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19 AC Circuits Analysis Using Complex Variables
19 AC Circuits Analysis Using Complex Variables
General I-V
dependencies
I-V dependencies
for sine-waveforms
Resistor
v = R i
Capacitor
d v (t )
i (t ) = C
dt
di(t )
v(t ) = L
dt
Inductor
v = R i
Objective:
to find the mathematical functions or transformations
replacing the time derivatives with algebraic actions,
like multiplication, division, etc.
Example:
if y(t)
= et, then:
dy
t
= e = y
dt
Issue: the actual electrical signals are sinusoidal, not et types;
there is no simple transformation from cos(t) or sin(t) type
waveforms into et function and back
Eulers formula
The fundamental relationship bridging complex numbers and
AC signals is provided by the Eulers formula:
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
Eulers formula
Geometrical interpretation
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
jy
ej
j*sin()
x
cos()
2
1
2
1
N = y +x
N=
(sin ) + (cos )
=1
Eulers formula
Geometrical interpretation
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
jy
ej
j*sin()
cos()
N=
ej
N=
(sin ) + (cos )
=1
R e j = R cos( ) + jR sin( )
R
jy
T
ulus
d
o
he m
Rej
j*Rsin()
x
Rcos()
j is R
e
of R
j*Rsin()
Rej
Rcos()
( |N| L ) = N e j
Phasor of an AC
current or voltage
Complex number
in Eulers form
e j( / 2 ) = cos( / 2) + j sin( / 2 ) = 0 + j 1 = j
j = e j( / 2 )
j
Example: find
1/ 2
j= j
= e
j ( / 2 ) (1 / 2 )
= e j ( / 4 )
N1 = R1 e j1 ;
N 2 = R2 e j 2 ;
N1 N 2 = R1 R2 e j1 e j 2 = R1 R2 e j (1 + 2 )
The modulus of the product = the product of the moduli;
The argument = the sum of the arguments
N1 / N 2 = R1 e
j1
R2 e
j 2
= (R1 R2 )e
j (1 2 )
N = R e j t
( )
d ex
= ex
dx
( )
dN
= R j e j t
dt
or:
dN
= j N
dt
d ek x
= k ek x
dx
v(t ) = VM cos(t )
v(t) = VMe j t
Phasor design rules:
The phasor modulus = the real voltage amplitude.
The phasor argument = t
VM j t
i R = v(t) / R =
e
R
3. Find the actual resistor current by taking the real part of the
complex current:
VM j t VM
VM
e
=
cos( t ) + j
sin( t )
R
R
R
VM
The resistor current iR (t ) =
cos(t )
R
v(t ) = VM cos(t )
dv
iC = C
= C VM sin(t ) =
dt
= C VM cos(t + / 2)
We will now find the current using the complex image technique.
v(t ) = VM cos(t )
v(t) = VMe j t
v(t )
iC = C
= C jVM e j t
t
Using
j = e j/2
iC = j C VM e j t = C VM e j / 2 e j t =
= C VM e j ( t + / 2 )
iC = Re C VM e j ( t + / 2 ) = C VM cos( t + / 2)
iC = C VM cos(t + / 2)
i(t ) = I M cos(t )
di
vL = L = L I M sin(t ) =
dt
= L I M cos(t + / 2)
We will now find the voltage using the complex image
technique.
i(t ) = I M cos(t )
i(t) = IMe j t
i(t )
vL = L
= L j I M e j t
t
Using
j = e j/2
vL = j L I M e j t = L I M e j / 2 e j t =
= L I M e j ( t + / 2 )
vL = Re L I M e j ( t + / 2 ) = L I M cos( t + / 2)
vL = L I M cos(t + / 2)
Time domain
(real variables)
Resistor
v(t ) = R i (t )
Complex plane
(rotating phasors)
VM = R IM eit
Capacitor
d v(t )
i (t ) = C
dt
IC = j C VM e jt
Inductor
di(t )
v(t ) = L
dt
VL = j L IM e jt
Differential
equations
Note that the term ejt can be omitted: they simply remind you what the angular frequency is;
the remaning phasors are called the complex amplitudes.
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
VM = R IM
IC = j C VM
VC = (1 / j C ) IM
VL = j L IM
Complex plane
equivalent circuit
Resistor with the resistance R