984)

North Sumatra Basin Oligocene Development

Davies (1984)

North Sumatra Basin : Miocene

Davies (1984)

North Sumatra Basin : Pliocene

Davies (1984)

North Sumatra Basin : Present

Davies (1984)

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

Stratigraphic
nomenclature
of North
Sumatra Basin

Caughey and Wahyudi (1993)

North Sumatra Stratigraphy

North Sumatra Stratigraphic Diagram

Synorogenic

Post-rift

Syn-rift
Syn-rift

ENI (2002)

Chronostratigraphic scheme for northern part of the North Sumatra Basin

North Sumatra
Petroleum System
Source Rocks and Migration
Reservoir Rocks
Clastics : Belumai Sands, Baong Sands, Keutapang,
Seurula sands
Carbonates : Early Miocene Reefs

Seals
Trapping Conditions
Stratigraphic
Structural

ENI (2002)

Stratigraphy and Petroleum System of North Sumatra Basin

Petroleum
system of
North
Sumatra
basin

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

BAONG

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

ENI (2002)

Deepwater North Sumatra Basin

Central Sumatra Basin

The Central Sumatra Basin is the most prolific oil basin
in SE Asia. Reserves estimates for the basin of 13
BBOE ultimately recoverable, of which 2.5 BBO remain
to be recovered (Sujanto, 1997).
The basin is mature with respect to HC exploration with
a simple and essentially single petroleum system
operating.
New ideas are required if further fields are to be
discovered and trend of declining production to be
halted.

Basement
tectonostratigraphic map

Pertamina and
BPPKA (1996)

Basement tectonostratigraphic correlation chart

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

CENTRAL SUMATRA
BASINAL AREA

Central Sumatra Basinal Area

Regional Seismic Section

Mertosono and Nayoan (1974)

Central Sumatra Basin

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

Central Sumatra Rift Basins

Central Sumatra Paleogene Rift Basins

Mertosono and Nayoan (1974)

Eocene
Oligocene F1
(45 Ma-26 Ma)
regional
structure map

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Miocene
Recent F2-F3
(26 Ma-0 Ma)
structure map

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Heidrick and Aulia

(1993)

Mertosono and Nayoan (1974)

Central
Sumatra
tectonostratigraphic
chart

Pertamina and
BPPKA (1996)

Stratigraphic
nomenclature
of Central
Sumatra Basin

Wain and Jackson (1995)

Central Sumatra Stratigraphic Diagram

Atlas IPA (1991)

Central Sumatra Chronostratigraphy

Central Sumatra Petroleum System

Central Sumatra is the most prolific petroleum in
the Indonesian Basin.
Source rocks and oil kitchen are exclusively synrift deposits (Brown shales of the Pematang
Group).
Reservoirs are exclusively clastics of the post rift
transgressive Sihapas group.
Trapping is provided by structural traps with
stratigraphic components.

Central Sumatra petroleum system events chart

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Central Sumatra Basinal Area

Miocene Duri Delta

Katz and Dawson (1997)

Cross plot of TOC and hydrogen index (HI)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Kerogen assemblage dominated by fluorescent amorphinite (A)

and degraded, freshwater Botryococcus (FWA) in Brown Shale
formation, Central Sumatra basin.
Netherwood (2000)

Brown shale
isopach map
in Pematang
trough

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Central Sumatra regional heat flow map

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Paleogene
depocenters,
generalized
structure and oil
field distribution
for the Central
Sumatra basin

Praptono et al. (1991)

Field distribution
along regional,
north-south
trending dextral
transcurrent faults
in the coastal
plains block of
Central Sumatra

Heidrick and Aulia (1993)

Netherwood (2000)

Sihapas reservoir of Bekasap formation in Minas field

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Central Sumatra Oil Fields

Gas fields are practically non-existence
Minas and Duri field are the main oil fields
and can be classified as giant field.

F2 F3 Duri field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 East Kayuara field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Kotabatak field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Lalang field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Libo SE field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Lirik field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Melibur field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Minas field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Parum field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

F2 F3 Petani field and seismic profile

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

South Sumatra Basin

The basin contains diverse petroleum systems, with both oil
and gas being sourced from lacustrine and fluvio-deltaic
terrestrial facies.
Limited potential still remains for the traditional Talang Akar
and Batu Raja formation plays.
In contrast to the basins mature oil status, the South Sumatra
Basin is under-explored for gas, and contains good remaining
gas potential in both new and existing successful plays. A
further 6 to 10 TCF gas could be discovered in the basement,
Talang Akar, and Batu Raja.

SOUTH SUMATRA BASINAL AREA

Koesoemadinata (1994)

South Sumatra Crustal Cross-Section

Koesoemadinata (1994)

South Sumatra Basin Outline

SOUTH SUMATRA
BASINAL AREA

JAMBI SUBBASIN
NORTH PALEMBANG SUBBASIN
CENTRAL PALEMBANG SUBBASIN
SOUTH PALEMBANG SUBBASIN

South Sumatra
structural
framework

Pertamina BPPKA (1996)

South Sumatra Basin

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

South Sumatra Sub-Basins

SouthSumatra
Paleogene
Graben
Halfgraben
System

South Sumatra
Paleogene Graben System
The graben system is more complex than else
where in Sumatra.
In addition to the N-S-NW-SE system there is an
additional NNE-SSW set.
It consists mainly of half-grabens, facing west as
well as east.
The half-grabens are inverted with NW-SE set
turning into a thrusted fold belts, described as
flower structure.
Ryacudu (2005)

Jambi Graben System

A NNE-SSW complex graben system.
Unique among the SW Sunda graben being not
N-S oriented.
Due to extension phase following a pre-existing
major basement fault extending from Bukit
Barisan to Singkep Island.
This graben system becomes the site of the
huge Jambi Depression in the Neogene.

South Sumatra Basin

Tectonic Development (1)
west

east

Koesoemadinata (1994)

South Sumatra Basin

Tectonic Development (2)
west

east

Koesoemadinata (1994)

Yulihanto and Sosrowidjoyo (1996)

Generalized structural pattern of South Sumatra Basin

Basement terrains
of South Sumatra
Basin

Ginger and Fielding (2005)

Structural styles of
South Sumatra
Basin

Ginger and Fielding (2005)

South Sumatra
surface structures

Pertamina BPPKA (1996)

Stratigraphic
Correlation of
Central and South
Sumatra Basins

De Coster (1974)

Pertamina and Beicip (1985)

South Sumatra Stratigraphic Diagram

Atlas IPA (1991)

South Sumatra
Petroleum System
Source Rocks and Oil Kitchens
Migration
Reservoir Rocks :

Basement
Talangakar sands
Baturaja carbonates
Air Benakat sands
Muara Enim sands

Seals
Trapping Condition
Structural Traps
Stratigraphic Carbonate Build-ups

South Sumatra Oil and Gas Fields

(Examples of Fields)
Fractured basements : Suban, Sumpal, Sambar.
Talangakar sandstones : Talang Akar, Pendopo,
Benakat, Limau fields, some fields in Jambi.
Baturaja carbonates : Ramba, Air Serdang, KajiSemoga.
Air Benakat sandstones : old fields, Kampong Minyak,
Rambutan.
Muara Enim sandstones : old fields

Exploration history of the South Sumatra Basin

Ginger and Fielding (2005)

Cummulative discovery curve for the South Sumatra Basin

split by reservoirs
Ginger and Fielding (2005)

Kerogen of South
Sumatra Basin
Netherwood (2000)

Present day
maturity map on top
basement

Ginger and Fielding (2005)

Netherwood (2000)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Pertamina and BPPKA (1996)

Suban giant gas field : producing gas from

multiple reservoirs (igneous-metamorphic
rocks, siliciclastics and carbonates)
Pujasmadi et al. (2002)

Depth structure
map of top Baturaja
Formation

Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin

Kaji-Semoga field : big discovery in

an over 100 year explored-basin
Hutapea (2002)

Leached skeletal
packstone of
Baturaja
carbonate

Oil grouping of
South Sumatra
Basin

Ginger and Fielding (2005)

Intra-Arc
Basins of
Sumatra

OMBILIN

PASEMAH

Darman and Sidi (2000)

Ombilin RiftBasinEarlyStage

Ombilin Basin Central Sumatra

Middle Stage

Ombilin Basin, Central Sumatra

Late Stage

Stratigraphy of
Ombilin Basin,
West Sumatra

Kamal (2000)

Tectonic setting of Pasemah Block, South Suamtra

Kamal (2000)

Subsurface stratigraphy of Pasemah Block, South Suamtra

SUMATRA FORE-ARC BASINS

Meulaboh Basin
Sibolga Basin
Mentawai Basin
Bengkulu Basin
Western Sumatra fore-arc basin are still
underlain by continental crust, and
Paleogene graben system extends
underneath the Neogene fore-arc basin.

Fore-arc Basins

Fore-arc basins have traditionally

prospective for hydrocarbons due to :

been

considered

poorly

source-rock facies were unlikely to develop in these essentialy

shallow, oxygenated, open-marine basins,
Reservoir quality was assumed to be problem because nearby
volcanic arcs and melange complex have supplied a
predominance of poor-quality reservoirs,
Geothermal gradients are relatively low.

Six fore-arc basins of Western Indonesia have been drilled :

Banyumas, South Central Java, Southwest Java, Bengkulu,
Mentawai, Sibolga. The results, in some way, fuel optimism for the
existence of economic petroleum reserves in the Western Indonesia
fore-arcs.

West Sumatra Basin

Petroleum System
The fore-arc basins are considered cool
basins.
The fore-arc basins are less likely to
contain hydrocarbons.
Oil and gas occurrences are sourced from
the synrift deposits, which experienced
heating during the rifting process.

Simplified map
of structural
elements and HC
occurrence in
the Sumatra
forearc

Yulihanto et al. (1995)

Bengkulu-Mentawai-Sibolga Basins (1)

The Bengkulu basin is the mostwidely explored fore-arc basin in

Indonesia. All Bengkulu basin carbonate targets proved to be waterfilled. Arwana-1 (Fina, 1992) encountered good oil shows and
penetrated good marine sources of Oligo-Miocene shales which are
within the oil window with GG of 4.5-5C/100 m (this is significantly
higher than normal fore-arc setting). The origin of the Bengkulu
basin is not strictly fore-arc, may originally have been in back-arc
setting (Howles, 1986; Mulhadiono and Asikin, 1989; Hall et al.,
1993; Yulihanto et al., 1995).

The Bengkulu basin has a proven petroleum system for oil

generation. It demonstrates a similar geology to the South Sumatra
basin, with an undrilled Paleogene rift system that could feasibly
contain lacustrine source rocks, and proven post-rift reservoir facies.
Post-rift Miocene shales and some coals are proven source facies.

Bengkulu-Mentawai-Sibolga Basins (2)

Fieldwork in the Mentawai Islands shows that the marine Oligocene

graben fill in the Mentawai basin has source potential. Basin
modelling suggests that these sediments may have entered oil
window as early as the middle Miocene. Early Miocene buildups are
considered potential reservoir target. Some wells contain biogenic
methane shows (Yulihanto and Wiyanto, 1999).

Suma-1, Singkel-1 (Union Oil), and Ibu Suma-1 (Caltex) wells of

Sibolga basin encountered sub-economic quantities of biogenic gas
(Dobson et al., 1998) middle Miocene carbonate build ups. The
traps have sealing problem. Interbedded sands may show better
biogenic gas prospects.

Bengkulu
BasinRifting

Yulihanto et al. (1995)

Yulihanto et al (1995)

Stratigraphy of Bengkulu fore-arc basin

Bengkulu Basin Stratigraphic Column

Manna Subbasin

Yulihanto et al. (1995)

Yulihanto et al (1995)

Tectonic setting of Bengkulu fore-arc basin

Yulihanto (2000)

Stratigraphy of Mentawai fore-arc basin

Yulihanto (2000)

Subsurface stratigraphy of Mentawai fore-arc basin

Stratigraphy of
Nias, Sibolga
fore-arc basin

vide Murphy (2000)

Seismic section and interpretation of the middle Miocene Ibu

Suma buildup, Sibolga basin, north Sumatra fore-arc
Dobson et al. (1998)

Fore-Arc Basins : Conclusions

Fore-arc basins of Western Indonesia are poorly understood but their

hydrocarbon potential is considered to be moderate to high
(Netherwood, 2000).

The Bengkulu basin experienced a history similar to that of the backarc basins : Paleogene rifting, Miocene structural modification,
inversion and raised heat flow in Pliocene-Pleistocene times. The
Bengkulu basin demonstrates mature source potential, sufficient heat
flow for oil generation, and convincing oils shows in wells.

Presence of biogenic gas and low geothermal gradient in Sibolga

Basin are promising for future biogenic gas exploration. Interbedded
sands within early Miocene reefs will be better sealed than reefs.

Numerous oil and gas seepages in Bayah and Banyumas areas

demonstrate the presence of active petroleum system. The presence
of excellent Eocene reservoirs is promising. The areas are worth for
further exploration.