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7.total Station Basics For Arch
7.total Station Basics For Arch
7.total Station Basics For Arch
7.1 Introduction
The most commonly used surveying instrument today is the total station (Fig. 7.1). A total
station is a combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device
(EDM) and a microprocessor with memory unit. The electronic digital theodolite, first
introduced in the late 1960s by Carl Zeiss Inc., helped to set the stage for modem field data
collection and processing. With this device, one can determine angles and distances from the
instrument to the points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances
may be used to calculate the actual positions (x, y, and z or northing, easting and elevation) of
surveyed points in absolute terms.
A standard transit is basically a telescope with cross hairs for sighting a target. The telescope
is attached to scales for measuring the angle of rotation of the telescope (normally relative to
north as 0) and the angle of inclination of the telescope (relative to the horizontal as 0).
After rotating the telescope to aim at a target, one can read the angle of rotation and the angle
of inclination from a reference point. All total stations have an electronic distance measuring
device (EDM) and electronic angle scanning. The coded scales of the horizontal and vertical
circles are scanned electronically, and then the angles and distances are displayed digitally.
The horizontal distance, the height difference and the coordinates are calculated
automatically and all measurements and additional information can be recorded.
The electronic transit provides a digital read-out of those angles instead of a scale, which is
more accurate and less prone to errors arising from interpolating between marks on the scale
or from recording error. The read-out is also continuous, and hence, angles can be checked at
any time.
The EDM instrument transmits an infrared beam, which is reflected back to the unit with the
help of a prism (for total internal reflection), and the EDM uses timing measurements to
calculate the distance travelled by the beam. With few exceptions, the EDM instrument
requires that the target be highly reflective, and a reflecting prism is normally used as the
target.
Most of the total stations include data recorders. The raw data (angles and distances) and the
coordinates of points sighted are recorded along with some additional information (usually
codes to aid in relating the coordinates to the points surveyed). The data thus recorded can be
directly downloaded to a computer at a later time. The use of a data recorder further reduces
the recording errors and eliminates the need for a person to record the data in the field.
The determination of angles and distances are essentially separate actions. One aims at the
telescope with great care first. This is the part of the process with a real potential for human
error. When the telescope has been aimed, the angles are determined. The observer then
initiates the reading of the distance to the target by the EDM. This takes only a few seconds
and the calculations are performed immediately.
At present, total station is widely used in many survey sites .Sometimes it is not fully used
since the users are unaware of its full operational capability. Total station used for levelling
comes under the classification indirect levelling. It can maintain considerable accuracy and is
hence used for many public works such as construction of roads, airports and harbours.
The total station is mounted on a tripod and levelled before use (Fig. 7.5). Meanwhile, the
prism is mounted on a pole of known height. The mounting bracket includes aids for aiming
the instrument. The prism is mounted so that its reflection point is aligned with the center of
the pole on which it has been mounted (Fig. 7.6). Although the tip of the pole is placed on the
point to be surveyed, the instrument must be aimed at the prism. So, it will calculate the
position of the prism and not the point to be surveyed. Since the prism is directly above the
tip, the height of the pole may be subtracted to determine the location of the point. That can
be done automatically. The pole must be held upright, and a bubble level attached to give the
technician holding the pole a check (Fig. 7.7). It is not as easy as one might expect to hold the
pole upright, particularly if there is any wind, and as a result, multiple readings may be
required. Because of this problem, the sighting method chosen at such occasions is, if
possible, not to begin by sighting on the prism itself, but on the tip of the pole where it
touched the ground. The angle from north would then be fixed and unaffected by the
movement of the pole. Then the aim of the telescope could be raised to the level of the prism,
adjusting only the angle of inclination.
The advent of the total station survey has made it possible to accurately gather enormous
amounts of survey measurements quickly. Even though total stations have been in use for
more than 20 years, they are only now beginning to become popular among the surveying and
engineering community. Over the last 10 years, total stations and data collectors have become
common field equipment.
In the early 1980s, surveying instrument manufacturers introduced what has become a true
total station, redefining the term by creating an entirely electronic instrument. The read out on
the display panels of a total station and the readout from the EDM are in a digital form. This
feature eliminated reading errors, which can occur while using an optical theodolite. Also,
with the introduction of the electronic theodolite came the electronic data collector,
minimizing both the reading and writing errors. Since the data collector can be interfaced
directly to a computer, errors which occur in transferring the field information from the field
book to the computer are eliminated. At this point, one can measure a distance to a suitable
range with an accuracy of better than 5 mm (plus 1 ppm), and angles can be turned with the
accuracy of 0.5 sec, all accomplished electronically.
A vast increase in productivity resulted due to the introduction of this modern electronic
equipment. In most land surveying situations, the normal crew size can be reduced to two
when equipped with an electronic total station. Since the data acquisition time is so fast, in
some situations, three men are warranted when it is possible to utilize two prism poles. This
often results in an overall reduction in man-hours spent on the job
atmospheric corrections. Using the formulae narrated below, the atmospheric correction can
be calculated very easily. In any case, a thermometer and barometer are necessary to estimate
atmospheric correction.
Reduction to mean sea level (D2) and projection scale factor (D3) are necessary to map in
scale on the earths spheroid surface at a particular geographic locality. If site accuracies are
considered rather than geographic accuracy, reduction to mean sea level and projection scale
factor need not be considered. Practically, the amounts of correction derived from these
factors are less than 100 ppm.
The prism constant is to be added to the distance measured by the EDM. The path of the laser
between the source in a total station and the optical center of a prism (reflector, target) (Fig.
9.3) is not the same as the true distance. The prism constant indicates the distance in
millimeter to be added to (positive) or subtracted from (negative) the measured distance.
Typically, the constant ranges from 0 to 50 mm. The mistake in setting these consonants
results in much larger error than other factors. For example, 0 nun Leica prism constant is
not applicable for the Sokkia total station.
4. Never release the handle before the total station is fixed with the tripods fixing screw.
5. Set up the tripod as stable as possible.
6. Always keep the top of the tripod, the bottom and top of the tribrach and the bottom
of the total station clean and away from any shock and impact.
7. Take maximum care when the tribrach is removed from the total station.
8. Do not make the total station wet.
9.4 Field Equipment
Modern electronic survey equipment requires surveyors to be more maintenance conscious
than they were in the past. They have to take care about power sources, downloading data,
and the integrity of data, including whether or not the instruments and accessories are
accurately adjusted and in good form. When setting up a crew to work with a total station and
a data collector, it is helpful to supply the party chief with a checklist to help the crew
maintain its assigned equipment and handle the collected data upon returning to the office. It
is also important that each crew should be supplied with all necessary equipment and
supplies. These should be stored in an organized and easily accessible manner.
Preparing an equipment list carefully will assure the survey crew (two-person crew,
consisting of a party chief/rod person and a notekeeper/instrument person) a sufficient
equipment inventory to meet the general needs of boundary, layout, and topographic surveys.
This procedure will confine what is needed to maximize productivity when using a total
station with a data collector.
The minimum equipment inventory required is as follows:
1. Total station set
1. Total station instrument in a hard case
2. Battery charger
3. Extra batteries
4. Memory module/card, serial cable
5. Rain cover
6. User manuals
7. Tripod
8. Tape measure
2. Prism set
1. Prism
2. Prism holder
3. Centering rod
3. Back sight set
1. Prism
2. Prism holder
3. Prism carrier (to be fixed on tribrach, with optical/laser plummet)
4. Tribrach (to exchange prism carrier and total station)
4. Data processing>
1. laptop computer with serial port or USB port
2. Serial cable or USB-serial adaptor
3. Terminal application
4. Application programme: MS Excel,Adobe illustrator, Coordinate Converter,
etc.
5. Data backup device and media (zip, memory card, etc.)
5. Survey tools
1. Stakes, nails, paint, marker
2. Hammer
3. Thermometer, barometer/altimeter
4. A pair of radio (with hand-free head sets)
5. Clipboard, field note, pen
6. Compass
7. GPS
The total station set, one set of the prism set, and survey tools are indispensable throughout.
The data can be processed back in the office, but it is better to arrange all data and make a
backup as soon as possible in the field itself, before forgetting mistakes and details. With one
back sight set, measurement of a back sight and traverse will be very easy and accurate. To
occupy a new point, simply exchange the part above the tribrach. The center position of the
total station and the target center above the tribrach is the same after the exchange.
With this equipment inventory, a two-person field crew will be able to handle most of the
survey tasks that are routinely encountered in day-to-day operations. An additional tripod,
plumbing pole, carrier, tribrach and reflector would give the crew even greater flexibility, and
allow them to handle many projects more efficiently. It is also helpful for the field crew to
have a convenient place to store their assigned equipment. The crews should be equipped
with briefcase-sized cases that will hold three tribrachs, four reflectors with holders, three
carriers and four target plates. A hard camera case or pistol case works well for this purpose.
With all the components stored in one place, it makes the inventory of the equipment easy
and reduces the chance of the equipment being left at the job site. This also allows for proper
equipment maintenance.