Total Development Solutions

Emergency First Aid

Please note - this presentation has been adapted from an
instructor-led training session – it is not designed
specifically for self-learn
 Emergency First Aid

Course Aims

To enable you to:

 Administer basic life saving skills

 Deal with sudden injury or illness
 Manage a first aid incident effectively

Emergency First Aid

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Objectives

To be able to identify correct responses to:

 Emergency situations
 Non-breathing casualty
 Bleeding, burns, fractures, shock
 Other sudden injury or illness

Emergency First Aid

 Total Development Solutions

Emergency First Aid

1. Introduction
 Emergency First Aid

What is First Aid?

First Aid
is the initial assistance or treatment
given to someone who is injured
or suddenly taken ill.

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Principles of First Aid

 Preserve Life

 Prevent Condition from getting Worse

 Promote Recovery

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Stay Within Your Training!

YOU ARE NOT A YOU ARE NOT A

DOCTOR! PHARMICIST!

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First Aider Role

Assess First Aid Situation

 Danger
 Treatment Required

Administer First Aid

 Effectively call the Medical Services

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Care with Confidence

Every casualty needs to feel secure and in safe

hands. Create an air of confidence and
assurance by:
 Being in control of your own actions
reaction to the problem.
 Acting calmly and logically.
 Being gentle but firm.
 Speaking to the casualty kindly
and in a clear and purposeful way.

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Signs & Symptoms

Signs:
Use your Senses

 See
 Feel
 Hear
 Smell

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Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms:
Casualty Reported Sensations

 Pain
 Lack of Movement
 Nausea

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Age Group Definitions

 Adult – 7 years +

 Child – 12 months to 7 years

 Infant – Birth to12 months

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The Golden Hour

Casualties of life-threatening trauma or

illness, have a greater chance of survival if
treated within the first hour.
If the heart stops, Brain Damage can occur
after just 3-4 minutes.

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Personal Safety & Hygiene

 Physical danger
 Hepatitis B/C
 HIV

Risk Management

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Hazard & Risk

 What is the Hazard?

 What is the Risk?

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Hazard & Risk

 The horse kicking him is the hazard, his position and actions
increase the likelihood of risk of him being kicked.
 The recoil from the rifle is the hazard, his lack of proficiency in
handling the rifle increases risk of injury from the recoil.

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Dynamic Risk Assessment

 1. Hazard Identification
 2. Risk Assessment – who is at risk
 3. Risk Control – how can we control risk?
 4. Risk Elimination – can we eliminate risk?
 5. Decision – Benefits – weigh-up
 6. Action / No Action - go or no-go?

Applying this risk management process to an

emergency incident throughout the duration of
the event will actively lead to risk reduction.
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Dynamic Risk Assessment

Evaluate

Select Action

Proceed Consider
Assess Action
Alternative

YES
Risks versus
Benefits

Re-Assess Add Control Do Not

Action YES Measures? NO Proceed
(Based on: HM Fire Inspectorate 1998)

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Dynamic Risk Assessment

An accident just
waiting to happen!

Emergency First Aid

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Personal Safety & Hygiene

 Hepatitis B/C
 HIV

Emergency First Aid

 Total Development Solutions

Emergency First Aid

2. Casualty Assessment
 Emergency First Aid

Emergency Call

On the scene of an Accident your aim is to:

 Assess
 Diagnose
 Treat
 Dispose

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Actions at an Accident Scene

Think:

D Danger
R Response
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation
D Disability
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Multiple Casualties

Be sure to assess ALL casualties:

Those making the most noise are more

likely to survive – they’re breathing!

Look for those who are SILENT

 Non-breathing
 Shock

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Primary Survey

Conscious
or
Unconscious?

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The Conscious Casualty

HISTORY
 What happened?
 When did it happen?
 How did it happen?
 Has it happened before?
 Signs & Symptoms
 Medication
 Inform relatives
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The Unconscious Casualty – Why?

F  Fainting
I  Infantile Convulsions
S  Shock
H  Heart Attack
S  Stroke
H  Head Injury
A  Asphyxia
P  Poisoning
E  Epilepsy
D  Diabetes

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Emergency Actions - Summary

 Assess the situation Risk Assessment

 Check Casualty All of them!
 Check Response Call Help
 Open Airway (if required)
 Breathe for Casualty (if required)
 Assess Circulation
 Commence CPR (if required)
 Treat other injuries Prioritise

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Secondary Survey

Treat other Injuries

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

3. CPR
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CPR Protocols - 2009

Adult – Child – Infant

30 x Compressions
2 x Rescue Breaths

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CPR Protocols

Adult
1st Priority 30 Compressions

Adult Drowning or Child /Infant

1st Priority 5 Rescue Breathes

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CPR Protocols

Adult 30:2 Mouth-Mouth

 Normal Lung Capacity

Child 30:2 Mouth-Mouth

 50% Normal Lung Capacity

Infant 30:2 Mouth-Mouth & Nose

 Like blowing out a candle

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Rescue Breaths - Adult

Is the casualty breathing?

 Look – rise & fall of chest

 Listen – put your ear to their mouth & nose
 Feel – place your hand on their chest

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CPR - Adult

If not breathing, apply 30 chest compressions

immediately, followed by 2 rescue breaths

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Rescue Breaths - Child & Infant

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CPR - Child

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CPR - Infant

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Secondary Survey

Treat other Injuries

 Bleeding
 Burns
 Bones
 SHOCK

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Recovery Position

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Recovery Position

Emergency First Aid

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Recovery Position

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

4. Bleeding
 Emergency First Aid

Bleeding

Types of Bleeding

 Arterial Bright Red - Spurting

 Venous Dark Red - Flowing
 Capillary Medium Red - Trickling

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Types of Wound

LACERATED PUNCTURED

INCISED
ABRASION

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Treatment

 P - Position

 E - Examine

 E - Elevate

 P - Pressure
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Treatment

 Wash hands
 Rinse wound with clean water
 Dry with towel / lint-free cloth
 Cover with sterile dressing

If a foreign object is embedded in the

wound, dress around the object

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Eye Injuries

 Support the Head

 Dress Injured Eye
 Hospital

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Other Types of Bleeding

 Nose Bleeds

 Mouth Bleeds

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Shock

Don’t forget SHOCK!

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

5. Burns
 Emergency First Aid

Burns

Treatment

 Cool Burn Area

Apply COOL WATER 10 mins at least
 Remove Constrictions (if possible)
 DO NOT pull away burnt clothing
 Cover burn with STERILE dressing
 Hospital

Emergency First Aid

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Burns

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Emergency First Aid

6. Bones
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Fractures

Emergency First Aid

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Fractures

Treatment

 Steady and Support

 Protect
 Hospital

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Emergency First Aid

7. Shock
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Shock

There are many causes of shock:

Heavy loss of Fluids Burns

Bad News Spinal Cord Injury
Injury Severe Reactions
Blood Loss Hypo/Hyperthermia
Drug Overdose Hypoglycaemia
Infection Heart Attack

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Shock

Signs

 Rapid Pulse
 Pale, Cold & Clammy Skin
 Sweating

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Shock

Treatment:

 Lay Down
 Loosen Clothing
 Elevate Legs
 Nil By Mouth
 No Smoking
 Cover with Blanket
 Medical Assistance
 Monitor

Emergency First Aid

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Emergency First Aid

8. Other Injuries & Illnesses

 Emergency First Aid

Heart Attack

Signs & Symptoms

Vice-like Pain
 Feeling of Doom
 Breathlessness
 Ashen Skin
 Rapid then Weakening Pulse

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Heart Attack

Treatment

 Comfort Casualty
 Call Emergency services
 Give Medication
 Monitor

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Choking

Signs & Symptoms

General symptoms and signs of asphyxia.

Casualty will be unable to speak or breathe and may
be gripping the throat. They may be completely silent.
Congestion of the face and neck with the veins
becoming prominent, blueness of the lips and mouth.
Possible unconsciousness.

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Choking

Look in Mouth - Get the child to cough – if

unsuccessful, give 5 back slaps.
Check their mouth

If unsuccessful:
Give up to 5 Abdominal thrusts

If unsuccessful – send for help.

Repeat back slaps and check mouth.

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Choking - Adult

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Choking - Child

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Choking - Infant

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Asthma

Signs

 Wheezing
 Difficulty Speaking
 Gray Blue Skin
 Loss of Consciousness

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Asthma

Treatment
 Comfort
 Inhaler:
- Brown or Blue or Both
 Encourage Slow Breathing

 BROWN - Preventative
 BLUE - Relief

The BLUE inhaler is the one to administer

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Hyperventilation

Treatment:

 Be Firm BUT Reassuring

 Keep Casualty Quite
 Try To Restore Normal Breathing
 Paper Bag
 Seek Medical Advice

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Seizures - Convulsions & Fits

Adult (Epilepsy)

Child (Infections)

Infant (Infections)

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Seizures - Convulsions & Fits

Adult
 Protect Casualty
 Ease Fall
 Protect Head
 Loosen Tight Clothing
 Recovery Position
 Maintain Casualty Dignity

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Seizures - Convulsions & Fits

Child and Infant (Infection Related)

 Protect from Injury

 Cool Child/Infant (Cool gradually)
 Sponge with Tepid Water
 Recovery Position
 Medical Assistance

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Head Injuries

 Concussion

 Cerebral Compression

 Skull Fracture

There may be possible Neck Injury

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Head Injuries
Signs and Symptoms

 Blow / injury to the head

 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Loss of memory
 Headache
 Concussion – brief impaired consciousness
 Pupils unequal size
 Drowsiness / Disorientation

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Head Injuries

Treatment

 Check Responsiveness
 Monitor
 DO NOT allow to eat, drink or smoke
 Hospital

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Head Injuries

Treat ALL head injuries as Serious

There is risk of Brain Damage

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Strains & Sprains

Associated with the Softer Structures around Bones
and Joints. Usually Sporting Injuries.

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Strains & Sprains

Treatment:
R REST

I ICE

C COMPRESS

E ELEVATE

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Stings

To relieve pain and swelling apply a cold compress,

surgical spirit or a solution of bicarbonate of soda,
or rub a slice of potato on it (Starch = Alkali). For
jellyfish stings, smooth calamine lotion into the
affected area.
Emergency First Aid
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Stings

 FOR STINGS IN THE MOUTH OR THROAT

To reduce the swelling give the casualty ice to suck.
Alternatively, rinse the mouth with cold water or a
solution of water and bicarbonate of soda (one
teaspoon to a glass tumbler).

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Stings

TREATMENT FOR STINGS IN THE SKIN

DO NOT squeeze the poison sac because this
will force the remaining poison into the skin.

If the sting has been left deeply embedded

in the skin, LEAVE IT as further attempts
to remove may in fact increase the flow of
poison. Seek medical assistance.

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Stings
Anaphylactic Shock

If breathing becomes difficult, place casualty in the

Recovery Position.

Call Emergency Services immediately

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Swallowed Objects

Reassure the casualty and the parents if the casualty

is a child.

Call Emergency Services immediately

DO NOT give the casualty anything

by mouth.

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Summary

Summary
 Safety first! Risk Assessment
 Remember DR ABCD

Emergency First Aid

 Total Development Solutions

Emergency First Aid

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