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M1.02.Quality & Qty of Water Final PDF
M1.02.Quality & Qty of Water Final PDF
M1.02.Quality & Qty of Water Final PDF
BINA PATEL
Asst. Professor, Venus International College of Technology
SOURCES OF WATER
SURFACE WATER
GROUND WATER
PONDS
SPRINGS
LAKES
INFITRATION GALLERIES
STREAMS
RIVERS
STORAGE RESERVOIR
STORED RAIN WATER
WELLS
Dug Wells
Tube Wells
Arterian Wells
French wells
STREAMS
In hilly regions , generally small amount of water runs
off towards the earth. This small run-offs are known as
streams.
These streams feed their waters to lakes or rivers.
Quantity of water available in them is very small and
sometimes they may even sometimes go dry.
RIVERS
Rivers are born from the hills when number of streams
combine together.
PERENNIAL
NON PERENNIAL
Those in which water Those in which water
available through the year.
available at all time.
Fed by rains during rainy Fed by rains during rainy
seasons
and by snow
seasons.
during summer seasons.
It is a source of public The construction of a dam
supplies directly.
is generally adopted and
water is used for irrigation.
STORAGE
RESERVOIR:
Formed by constructing
hydraulic structures like
dams across river.
STORED RAIN WATER: At
some places, on the
terrace of the buildings
water is stored during
rainy season in a big
tank
& thereafter
whenever requirement is
there that stored water
is used.
surface
previous
layers
sandwiched
INFILTRATION
GALLERIES
Horizontal or nearly horizontal
tunnels constructed at shallow
depth
(3 to 5 m) along the
WELLS
Wells: A water well is a hole usually vertical , excavated
in the earth for bringing ground water to the surface.
Dug Wells /Open Wells
suitable for low discharges of 1-5 lit/second .
the diameter - 2 to 9 m. and less then 20m in depth.
Yield is limited because it can be excavated orally to a limited
depth where the ground water storage is limited.
Tube Well:
It is a long pipe or a tube.
bored or drilled deep into the ground , intercepting one more
water bearing stratum. In the tube wells , larger discharges can be
obtained by getting a higher velocity as well as a larger c/s area
of the water bearing stratum .
ARTESIAN WELL:
when a well is constructed in a pervious layer which is bound
between two impervious layer , the water comes on the surface
with some pressure at which it is stored in the layer
USE OF WATER
USES OF WATER
Consumptive
Irrigation
Partial Consumptive
Domestic
Institutional
Industrial
Thermal power
plant
Fire fighting
Non Consumptive
Recreational
Navigational
Pollution control
Hydroelectric
Power plant
IS Codes
Adopted water
Requirement
LPCD
Drinking
Cooking
5+20 (washing)
Bathing
135
55
55
Washing of utensils
15
10
10
Cleaning of house
15
10
10
Washing of house
15
20
20
Flushing
30
30
30
Total
238
135
135
Use
Office
45-90
Factories
a)
Where bath rooms are provided
b)
Where no bath rooms are provided
45-90
30-60
Schools
a)
Day scholars
b)
Residential
45-90
135-225
Hostels
135-180
Hotel
Restaurants
135-225
Railway Station
a)
Junctions and intermediate stations where mail &
express trains stops.
b)
Intermediate stations where mail and express
trains does not stop.
c)
Terminal railway stations.
10
70
11
15
Unit of Production
Automobile vehicle
Distillery
Fertiliser
Leather
Paper
Special quality paper
Straw board
Petroleum refinery
Steel
Vehicle
(Kiloleter Alcohol
Tonne
Tonne
Tonne
Tonne
Tonne
Tonne (crude)
Tonne
Water Requirement in
(KL/Unit production)
40
120-170
80-200
40
200-1000
400-1000
75-100
1-2
200-250
Sugar
1-2
Textile
100Kg (goods)
8-14
PUBLIC USES
Purpose
Water Consumption
Public parks
Road Watering
Sewer Cleaning
FIRE DEMAND
Water demand should provide the necessary peak demand of water
for fire fighting.
Kuichlings Formula: Q= 3182
Freemans Formula: Q= 1135 (P/5 +10)
National Board of Fire under Writers Formula: Q= 4637
(1- 0.01
Inorganic:
e.g Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, PO4, HCO3 etc.
EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES
a) colour of surface water- dissolved organic matters
b) Taste and Odour- formation of compounds
c) Turbidity- suspended Impurities
d) Pathogenicity- micro organisms
DEFINITION OF WATER
The water containing pathogenic bacteria Contaminated Water
Water consists of undesirable substances rendering it unfit for the
designated use Polluted Water
Water which is fit /suitable for drinking purpose or which is not
injurious to human health portable / wholesome water
Portable water should be
Colorless
Odourless
Have good taste
Not contain any harmful micro-organisms
Conductivity:
This is a measure of the
capability of a solution such as
water in a stream to pass an
electric current
It gives an idea about TDS in
water
Greater TDS, high conductivity
Instrument - Conductivity meter
avg. for portable water < 2
mho/cm or S/cm
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Solids:
The
total
solids
in
a
water
w/w consist of the insoluble or suspended solids & soluble
compounds dissolved in water.
o Total solids: residue after evaporating all water
(50% volatile and 50% fixed)
(Volatile=organic. Fixed=inorganic mg/L)
&
Disease
Bacteria
Salmonella Typhi
Typhoid Fever
Para Typhoid
Shigella
Vibro Cholerae
Francisella Tularnsis
Leptospirae
Viruses
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis A
Prorozoa