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Gayle Proj3 Mech Props NCST Final
Gayle Proj3 Mech Props NCST Final
3. Analysis of
Steel & Specs
4. Thermal &
Tenability
Environment
5. Structural
Collapse
2. Baseline
Performance &
Impact Damage
Model: Building
Fires
Collapse
Tasks
Task 1 - Collect and catalog physical evidence
Task 2 - Document failure mechanisms and damage
Task 3 - Metallurgical and mechanical properties
determination (room temperature, high
temperature, high strain rate)
Task 4 - Correlate specified properties with measured
properties
Task 5 - Characterize thermal excursions of steel
Task 6 Final report
110 stories
Central Core
Box Columns
Technical Services
Skylobby
Technical Services
Skylobby
Local
Elevators
Bar Joist
Concrete Slab
Trough
Floor
Decking
Covering
Technical Services
Express Elevators
Technical Services
Plaza Level
Express
Elevators
Local
Elevators
Electric
Duct
Air-conditioning
Duct
Floor Slab
Core Columns
Transition floors from welded box column to wide flange columns
Columns and orientations shown for 84th floor
501
83
502
83
503
83
504
86
505
86
506
83
601
80
602
80
603
80
604
80
605
80
606
80
701
95
702
7
703
75
801
95
802
7
803
95
704
<1
705
7
804
9
507
83
607
80
508
83
608
80
706
24
707
7
708
92
805
7
806
7
807
89
902
48
902
48
903
80
904
77
905
86
906
48
907
48
908
48
1001
80
1002
77
1003
77
1004
86
1005
86
1006
77
1007
77
1008
80
P-21
A 130: 93-96
1.
2.
3.
Top
Generic diagram
Sample identification code
Removal method that causes minimal
disturbance to the surrounding material
P21-C2M-1
Middle
P21-C2M-1
Only IW left
P21-C2M-1
P21-C1M-1
P21-C2B-1
A 130: 93-96
(stenciled or stamped)
Bottom
P21-C2B-1
P21-C1B1
C1
P21-C1B1
C2
C3
P21-C2B-1
P21-C1B-1
Missing
Crushed
Split
Only part of column
Documentation
extremely
important!
236
93
11
43
23
25
2
7
32
TOTAL PIECES
Perimeter panel sections
Box beams / Core Columns
Wide Flange sections (WF)
Trusses
Channels
"Bowtie" pieces of exterior wall
Coupons from Bldg 5
Miscellaneous (bolts, other)
WTC 2
16 panels
4 near impact floors
North Tower
North Face
Identified
perimeter
panels
Bottom Chord
A 36 specified
(but mostly higher strength A 242
supplied instead)
Plate 3: Bethlehem
Seattle, WA
55 800 tons, 36 ksi 100 ksi
Grade
YS
(ksi)
42
45
50
55
55
60
60
65
65
70
75
80
90
100
Estimated
YS *
(ksi)
Notes
57
57
58
65
66
70
71
76
76
81
86
91
105
105
Specimens
Mechanical properties
Measured yield strength vs specified minimum yield strength
120
COMPONENT
90
Inside Web
Left Flange
N8 Angle
Outside Web
Right Flange
T1 Angle
Truss Rod
Truss Seat
60
N8 Inside Web
L and T
30
30
60
90
Specified Yield Strength, ksi
120
Preliminary mechanical
property data
Note: Specified minimum values apply to plate tested at the mill, not steel product
Observations
Chemistry
Element
A36 angle
A242 Angle
A242 round
C (wt %)
0.20
0.18
0.21
Mn
0.77
0.86
0.79
0.009
0.016
0.008
0.032
0.028
0.019
0.26
0.29
0.08
0.036
0.044
0.038
0.008
0.0066
0.008
Cu
Mechanical Properties
FY (ksi)
57.6
60.3
60.0
UTS (ksi)
78.3
76.6
80.5
Elongations acceptable
Specimens
Tensile test
Strain rate
100 s-1 300 s-1 500 s-1
Outer Columns
10
10
10
Spandrels
Core columns
Compression
Outer Columns
10
10
10
Spandrels
Core columns
Bolts
140.0
120.0
Stress, ksi
100.0
Yield
UTS
Linear (Yield)
Linear (UTS)
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Strain Rate, 1/s
300
350
400
450
500
100.0
80.0
Stress
ksi
60.0
Yield
UTS
Linear (UTS)
Linear (Yield)
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Creep
run-away strain in A36 occurs 100 C lower if creep effects
included in standard fire
400, 500, 600, 650 C @ 2 stress levels
constant load, measure strain vs. time
creep ductility
Ultimate tensile
strength
Yield Strength
Alloy A36
measured
predicted
4
Strain
%
0.33 YSRT
0.67 YSRT
2
0
400
500
600
700
Temperature, Degrees C
800
Figure 11. Measured and predicted strains during a non-linear heating rate
for stresses of 1/3 and 2/3 of the room temperature yield strength.
Equation based on
NIST measurements
and other steel data
Modulus, GPa
200
190
180
170
160
Range of NIST
measurements
on WTC steels
150
140
130
120
0
200
400
Temperature, C
600
800
95%
9/03
40%
10/03
Creep
10%
12/03
75%
10/03
50%
10/03
Welds
30%
12/03
75%
9/03
Finally,
The Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory
is proud to contribute its knowledge and expertise to
the investigation.