1

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA

Hoang Viet

KY THUAT IEN CAO AP

Tap 2

QUA IEN AP
TRONG
HE THONG IEN
(Tai ban lan th hai co bo sung, chnh l)

NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA

THANH PHO HO CH MINH - 2007

MUC LUC
Li noi au 5 ......................................................................................................... 5
Chng 1. SET - NGUON GOC CUA QUA IEN AP KH QUYEN ............. 7
1.1 Cac giai oan phat trien cua phong ien set ....................................... 7
1.2 Cac tham so chu yeu cua set - cng o hoat ong cua set .............. 14
Chng 2. QUA TRNH SONG TREN NG DAY TAI IEN .................28
2.1 S truyen song ien t tren ng day khong ton hao ....................... 28
2.2 Hien tng phan xa va khuc xa cua song: qui tac Petersen ............... 32
2.3 S phan s nhieu lan cua song .......................................................... 43
2.4 Vai phng phap tnh toan qua trnh truyen song bang o th ........... 51
2.5 Qui tac ve song ang tr ..................................................................... 59
2.6 Qua trnh truyen song trong he thong nhieu day dan ........................ 63
2.7 S bien dang cua song ..................................................................... 669
Chng 3. BAO VE CHONG SET ANH TRC TIEP CHO HE THONG
IEN .................................................................................................75
3.1 Khai niem chung ................................................................................ 77
3.2 Xac nh pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set - mo hnh
A. Kopian .......................................................................................... 77
3.3 Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set .................................................... 84
3.4 Cac yeu cau ky thuat kinh te khi dung he thong cot thu set e
bao ve set anh thang cho tram bien ap va nha may ien ................ 87
3.5. Ly thuyet mo hnh ien hnh hoc ...................................................... 92
Chng 4. NOI AT TRONG HE THONG IEN .........................................112
4.1 Cac khai niem chung ....................................................................... 112
4.2 ien tr tan noi at tan so cong nghiep R~................................... 116
4.3 ien tr tan cua noi at chong set ................................................... 122
4.4 Anh hng cua chat at va thi tiet en ien tr noi at ................ 131
4.5 Cac yeu cau ve kinh te ky thuat khi thiet ke he thong noi at cho
tram va ng day tai ien .............................................................. 133
4.6 Phng phap dien tch e tnh ien tr tan cua li noi at ................. 136
Chng 5. BAO VE CHONG SET CHO NG DAY TAI IEN ............141
5.1 ng loi tong quat e tnh toan ch tieu chong set cua ng day tai
ien................................................................................................. 135

5.2 Qua ien ap cam ng ....................................................................... 146

5.3 Set anh trc tiep vao ng day khong co day chong set ............. 150
5.4 Set anh tren ng day co day chong set ...................................... 157
Chng 6. THIET B CHONG SET .................................................................170
6.1 Khai niem chung .............................................................................. 170
6.2 Khe h bao ve ................................................................................. 171
6.3 Thiet b chong set kieu ong ............................................................. 172
6.4 Thiet b chong set van (CSV) .......................................................... 169
6.5 Thiet b han che QA hay CSV khong co khe h ........................... 187
Chng 7. BAO VE CHONG SET TRUYEN VAO TRAM PHAN PHOI
IEN..................................................................................................189
7.1 Khai niem chung .............................................................................. 182
7.2 Bien phap va yeu cau oi vi viec bao ve chong set truyen vao tram .... 182
7.3 S o nguyen ly bao ve tram ........................................................... 188
7.4 Tham so tnh toan cua song set truyen vao tram va cach tnh ch
tieu chu set cua tram ....................................................................... 190
7.5 ien ap tren cach ien cua tram ..................................................... 192
Chng 8. BAO VE CHONG SET CHO MAY IEN QUAY .......................208
8.1 Bao ve cach ien may ien quay chong song set truyen vao theo
ng day tren khong ...................................................................... 201
8.2 Bao ve chong set cho may ien quay au vao ng day tren
khong qua may bien ap ................................................................... 204
Chng 9. QUA IEN AP NOI BO - NHNG TNH CHAT CHUNG
CUA QUA IEN AP NOI BO TRONG HE THONG IEN .......218
9.1 Phan loai Qua ien ap noi bo .......................................................... 209
9.2 Van e noi at iem trung tnh cua he thong ien .......................... 211
Chng 10. QUA IEN AP KHI CHAM AT MOT PHA BANG HO
QUANG TRONG LI CO TRUNG TNH CACH IEN .......224
10.1 Cham at mot pha on nh ............................................................. 215
10.2 Dien bien cua qua trnh cham at mot pha .................................... 226
10.3 Noi at iem trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang ............................ 234
Chng 11. QUA IEN AP CONG HNG ..................................................243
11.1 Khai niem chung ............................................................................ 243
11.2 Cong hng ieu hoa ..................................................................... 235

Cac cau hoi on tap mon hoc Qua ien ap ..................................................260

Tai lieu tham khao ..............................................................................................272

Li noi au
Cach ien cua trang thiet b ien ap cao khong ch chu tac
dung thng xuyen, lau dai cua ien ap lam viec ma con phai chu
tac dung trong mot thi gian ngan hoac rat ngan cua nhng ien
ap tang cao ot ngot vt xa kha nang chu ng cua cach ien.
o la hien tng qua ien ap trong he thong ien.
QUA IEN AP TRONG HE THONG IEN trnh bay nguon
goc, dien bien va thong so cua cac dang qua ien ap cung nh cac
bien phap nham ngan nga, han che chung e bao ve cho cach
ien cua cac trang thiet b ien.
QUA IEN AP TRONG HE THONG IEN c bien soan
tren c s cua cuon sach Qua ien ap trong he thong ien dung
giang day cho sinh vien nhieu khoa cua nganh He thong ien va
c chnh sa, bo sung cap nhat thng xuyen.
Tuy nhien hien tng qua ien ap, ac biet la qua ien ap noi
bo rat a dang va phc tap, ma thi lng cho phep oi vi mon
hoc co gii han, nen tap sach nay cha the e cap ay u moi
dang qua ien ap ma ch neu mot vai dang tieu bieu ien hnh.
Tac gia hoan nghenh va xin chan thanh cam n moi gop y quy
bau cua oc gia.
Moi gop y xin gi ve: Bo mon He thong ien Khoa ien ien t, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM.
ien thoai: 8 651 821.
TS. Hoang Viet

Chng

SET - NGUON GOC CUA

QUA IEN AP KH QUYEN
1.1 CAC GIAI OAN PHAT TRIEN CUA PHONG IEN SET
Set thc chat la mot dang phong ien tia la trong khong kh vi khoang
cach rat ln. Chieu dai trung bnh cua khe set khoang 35 km, phan ln chieu
dai o phat trien trong cac am may dong. Qua trnh phong ien cua set tng
t nh qua trnh phong ien tia la trong ien trng rat khong ong nhat vi
khoang cach phong ien ln. Chnh s tng t o a cho phep mo phong set
trong phong th nghiem e nghien cu nhng qui luat cua no va nghien cu
nhng bien phap bao ve chong set.
Hien nhien, set khac vi phong ien trong khong kh tien hanh trong
phong th nghiem khong ch qui mo ma con ac iem rieng biet cua
nguon ien ap cua no tc la nhng am may dong tch ien.
Thc te, s hnh thanh cac cn dong luon luon gan lien vi s xuat hien
cua nhng luong khong kh nong am khong lo t mat at boc len. Cac luong
khong kh nay c tao thanh hoac do s ot nong mat at bi anh nang mat
tri, ac biet cac vung cao (dong nhiet) hoac do s gap nhau cua nhng luong
khong kh nong am vi khong kh lanh nang (dong front), luong khong kh nong
am b ay len tren. cac vung oi nui cao, cac luong khong kh nong am trn
theo sn nui len cao o la dong a hnh. Sau khi a at c mot o cao nhat
nh (khoang vai km tr len), luong khong kh nong am nay i vao vung nhiet
o am, b lanh i, hi nc ngng tu lai thanh nhng giot nc li ti hoac thanh
cac tinh the bang. Chung tao thanh cac am may dong (H.1.1), con c goi la
may tch vu (Cumuloninbus).

Hnh 1.1 S phan bo ien tch trong mot am may dong

T lau, ngi ta a khang nh ve

nguon tao ra ien trng khong lo gia
cac may dong va mat at chnh la nhng
ien tch tch tu tren cac hat nc li ti va
cac tinh the bang cua cac am may dong
o. Nhng do au co s nhiem ien cua
cac hat nc va tinh the bang cung nh
s phan li cac ien tch th co nhieu gia
thuyet khac nhau va cha c hoan
toan nhat tr (trong pham vi cuon sach
nay se khong i sau vao cac gia thuyet o). V du, co gia thuyet cho rang,
di tac dung cua ien trng cua qua at (qua at mang mot ien tch am
khoang 5,410+5C), cac hat nc b phan cc, au di nhan ien tch
dng va au tren nhan ien tch am (H.1.2).
Cac giot nc ln, do trong lng cua no ri xuong gap cac ion t do
(gan mat at co khoang 600 oi ion trong mot cm3 khong kh, cang len cao mat
o ion cang cao) bay cham hn trong khong kh, hap thu cac ion am bang au
dng cua no pha trc va ay cac ion dng t do ra xa. Ket qua la giot
nc mang ien tch am tha.
Cac giot nc be a phan cc, th b cac luong khong kh ay len pha
tren hap thu cac ion dng bang au am cua mnh, ay ion am t do ra xa va
do o mang ien tch dng tha. Nh vay theo gia thuyet nay, phan di cua
cac am may dong mang ien tch am, phu hp vi thc te la phan ln cac
phong ien set xuong at (8090%) co cc tnh am. Nhng gia thuyet nay van

cha giai thch c mot thc te, la hn mot na the tch cua am may khong
phai c tao thanh t cac giot nc ma t cac tinh the bang va bong tuyet
ma hnh dang va cau tao cua chung lam cho chung kho co the b phan cc bi
ien trng cua qua at.
Tom lai, cac gia thuyet cho en nay eu cha giai thch c mot cach
triet e ve nguon ien tch cua cac am may dong va s phan li chung, khien
ngi ta ngh rang trong thc te co the co nhieu nguyen nhan ong thi tac
ong va rat phc tap.
Nhng co ieu chac chan la trong suot cn dong, cac ien tch dng va
ien tch am b cac luong khong kh manh liet tach ri nhau, gan lien vi s
phan bo cac tinh the bang tuyet tren tang nh va cac giot nc ma tang
ay cua am may dong. S tach ri ien tch nay tuy thuoc vao o cao cua
am may, nam trong khoang t 20010.000m, vi tam cua chung cach nhau
c khoang t 3005000m. Lng ien tch trong cac am may tham gia vao
cn set vao khoang t 1100C va co the cao hn. ien the cua cac am may
dong vao khoang 107108V. Nang lng toa ra bi mot cn set khoang
250kWh.
Ket qua quan trac cho thay phan di cua cac am may dong chu yeu
cha ien tch am, do o cam ng tren mat at nhng ien tch dng tng
ng va tao nen mot tu ien khong kh khong lo. Cng o ien trng trung
bnh ni ong nhat thng t khi qua 1kV/cm, nhng ca biet ni mat o ien
tch cao, hoac ni co vat dan ien tot nho len cao tren mat at ien trng cuc
bo co the cao hn nhieu va co the at en ngng ion hoa khong kh ( mat
at tr so nay 2530kV/cm va cang len cao cang giam, o cao mot vai km
giam con khoang 10kV/cm) se gay ion hoa khong kh tao thanh dong plasma,
m au cho qua trnh phong ien set phat trien gia may dong va mat at.
Qua trnh phong ien set nay gom co ba giai oan chu yeu:
1- Thoat tien xuat phat t may dong mot dai sang m keo dai tng t
gian oan ve pha mat at vi toc o trung bnh khoang 105106 m/s. ay la
giai oan phong ien tien ao tng t c goi la tien ao bac (stepped
leader). Kenh tien ao la mot dong plasma mat o ien tch khong cao lam,
khoang 10131014 ion/m3. Mot phan ien tch am cua may dong tran vao kenh
va phan bo tng oi eu doc theo chieu dai cua no (H.1.3a).

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Hnh 1.3 Cac giai oan phong ien set va bien thien cua dong ien set theo thi gian
a) Giai oan phong ien tien ao (1)
b) Tia tien ao en gan mat at, hnh thanh khu vc ion hoa manh liet (2)
c) Giai oan phong ien ngc hay phong ien chu yeu (3)
d) Phong ien chu yeu ket thuc, dong set at gia tr cc ai (4)

Thi gian phat trien cua tia tien ao moi t keo dai trung bnh khoang
1s, tng ng tia tien ao dai them trung bnh c khoang vai chuc met en
bon nam chuc met. Thi gian tam ngng phat trien gia hai t lien tiep
khoang 3090s.
ien tch am t may tran vao kenh tien ao bang Q = l vi l la chieu
dai kenh. ien tch nay thng chiem khoang 10% lng ien tch chay vao
at trong mot lan phong ien set. Di tac dung cua ien trng tao nen bi
ien tch am cua may dong va ien tch am trong kenh tien ao, se co s tap
trung ien tch cam ng trai dau (ien tch dng) tren vung mat at pha di
am may dong. Neu vung at pha di co ien dan ong nhat th ni ien
tch tap trung se nam trc tiep di kenh tien ao. Neu vung at pha di co
ien dan khac nhau th ien tch cam ng se tap trung chu yeu vung ke can,
ni co ien dan cao nh vung quang kim loai, vung at am, ao ho, song ngoi,
vung nc ngam, ket cau kim loai cac nha cao tang, cot ien, cay cao b t
trong ma... va ni o thng la ni o bo cua set.
Cng o ien trng au kenh tien ao trong phan ln giai oan phat
trien cua no (trong may dong), c xac nh bi ien tch ban than cua kenh

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va cua ien tch tch tu am may. ng i cua kenh trong giai oan nay
khong phu thuoc vao tnh trang cua mat at va cac vat the mat at, phng
co cng o ien trng cao nhat phu thuoc vao nhieu nhan to ngau nhien
phc tap. Ch khi kenh tien ao con cach mat at mot o cao nao o (o cao
nh hng), th mi thay ro dan anh hng cua s tap trung ien tch mat
at va cac vat dan nho khoi mat at oi vi hng phat trien tiep tuc cua
kenh. Kenh se phat trien theo hng co cng o ien trng ln nhat. Nh
vay, v tr o bo cua set mang tnh chon loc. Trong ky thuat, ngi ta a li
dung tnh chon loc o e bao ve chong set anh thang cho cac cong trnh,
bang cach dung cac thanh hoac day thu set bang kim loai c noi at tot, at
cao hn cong trnh can bao ve e hng set phong vao o, han che kha nang
set anh vao cong trnh.
nhng vat dan co o cao ln nh cac nha choc tri, cot ien ng day
cao ap, cot anten cac ai thu phat thanh, truyen hnh, bu ien... th t nh
cua no, ni ien tch trai dau tap trung nhieu lam cho cng o trng cuc bo
tang cao cung se ong thi xuat hien ion hoa khong kh, tao nen dong tien ao
phat trien hng len am may dong. Chieu dai cua kenh tien ao t di len
nay tang theo o cao cua vat dan, co the at en o cao mot vai tram met va
tao ieu kien de dang cho s nh hng cua set vao vat dan o. Qua trnh
nay thng c goi la qua trnh phong ien on set. Nhng au thu set the
he mi xuat hien vao nhng na m cu a tha p ky 80 va 90 the ky chnh la a
n g du n g hie u n g na y e ta ng kha nan g o n bat kenh tien ao t tren
may dong xuong, han che xac suat set anh vao cong trnh c bao ve.
2- Giai oan phong ien chnh (hay phong ien ngc). Khi kenh tien ao
xuat phat t may dong tiep can mat at (thi gian vao khoang 20ms) hoac tiep
can kenh tien ao ngc chieu, th bat au giai oan phong ien ngc hay
phong ien chnh, tng t nh cac qua trnh phong ien ngc trong chat kh
ien trng khong ong nhat (H.1.3.b). Trong khoang cach kh con lai gia au
kenh tien ao va mat at (hoac gia hai au kenh tien ao ngc chieu) cng
o ien trng tang cao gay nen ion hoa manh liet khong kh, dan en s hnh
thanh mot dong plasma mi, co mat o ien tch cao hn nhieu so vi mat o
ien tch cua kenh tien ao (1016 1019 ion/m3 ) , ien dan cua no tang len
hang tram, hang ngan lan, ien tch cam ng t mat at tran vao dong ngc
nay trung hoa ien tch am cua kenh tien ao trc ay va thc te au dong
mang ien the cua at, lam cho cng o ien trng khu vc tiep giap cua
hai dong plasma ngc chieu nhau tang len gay ion hoa manh liet khong kh

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khu vc nay va nh vay au dong plasma ien dan cao tiep tuc phat trien ngc
len tren theo ng a c don san bi kenh tien ao. Toc o cua kenh phong
ien ngc vao khoang 1, 5 107 1, 5 198 m/s (bang 0,05 0,5 toc o anh
sang) tc la nhanh gap tren tram lan toc o phat trien cua dong tien ao
(H.1.3c). V mat o ien tch cao ot nong manh liet nen kenh phong ien chnh
sang choi chang (o chnh la tia chp). Nhiet o trong kenh phong ien co the
en vai ba chuc ngan oC, (gap vai ba lan nhiet o tren be mat mat tri). Va s
dan n ot ngot cua khong kh bao quanh kenh phong ien chnh tao nen nhng
t song am manh liet, gay nen nhng tieng no chat chua (o la tieng sam) va
tieng ren am keo dai. ac iem quan trong nhat cua phong ien chnh la
cng o dong ln. Neu v la toc o cua phong ien chu yeu va la mat o
ng cua ien tch th dong ien set se at gia tr cao nhat khi kenh phong
ien chnh len en am may dong va bang Is = .v (H.1.3d). o chnh la dong
ngan mach khoang cach kh gia may-at, co tr so t vai kA en tren vai tram
kA.
3- Giai oan ket thuc c anh dau khi kenh phong ien
chnh len
ti am may, ien tch cam ng t mat at theo len, tran vao va trung hoa vi
ien tch am cua am may, mot phan nho cua so ien tch con lai cua may se
theo kenh phong ien chay xuong at va cung tao nen cho set anh mot dong
ien co tr so giam dan tng ng phan uoi song cua xung dong set. S toa
sang m dan. Trong 50% cac trng hp, s thao ien tch xuong at nay tao
nen mot dong khong oi khoang 100A, keo dai co the en 0,1s. Do thi gian
keo dai nh vay nen hieu ng nhiet do no gay nen cung khong kem phan
nguy hiem cho cac cong trnh b set anh.
Ket qua quan trac set cho thay rang, mot cn set thng gom nhieu lan
phong ien ke tiep nhau, trung bnh la ba lan, nhieu nhat co the en vai ba
chuc lan. Thi gian gia cac lan phong ien ke tiep nhau trung bnh khoang
3050ms, nhng co the keo dai en 0,1s neu co dong khong oi trong giai
oan ket thuc. Cac lan phong ien sau co dong tien ao phat trien lien tuc
(khong phai tng t nh lan au), khong phan nhanh va theo ung qu ao
cua lan au nhng vi toc o cao hn ( 2.106 m/s) , thng goi la tien ao hnh
kim (needle leader) cung con co ten goi la tien ao hnh mui ten (dart leader).
Moi lan phong ien tao nen mot xung dong set. Cac xung set sau thng co
bien o be hn, nhng o doc au song cao hn nhieu so vi xung au tien.
Mot cn set co the keo dai en 1,33s.

13

1- Giai oan tien ao; 2- Giai oan phong ien chu yeu;
3- Giai oan sau phong ien - sang m; 4- Tia tien ao hnh mui ten hoac hnh kim;
5- Giai oan tien ao cua cac cu set ke tuc; 6- Dong ien tien ao;
7- Dong ien chu yeu; 8- Dong ien trong giai oan sang m

Hnh 1.4 Qua trnh phat trien cua phong ien set

S phong ien nhieu lan cua set c giai thch nh sau: am may dong
co the co nhieu trung tam ien tch khac nhau, hnh thanh do cac dong khong
kh xoay trong may. Lan phong ien au tien, d nhien se xay ra gia at va
trung tam ien tch co cng o ien trng cao nhat.
Trong giai oan phong ien tien ao th hieu the cua trung tam ien tch
nay vi cac trung tam ien tch khac ke can thc te khong thay oi ang ke
va t co anh hng qua lai gia chung. Nhng khi kenh phong ien chu yeu a
len en may th trung tam ien tch au tien cua am may thc te mang ien
the cua at lam cho hieu the gia trung tam ien tch a phong vi cac trung
tam ien tch lan can tang len va co the dan en phong ien gia chung vi
nhau. Qua trnh nay xay ra rat nhanh. Trong khi o th kenh phong ien cu
van con mot ien dan nhat nh do s kh ion cha hoan toan, nen phong ien
tien ao lan sau theo ung qu ao o, lien tuc va vi toc o cao hn lan au.
Phong ien set cung co the xay ra gia cac am may mang ien tch khac
nhau hoac gia cac trung tam ien tch cua mot am may lng cc, tuy nhien
qua ien ap trong he thong ien, hoa hoan hoac h hong cac cong trnh tren
mat at ch xay ra khi co phong ien set ve pha mat at. V vay, ay ch
xet en set gia may dong va mat at cung tac hai cua no oi vi he thong
ien. Set may - at cung co the xay ra vi tien ao mang ien tch dng xuat
phat t phan mang ien tch dng cua am may, nhng rat hiem thay. Loai
set dng nay ch co mot xung duy nhat, co bien o dong va tong ien tch rat
ln, thi gian song keo dai. Tac dung pha hoai cua no rat ln, ac biet la hieu

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ng nhiet cua no.

1.2 CAC THAM SO CHU YEU CUA SET - CNG O HOAT ONG
CUA SET
Dong ien set nh hnh 1.5, co
dang mot song xung. Trung bnh
trong khoang vai ba micro giay, dong
ien tang nhanh en tr so cc ai tao
nen phan au song va sau o giam
xuong cham cham trong khoang
20 100s , tao nen phan uoi
song.
S lan truyen song ien t tao
nen bi dong ien set gay nen qua
ien ap trong he thong ien, do o
can phai biet nhng tham so chu yeu cua no.
- Bien o dong ien set vi xac suat xuat hien cua no.
- o doc au song dong ien set hoac thi gian au song s vi xac suat
xuat hien cua no.
- o dai song dong ien set s (tc thi gian cho en khi dong set giam
con bang 1/2 bien o cua no).
- Cc tnh dong ien set.
Ngoai ra, phai biet cng o hoat ong trung bnh cua set tc la so ngay
co dong set trung bnh hoac tong so gi co dong set trung bnh trong mot nam
moi khu vc lanh tho va mat o trung bnh cua set trong khu vc o, tc la
so lan set anh vao mot n v dien tch mat at (1km2) trong mot ngay set.
nhieu nc phat trien a xay dng c ban o phan vung hoat ong cua set.
1.2.1 Bien o dong ien set va xac suat xuat hien cua no
Dong ien set co tr so ln nhat vao luc kenh phong ien chnh len en
trung tam ien tch cua am may dong. Neu ni (vat) b set anh co noi at
tot, ien tr noi at khong ang ke, th tr so ln nhat cua dong ien set, nh
a trnh bay tren, bang is = .v . Nhng neu ien tr noi at cua vat b set
anh co mot tr so R nao o th dong ien set qua vat o se giam theo quan
he:

15

is = .v

zo
zo + R

vi zo la tong tr song cua khe set, co tr so trong khoang 200 500 , trung
bnh 300 .
Nh vay, neu ien tr noi at R thay oi t 0 30 th dong ien qua
vat b set anh ch giam khoang 10%. ien tr noi at cua cot va day thu set
trong he thong ien thng t khi qua 20 30 , nen trong tnh toan co the
lay gan ung tr so cc ai cua dong ien set is = .v .

Hnh 1.6 Thiet b xac nh bien o dong ien set

e o bien o dong ien set t lau ngi ta dung rong rai trong he thong
ien thiet b ghi t. o la nhng thanh hnh tru bang bot sat t tron vi keo
cach ien ep lai. Thanh c gan vao cot thu set hay cot ien, song song vi
ng sc cua t trng dong ien set chay qua cot khi b set anh.
Nh lam bang vat lieu sat t nen thanh duy tr mot o t d ln. Cuoi
mua set ngi ta thao thiet b ghi t, o lng t d va xac nh c dong
ien set ln nhat a chay qua cot. o chnh xac cua thiet b t nay khong cao
nhng nhc iem nay c bu lai bi so lng rat ln thiet b at trong he
thong ien (en hang chuc ngan chiec).
Ket qua o ac trong nhieu nam nhieu ni cho thay bien o dong ien
set bien thien trong pham vi rat rong, t vai kA en tren vai tram kA, nhng
phan ln thng di 50kA va rat hiem khi vt qua 100kA.
Trong tnh toan chong set co the dung qui luat phan bo xac suat bien o
dong ien set gan ung sau, cho vung ong bang:

16

vis = e is/ 26 = 10is/ 60

is
i
hay lg vis = s
(1.1)
26
60
vi vis la xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co bien o bang hoac ln hn is.

tc:

ln vis =

V du: xac suat phong ien set co bien o dong ien set is 60 kA
bang:
lg vis =

60
= 1 ; vis = 0,1 = 10%
60

Co ngha la trong tong so lan set anh ch co 10% so lan set co bien o
dong ien set t 60 kA tr len. Dong ien set co bien o t 100 kA tr len
thng rat hiem xay ra, nen ch phai dung en khi thiet ke chong set cho
nhng tram phan phoi vo cung quan trong.

Hnh 1.7 Xac suat phan bo dong set co bien o bang va ln hn is

nhng vung oi nui, bien o dong ien set thng be hn so vi nhng

vung ong bang khoang vai lan, do khoang cach t at len cac am may dong
ngan hn nen phong ien set a co the xay ra, ngay khi mat o ien tch cua
cac am may con be hn. Noi mot cach khac, ay, xac suat xuat hien dong
ien set co bien o ln thap hn
vis =

i
s
30
10

hay lg vis =

is
30

(1.2)

17

1.2.2 o doc au song dong ien se t va xac sua t xua t hien cua no
Viec xac nh bang thc nghiem o doc au song hoac o dai au song
dong ien set kho khan hn nhieu, v vay lng so lieu thc nghiem ve nhng
thong so nay tng oi t.
e o o doc dong ien set, ngi ta thng dung mot khung bang day
dan treo canh cot thu set. Cac au day cua khung noi vao mot hoa ien ke e
o bien o cua ien ap (xem Ky thuat
ien cao ap, tap 1, chng 4 trang 133 134).
Khi set anh vao cot thu set vi o
di
doc dong ien set a = s th trong
dt
khung se cam ng nen mot sc ien
di
ong bang M s vi M la he so ho cam
dt
gia day dan dong ien set cua cot thu
set vi khung.
Hoa ien ke ghi c bien o ien
ap gia cac au ra cua khung:

u = M(

dis
)max
dt

Biet c u co the xac nh c o doc ln nhat cua song dong ien set
a chay qua cot:
amax = (

dis
)max ,
dt

kA/s

o doc au song dong ien set cung thay oi trong mot pham vi rong va
cung c cho di dang ng cong xac suat. Thng dung ng cong thc
nghiem sau.
Cho vung ong bang:
(1.3)

va = e a / 15,7 = 10 a / 36

hay

ln va =

a
;
15, 7

lg va =

a
36

trong o va la xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co o doc au song dong ien
bang va ln hn a.

18

nhng vung nui cao, xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co cung o doc
au song thng thap hn va co the xac nh theo:
va = 10 a / 18 = e a/7,82

(1.4)

Ket qua o ac cho thay phan ln song dong ien set co thi gian au
song t s = 1 10 s thng gap la t 1 4s va o dai song trong khoang
s = 20 100 s . Trong tnh toan thiet ke thng lay thi gian au song
s = 1, 2 s va o dai song trung bnh la 50 s tng ng vi dang song

chuan (song 1,2/50).

Hnh 1.9 ng cong xac suat o doc au song dong set

Ve quan he gia o doc au song va bien o dong ien set, cho en nay
vi nhng so lieu o c, ngi ta van cha tm thay co mot quan he toan
hoc ro rang, chat che. Co khuynh hng tuy khong ro rang, la o doc au
song tang khi bien o dong ien set tang. Trong tnh toan khi ong thi phai
xet anh hng cua ca o doc au song va bien o, ngi ta coi chung nh la
nhng ai lng ngau nhien oc lap va dung xac suat phoi hp:
- oi vi vung ong bang:

hay

lg v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+
)
60 36

ln v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+
)
26 15, 7

- oi vi vung oi nui cao:

(1.5)

19

lg v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+ )
30 18

(1.6)

g ien tch tan vao at trong thi gian phong ien set nhieu lan thay oi
trong pham vi t 0,1C100C va co the ln hn, tr so trung bnh vao khoang
20C. Chnh lng ien tch tan vao at trong thi gian phong ien set nay
ong mot vai tro ang ke trong s duy tr ien tch am cua qua at.
g Ve dang tnh toan dong ien set, tuy tng trng hp cu the co the
dung cac dang n gian hoa nh sau:

Hnh 1.10 Cac dang song tnh toan dong ien set

a) Dang song hnh thang is = at (H.1.10a) dung khi qua trnh can xet
chu anh hng chu yeu cua phan au song, con s giam dong ien sau tr so
cc ai theo qui luat nay hay qui luat kia khong co anh hng ang ke en
qua trnh. V du nh khi xet qua trnh song trong cuon day may bien ap.
b) Dang ham mu is = Ise t/T (H.1.10b) dung khi tnh toan cac qua trnh
phat trien cham, nh khi tnh hieu ng nhiet cua dong ien set, trong o s
tang dong ien au song theo qui luat nay hay qui luat kia thc te khong co
anh hng nhieu en ket qua.

T la hang so thi gian cua s giam dong ien:

T= s
0, 7
vi s la thi gian toan song (tc la thi gian tnh en khi dong ien giam con
bang mot na bien o).
1.2.3 Cng o hoat ong cua set - mat o set
Cng o hoat ong cua set c bieu th bang so ngay trung bnh co

20

dong set hang nam hoac bang tong so gi trung bnh co dong set hang nam.
Cng o hoat ong cua set rat khac nhau cac vung kh hau khac nhau.
Khuynh hng chung la cng o hoat ong cua set tang dan t cac mien a
cc en mien nhiet i xch ao, ni co o am khong kh va nhiet o cao hn,
tao ieu kien de dang cho s hnh thanh may dong.
Theo so lieu thong ke cua nhieu nc, so ngay set hang nam cac vung
nam, bac cc vao khoang 23, vung on i khoang 3050, vung nhiet i
khoang 75100 va vung xch ao khoang 100150.
Tuy nhien, khuynh hng tren cung khong phai la tuyet oi. Thc te
ngay trong cung mot mien kh hau, cng o hoat ong cua set cung co the
khac nhau nhieu, do cac ieu kien kh tng thuy van a chat cua tng khu
vc tieu kh hau thay oi phc tap.
Tren toan bo be mat qua at trong moi giay xay ra khoang 100 lan
phong ien set, tc moi ngay co khoang 89 trieu lan set anh xuong mat at.
- Mat o cua set la so lan set anh trung bnh tren mot n v dien tch
mat at (1 km2 ) trong mot ngay set hoac trong mot gi set. So lieu nay cung
thay oi theo vung lanh tho.
1.2.4 Cc tnh cua set
So lieu quan trac set nhieu nc trong nhieu nam cho thay, song dong
ien set mang cc tnh am xuat hien thng xuyen hn va chiem khoang
8090% toan bo so lan phong ien set.

1.3. TNH HNH DONG SET VIET NAM

Theo tai lieu tham khao [12] Viet Nam la mot nc thuoc vung kh hau
nhiet i nong am, ma nhieu, cng o hoat ong cua dong set rat manh.
Thc te set a gay nhieu tac hai en i song con ngi, gay h hong thiet b,
cong trnh. La mot trong nhng tac nhan gay s co trong van hanh he thong
ien va hoat ong cua nhieu nganh khac.
cac vung lanh tho vi ieu kien kh hau, thi tiet va a hnh khac
nhau th ac iem ve hoat ong dong set khac nhau, mat khac, ieu kien
trang b ky thuat khac nhau th mc o thiet hai do set gay ra cung khac nhau.
V vay, ngoai viec tiep nhan cac ket qua nghien cu cua the gii, moi nc
can phai t tien hanh ieu tra, nghien cu ve ac tnh hoat ong dong set va
cac thong so phong ien set tren lanh tho cua mnh e t o e ra nhng bien

21

phap phong, chong set thch hp, hieu qua.

Viet Nam van e nghien cu set a c at ra t lau nhng no ch
thc s c trien khai co hieu qua sau khi xay dng xong tram nghien cu
set (Gia Sang - Thai Nguyen (1987) vi nhieu trang thiet b kha ong bo e
tien hanh nghien cu tong hp ve set.
1.3.1. ac iem va phan bo dong tren lanh tho Viet Nam
1. Phan hoa mua cua dong

Dong co kha nang xuat hien hau nh quanh nam cac vung, song thi
ky tap trung nhat la vao mua ma. Cung co the goi o la mua dong. T ket
qua thong ke cua hn 100 tram nghien cu set, co the rut ra mot so nhan xet
sau:
- phan pha ong Hoang Lien Sn, dong phat trien manh t thang 4,
cc ai vao thang 7 hoac thang 8 vi so ngay dong trung bnh moi thang len
ti tren 10 ngay, sau o giam nhanh, ti thang 10, so ngay co dong ch con 2-3
ngay. Cac thang mua dong so ngay dong xuat hien khong ang ke.
- Tay Bac, mua dong en sm hn, cc ai hang nam cung xay ra sm
hn. Thang 3, dong a phat trien kha manh, trung bnh 4-6 ngay vi khoang
20-25 gi co dong. So ngay co dong cc ai vao thang 4 en thang V vi
khoang 11-15 ngay va 40-70 gi dong. Mua ong co the coi la bat au t
thang 3 en thang 9. Ba thang t dong nhat la 6, 7, 1.
- Ven bien Trung Bo, bien trnh nam cua dong co en 2 cc ai. Cc ai
chnh ri vao thang 7-9 va cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 5 nhng tr so chenh
nhau ch khoang 0,5-1 ngay. Cac thang 6, 7 so ngay dong giam ang ke ch
con khoang 2-3 ngay vi so gi dong 3-6 gi. Mua dong keo dai 7 thang t
thang 6 en thang 10), cac thang mua ong kha nang xuat hien dong rat nho.
Bang 1.1: So ngay co dong tai mot so tram tieu bieu (trung bnh thang va nam)
Thang

10

11

12

Nam

Tram
Sn La

0.6

1.9

4.2

11.2

11.3

11.2

10.0

9.6

6.3

2.2

0.5

0.1

69.2

H.Giang

0.1

0.8

3.1

7.5

9.4

11.7

14.5

12.7

6.3

1.9

0.6

0.0

68.6

T.Nguyen

0.2

1.0

2.3

6.0

9.2

10.8

11.3

11.5

6.3

2.6

0.3

0.1

61.6

Ha Noi

0.2

0.6

1.6

5.9

9.0

8.8

9.8

8.8

5.4

1.9

0.4

52.4

Vinh

0.1

0.7

2.5

5.0

6.5

3.8

3.3

6.1

5.9

3.4

0.4

0.1

37.8

0.2

0.7

3.1

3.8

3.1

3.5

2.6

3.9

3.0

0.5

21.4

a Nang

22
Quy Nhn

1.0

3.4

2.9

2.1

2.2

4.7

2.2

0.7

19.2

Nha Trang

0.5

2.1

1.9

1.1

1.5

3.1

1.7

1.1

13.0

T.S.Nhat

0.3

0.2

2.0

11.0

8.0

13.0

9.0

9.0

8.0

6.0

1.0

67.5

Can Th

0.1

0.2

0.8

4.2

9.2

5.6

5.8

5.2

8.5

7.8

3.5

0.2

51.1

Rach Gia

0.3

0.4

1.8

7.5

13.6

7.8

7.5

7.0

10

9.8

6.9

1.2

73.8

Trng Sa 0.2

0.2

0.2

1.2

2.8

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.5

1.8

1.7

1.2

18.5

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.8

0.3

1.1

1.0

0.2

0.1

4.4

Hoang Sa

Khu vc Tay Nguyen, cung vi bien trnh 2 nh nhng cc ai chnh

ri vao thi ky au, tap trung vao thang 5. Cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 9. Thi
ky gia 2 cc ai, thang 6-8, so ngay dong giam i tren 50% so vi thang 5 va
9.
Mua ong keo dai t thang 4 en thang 10, cac thang mua ong kha
nang xuat hien dong cung rat nho.
Vao Nam Bo, bien trnh nam cua dong co net tng t nh Tay
Nguyen. Cc ai chnh cung ri vao thang 5, cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 9,
nhng sau thang 9 dong van con phat trien manh, ti tan thang 9 so ngay co
dong van xap x thang 4. Ch mai ti thang 12 tr so nay mi giam han xuong,
khac vi Tay Nguyen. Mua ong keo dai t thang 4 en thang 10.
2. Tan suat xuat hien dong trong ngay

Da tren nguon so lieu khai thac chi tiet ve thi gian co dong tai tram
trong 10 nam (1981-1990) mot so iem tieu bieu (Bang 1.2) va bieu o bien
trnh ngay tan suat co dong (H.1.11) ta co the i en mot so nhan xet:
Bang 1.2 Thi gian co dong trung bnh (gi)
Thang

Mua ong

Mua he

Nam

Tram

12

77

Sn La

0.650

2.525

34.17

35.70

32.72

224.9

Ha Giang

4.525

0.425

43.80

60.23

43.35

262.0

Thai
Nguyen

1.675

0.175

26.13

38.00

31.70

187.9

Ha Noi

2.225

0.500

27.77

28.66

24.85

154.0

Vinh

1.250

0.050

4.43

5.45

7.88

57.1

a Nang

0.700

4.35

2.85

2.55

31.8

Nha Trang

1.250

2.93

0.38

1.13

15.3

B.M.Thuot

4.500

5.30

5.38

2.20

45.1

23

- tat ca cac vung, hang ngay dong phat trien chu yeu vao thi gian
buoi chieu va toi, sau 13 gi. Thi gian t co kha nang xuat hien dong nhat ri
vao buoi sang (5-10 gi).
- Bien trnh xuat hien dong hang ngay tren cac khu vc cung co nhng
net rieng. na phan pha Bac, sau 24 gi kha nang xuat hien dong con kha
ln, trong khi o cac khu vc pha Nam tr so nay nho hn ro ret.
- Thi gian co kha nang xuat hien dong ln nhat trong ngay thng ri
vao khoang 18-20 gi. Tuy nhien, cung co ni sm hn nh a Nang 15-16
gi...
- cac khu vc sau trong noi a, tan suat toi a trong moi khoang gi
ti 15-16% trong khi cac khu vc ven bien t dong ch khoang 3-5%.

Hnh 1.11 Bien trnh ngay tan suat co dong

Ngoai ra, so ngay co dong hang nam bien oi kha ln t nam nay qua
nam khac. Nam co so ngay dong cc ai gap 4-5 lan nam co so ngay dong
cc tieu.
1.3.2. Phan vung mat o set Viet Nam
T cac nguon so lieu khac nhau ve ngay dong, gi dong, so lan set anh
xuong cac khu vc, ngay gi xuat hien va ket thuc dong hang nam, qua x ly, tnh
toan a phan ra c 5 vung ac trng ve cng o hoat ong dong set tren toan

24

bo lanh tho Viet Nam, bao gom:

1. Khu vc ong bang ven bien mien Bac (khu vc A).
2. Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Bac (khu vc B).
3. Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Trung (khu vc C).
4. Khu vc ven bien mien Trung (khu vc D).
5. Khu vc ong bang mien Nam (khu vc E).
Bang 1.3 Cng o hoat ong dong set tai cac khu vc
Ngay dong TB
(ngay/nam)

Gi dong TB
(gi/nam)

Mat o set TB
(lan/km .nam)

Thang dong
cc ai

51.1

219.1

6.47

VIII

61.6

215.6

6.33

VII

Khu vc

47.6

95.2

3.31

V va VIII

44.0

89.32

3.55

V va VIII

60.1

126.21

5.37

V va IX

Xuat phat t cac so lieu ve ngay gi dong trong nam oi vi 5 khu vc

lanh tho Viet Nam, co the tnh toan a ra cac gia tr d kien ve mat o
phong ien xuong at cho cac khu vc nh sau:
Bang 1.4 Tr so d kien mat o set theo khu vc:
So ngay
dong

Khu vc A

Khu vc B

Khu vc C

Khu vc D

Khu vc E

20 40

2.43 4.86

2.1 4.2

1.2 2.4

1.22 2.44

1.26 2.52

40 60

4.86 7.29

4.2 6.3

2.4 3.6

2.44 3.65

2.52 3.78

60 80

7.29 9.72

6.3 8.4

3.6 4.8

3.65 4.87

3.78 5.04

80 100

9.72 12.16

8.4 10.5

4.8 6.0

4.87 6.09

5.04 6.3

100 120

12.15 14.58

10.5 12.6

6.0 7.2

6.09 7.31

6.3 7.56

Nhan xet:
- Khu vc ong bang ven bien mien Bac (khu vc A): cng o hoat ong
dong set manh nhat. Nhng thang co nhieu dong set t thang 5 en thang 9,
cc ai la thang 8. Trung bnh mot ngay set keo dai 4.05 gi.
- Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Bac (khu vc B): la khu vc co cng
o hoat ong dong set manh, nhng thang co nhieu dong set t thang 3 en
thang 9, manh nhat la cac thang 5, 6, 7, 8, cc ai la thang 7. Khu vc nay co

25

thi gian mua set dai nhat. Trung bnh mot ngay set dai 3,5 gi.
- Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Trung (khu vc C): la khu vc t set
hn, bien trnh hoat ong dong set that thng, mua set thng keo dai t
thang 2 en thang 9, manh nhat vao thang 5 sau o giam dan roi lai tang
manh dan vao thang 8, thang 9. Bien trnh dong co 2 nh vao thang 5 va
thang 8. Gi dong trung bnh trong ngay dong cua khu vc la 2 gi.
- Khu vc ven bien mien Trung (khu vc D): la khu vc co ac iem hoat
ong dong set gan giong khu vc cao nguyen mien Trung. Tuy nhien mc o
hoat ong dong set tang dan vao cuoi mua set. Khu vc nay ve bien trnh
dong co 2 cc ai so ngay dong vao cac thang V, thang VIII. Mua set keo dai
t thang II en thang XI. Gi dong trung bnh trong mot ngay dong la 2,03
gi.
- Khu vc ong bang mien Nam (khu vc E): la khu vc co so ngay dong
ln. Tuy nhien gi dong trong ngay dong thng ngan hn. Mua dong chu yeu
tap trung vao thi gian t thang V en thang X. Manh nhat vao thang V sau
o giam dan en thang VIII, thang IX lai tang cng tr lai. Thi gian gi
dong keo dai trung bnh la 2,1 gi.
1.3.3. Phan bo xac suat bien o va o doc dong set Viet Nam
T cac ket qua o lng cac thong so phong ien set xuong at bang to
hp dao ong ky t ong va bang cac bo ghi t tnh co the thay rang:
- Xac suat xuat hien cac cu set co cng o manh tai Viet Nam la tng
oi thap.
- Imax = 90, 97kA va Amax = 65, 8kA / s (theo dao ong ky t ong).
- ng cong phan bo xac suat bien o va o doc dong set khong co ot
bien va nam trong mien tap hp cac ng phan bo tai cac vung khac
nhau tren the gii.
Ket luan
Viet Nam la nc nam trong vung kh hau nhiet i am, kh hau nay rat
thuan li cho s phat sinh, phat trien cua dong set. Do anh hng cua che o
gio mua va a hnh oi nui va ong bang xen ke, nen phan bo dong tren cac
vung lanh tho khong eu, cac vung bien va ven bien t dong, ac biet la ven
bien Nam Trung Bo.
Cac vung sau trong at lien dong phat trien nhieu hn, mot so khu vc
hnh thanh cac trung tam dong, ac biet phan tay bac cua Nam Bo.

26

Hnh 1.12 ng phan bo xac suat bien o dong set.

27

Hnh 1.13 ng phan bo xac suat o doc dong set.

28

Chng

QUA TRNH SONG TREN NG

DAY TAI IEN
2.1 S TRUYEN SONG IEN T TREN NG DAY KHONG
TON HAO
Nguon gay nen qua ien ap kh quyen trong he thong ien la phong ien
set gia may dong va mat at.
Cung nh bat c mot kch ong ien t nao vao he thong ien (cac qua
trnh ong cat bnh thng, cac trng hp ngan mach, s co...) phong ien
set gay nen song ien t, toa ra xung quanh vi toc o rat ln, trong khong
kh toc o o tng ng vi toc o anh sang. Song ien t xuat phat t ni
set anh truyen doc theo ng day tai ien, gay nen qua ien ap tac dung
len cach ien ng day.
Trng hp set anh trc tiep vao day dan cua ng day, th tr so cua
qua ien ap tuy thuoc bien o dong set co the en hang trieu, tham ch hang
chuc trieu Volt, vt qua nhieu lan mc cach ien xung cua cach ien ng
day bat c cap ien ap nao.
Trng hp set anh gan ng day, gay nen qua ien ap cam ng, co
bien o tng oi be, cao nhat khoang vai tram ngan volt, nen thc te ch
nguy hiem oi vi cach ien ng day cua cac cap ien ap t 35kV tr
xuong.
Song qua ien ap xuat hien tren ng day truyen en tram bien ap se
tac dung len cach ien cua cac thiet b trong tram. e bao am s lam viec
lien tuc cua ng day va s an toan oi vi cac thiet b cua tram, do o can
phai co nhng bien phap chong set co hieu qua va thch hp cho ng day

29

tai ien va tram phan phoi.

Hien tng qua ien ap va cac bien phap ngan nga qua ien ap eu co c
s tren qua trnh truyen song tren ng day va phu thuoc vao cac s o au
day. V vay, trong chng nay trc het can nghien cu qua trnh truyen song
o.
Qua trnh truyen song ien t tren ng day ien ap cao bao gi cung
kem theo ton hao tren ien tr tac dung ( ro ) cua mach truyen song (day dan
va at), ton hao dong ien ro tren cach ien ng day va ton hao vang
quang ( go ) (H.2.0). Tuy nhien, e n gian qua trnh tnh toan trong thc te
thng bo qua nhng ton hao nay, chap nhan nhng li giai gan ung nghieng
ve pha an toan. Nh vay, qua trnh truyen song ch con chu s chi phoi cua
ien dung Co oi vi at va ien cam Lo (theo n v chieu dai) cua ng
day.

Hnh 2.0 S o thay the thong so rai mo ta qua trnh truyen song
tren ng day tai ien

He phng trnh vi phan bieu dien qua trnh truyen song tren ng day
khong ton hao co dang nh sau:
u
i
= Lo
x
t

i
u

= Co
x
t

(2.1)

2u

x2
t2

2i
2i
= LoCo 2
x2
t

(2.2)

2u

hay

= LoCo

Vi (2.2) moi phng trnh ch con cha mot bien so u hoac i.

30

Nghiem tong quat cua chung di dang song chay nh sau:

(2.3)

u = u+ + u = f + ( x vt ) + f ( x + vt )
1 +
1
[ f ( x vt ) f ( x + vt )] = ( u+ u )
Z
Z
vi: Z = Lo /Co - tong tr song cua ng day khong ton hao (

(2.4)

i = i+ + i =

v=

1
LoCo

- toc o truyen song (m/s)

c - toc o anh sang, bang 3 108 m/s hay 300m/s

, - he so ien moi va he so t tham cua moi trng quanh day dan.
oi vi ng day cap, loi cap c boc chu yeu bang giay tam dau co
c
= 1, 4 , do o v = 150 m/s .
2
oi vi ng day tren khong, moi trng quanh day dan la khong kh
co = 1; = 1 do o v = c = 300 m/s

Ap va dong gom hai thanh phan xep chong len nhau:

- Song u+ = f + ( x vt ) truyen theo chieu dng cua truc x c goi la
song thuan.
- Song u = f ( x + vt ) truyen theo chieu ngc lai nen c goi la song
ngc.
Bieu thc (2.3) va (2.4) cho biet ham toa o cua song ap va dong tai mot
x
thi iem t a cho ( t ) : dang song chay.
v
Cung co the mo ta cac song tren nh la nhng ham thi gian tai mot
iem x a cho cua ng day, tc la dang song ng. Song thuan trong trng
x
x
hp nay co dang f + ( t ) va song ngc f ( t + ) , trong o t la thi gian
v
v
tnh t luc bat au qua trnh qua o tai thi iem t = 0.
Gia song ap va dong, thuan cung nh ngc co quan he vi nhau theo:
i+ =

u+
u
va i =
Z
Z

Can lu y la song ap va song dong ngc luon luon trai dau vi nhau.
Trong qua trnh truyen song moi ng day khong ton hao co the ac
trng bi hai thong so:
- Hoac ien cam Lo va ien dung Co theo n v chieu dai ng day.

31

- Hoac tong tr song Z va toc o truyen song v.

oi vi ng day tren khong khong ton hao, moi pha co mot day dan
th:
Lo = 2 ln
Co =

T o

Z =

2hdd
107 ,
rdd

1
2

c Lo
Lo
Co

1
2hdd
2 9 10 ln
rdd

= 60 ln

(2.5)

H /m
,

F /m

(2.6)

2hdd
,
rdd

(2.7)

vi: hdd - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan so vi mat at, m
rdd - ban knh day dan, m.
Tong tr song Z phu thuoc vao o treo cao va ban knh day dan cua
ng day, nhng mc phu thuoc khong nhieu v di dang ham logarit (can
lu y la Z khong phu thuoc vao chieu dai cua ng day), thay oi trong
khoang t 450550 oi vi ng day co pha khong phan chia, va t
250400 oi vi ng day co pha phan chia.
Tong tr song cua ng day cap, do Co ln va Lo be nen nam trong
khoang t 540 tuy theo tiet dien loi, ien ap nh mc va cau tao cua cap
(Ucao, cong suat ln Z be do Lo giam, Co tang).
oi vi ng day khong ton hao, toc o truyen song v hau nh khong
thay oi oi vi mot moi trng truyen song nhat nh, tc la bang toc o anh
sang oi vi ng day tren khong va bang na toc o anh sang oi vi
ng day cap.
Cac thong so ac trng cho ng day khong ton hao co quan he vi nhau
theo:
Z = Lo /Co
Lov = Z

1 hay
Cov = Z
v = L C
o o

(2.8)

V v a biet oi vi mot loai ng day nhat nh nen e xac nh Z ch

can mot phep o duy nhat, hoac ien dung Co hoac ien cam Lo cua ng day.
V vay thng dung hai thong so Z va v e ac trng cho ng day khong ton

32

hao.
Trng hp ng day dai vo tan se khong co song ngc, tc song t
cuoi ng day tr ve, nh vay ap va dong tai mot iem tren ng day c
xac nh duy nhat bi thanh phan song thuan, tc la theo qui luat cua song tac
dung t au ng day:
u( x, t ) = f + ( x vt )
i( x, t ) =

1 +
f ( x vt )
z

2.2 HIEN TNG PHAN XA VA KHUC XA CUA SONG: QUI TAC

PETERSEN
Gia thiet cac song thuan: u + , i+ truyen theo mot ng day co tong tr
song Z1 en iem A th chuyen sang mot moi trng khac co tong tr song Z2
(H.2.1).

Hnh 2.1 S o truyen song

Biet rang tong tr song bang ty so cua song ap va dong Z = u/i ma

Z2 Z1 nh vay song ap va dong truyen sang moi trng Z2 a thay oi, co
ngha la tai iem nut A co hien tng phan xa va khuc xa cua song.
S thay oi cua song ap va dong khi co s thay oi moi trng truyen
song phan anh s phan bo lai nang lng ien va t trng cua song trong cac
1
1
phan t ien cam va ien dung cua mach W = WE + WM = CoU 2 + Lo I 2 .
2
2
Neu do s chuyen oi moi trng truyen song, ap tang dong giam (trng hp
Z2 > Z1 ) th co ngha la mot phan nang lng t trng a chuyen thanh nang

33

lng ien trng.

Trong trng hp nay, oi vi iem nut A, song thuan c goi la song
ti, ky hieu la ut , it . Song ngc c goi la song phan xa, ky hieu u p , ip .
Con song truyen sang moi trng Z2 c goi la khuc xa, ky hieu uk , ik .
Vi cach ky hieu nay, co the viet lai nghiem cua phng trnh truyen song tren
ng day khong ton hao ((2.3) va (2.4)) di dang sau:
(2.9)

uk = ut + u p
ik =

hay

1
( ut u p ) = it + ip
z1

(2.10)

z1ik = ut u p

T (2.9) va (2.10) suy ra quan he gia song ap va dong khuc xa tai A vi

song ti nh sau:
(2.11)

uk + ik z1 = 2ut

Bieu thc nay tng ng vi s o

thay the gom nguon ien ap bang 2 lan song
ti 2ut cung cap cho hai tong tr song
z1 , z2 mac noi tiep nhau (H.2.2). o chnh

la s o thay the theo qui tac Petersen, dung

e xac nh song ap va dong khuc xa khi
moi trng truyen song thay oi.
Trong phng trnh (2.11) neu thay the
uk
th co the suy ra quan he gia song ap khuc xa va song ap ti nh
ik =
z2
sau:
uk (1 +

z1
) = 2ut
z2

hay

uk =

2 z2
2
ut =
ut
1 + z1 /z2
z2 + z1

Khi a tnh c song khuc xa th theo (2.9) suy ra c quan he gia

song ap phan xa va song ap ti theo:
2 z2
z z1
u p = uk ut = (
1)ut = 2
ut
z2 + z1
z2 + z1
uk
2 z2
Nh vay:
(2.12)
=
= u
ut
z2 + z1

34

up
ut

He so t le u =
u =

up
ut

z2 z1
= u
z2 + z1

(2.13)

uk
c goi la he so khuc xa cua song ap t Z1 sang Z2 ;
ut

c goi la he so phan xa cua song ap t iem nut A tr ve moi trng

z1.
Cung vi phng phap tng t, neu thay uk = ik z2 va ut = it z1 vao bieu
thc (2.11) se suy ra c quan he gia song dong ti va dong khuc xa nh
sau:
ik ( z2 + z1 ) = 2it z1 ik =

2 z1
it
z1 + z2

Biet c ik, theo bieu thc (2.10) suy ra quan he gia dong phan xa va
dong ti.
ip = ik it = (

2 z1
z z2
1)it = 1
it
z1 + z2
z1 + z2

Cac he so ty le:
i =

ik
2 z1
=
it z1 + z2

va

i =

ip
it

z1 z2
z1 + z2

(2.14)

c goi la he so khuc xa cua song dong t Z1 sang Z2 va he so phan xa cua

song dong t nut A tr ve Z1 . Co the nhan thay de dang quan he gia va
u = 1 + u
(2.15)

i = 1 + i
va trong moi trng hp luon dng, con co the dng hoac am tuy theo
tng quan gia z1 va z2 .

e biet pham vi bien thien cua va , xet cac trng hp gii han:
- Khi z2 = 0 , (tc ng day co tong tr song z1 b ngan mach cham at)
th u = 0; u = 1 tc la ap tai iem nut bang khong do song ap phan
xa am toan phan va i = 2, i = +1 tc la dong tai iem nut tang gap
oi do song dong phan xa dng toan phan.
- Khi z2 = tc ng day co tong tr song z1 b h mach th

35

u = 2, u = 1 tc la ap tai iem nut tang gap oi do song ap phan xa

dng toan phan, con i = 0, i = 1 tc la dong tai iem nut bang

khong do song dong phan xa am toan phan.
= 1;
- Khi z2 = z1 th: u
i = 1;

u = 0
i = 0

tc la song truyen qua iem nut lien tuc ma khong co phan xa.
Tom lai, cac he so khuc xa va phan xa bien thien trong pham vi nh sau:
0 2 ; 1 1
Trong trng hp tong quat, z2 co dang so phc, th co the viet qui tac
Petersen di dang toan t Laplace tng ng vi s o thay the (H.2.3).

Hnh 2.3 S o thay the theo quy tac Petersen di dang toan t Laplace
g

uk ( p) + ik ( p) z1 = 2 ut ( p)

(2.16)

T o, tnh c:
g

u k ( p) =
g

u p ( p) =

2 z2 ( p) g
g
u t ( p) = u ( p) u t ( p)
z2 ( p) + z1

(2.17)

z2 ( p) z1 g
g
u t ( p ) = u ( p ) u t ( p )
z2 ( p) + z1

(2.18)

T nghiem di dang toan t bien oi ve dang goc theo cac qui tac toan
hoc a biet u( p) u( t )
g

Mot vai v du ve ng dung qui tac Petersen.

2.2.1 Song truyen en tram noi vi nhieu ng day
Gia thiet co n ng day giong nhau au vao thanh gop cua tram va song
truyen vao tram theo mot trong cac ng day o (H.2.4a).

36

Hnh 2.4: Song truyen theo mot trong n ng day vao tram

T s o thay the (H.2.4b) co the suy ra mot cach de dang ien ap tren
thanh gop cua tram.
z
)
2
n

1
= ut
= ut
z
n
z+
n 1
2(

u A = uk

(2.19)

T o, co the rut ra vai nhan xet:

- Song en mot tram cut (n=1), qua ien ap tren thanh gop co bien o
gap oi song qua ien ap truyen tren ng day: uk = 2ut . o la ieu kien
nang ne nhat oi vi cach ien cua cac thiet b au vao thanh gop cua tram.
- Song en mot tram chuyen tiep (n=2), qua ien ap tren thanh gop co bien
o bang tren ng day uk = ut co ngha la song se i ngang qua tram khong
co thay oi g ve bien o. Cach ien cua thiet b cua tram chu mc qua ien ap
tng ng qua ien ap tren ng day.
- So ng day au vao thanh gop cua tram cang nhieu (n>2) th ien ap
tren thanh gop cua tram cang giam. ieu kien lam viec cua cach ien cua
tram cang nhe nhang hn.
o la nhng ieu can lu y trong viec bao ve chong set truyen vao tram.
2.2.2 Trng hp gia hai moi trng truyen song co mac song song mot
ien dung hoac noi tiep mot ien cam
o la nhng trng hp thng gap khi thanh gop cua tram co mac song
song mot ien dung C (H.2.5a) hoac ng day co song truyen c au vao
thanh gop cua tram qua mot cuon ien cam L (H.2.5b).

37

Hnh 2.5

Gia thiet song truyen theo ng day Z1 co dang vuong goc, o dai song
vo han: ut = uo = const
Can xac nh ien ap tac dung len thanh gop cua tram.
Tren cac s o thay the theo qui tac Petersen, ien ap tren thanh gop cua
tram chnh la ien ap tren tong tr song tng ng Z2 cua tong tr song cua
(n1) ng day con lai.
V C va L la nhng phan t phc nen ay co the dung phng phap
toan t Laplace e tnh ien ap khuc xa va phan xa.
1- ien ap khuc xa

- oi vi s o co ien dung song song (H.2.5a) phng trnh can bang

ien ap co dang:
2ut = ( C

duc uc
+ ) z1 + uc = 2uo
dt
z2

2ut = 2uo = Cz1

duc z1
+
uc + uc
dt
z2

Bien oi ra dang toan t Laplace:

2

uo
z g
g
g
= C. z1 . p. uc ( p) + 1 uc ( p) + uc ( p)
p
z2

38

Suy ra:

2 z2
g

uc ( p) = uo
z1 + z2

z1 + z2
C. z1 z2
z + z2
)
p( p + 1
C. z1 . z2

Bien ve dang goc:

a
B. 1 e at ] se
p( p + a )
tnh c ien ap tac dung tren ien dung C hay cung chnh la ien ap tren
thanh gop:

Biet qui tac bien oi ngc ve dang goc cua [

uk ( t ) = uc ( t ) = u o (1 e t/TC )

(2.20)

2z2

= z + z : he so khuc xa cua song ap trc tiep t z1 sang z2 (2.21)

1
2

trong o:
khi khong chu y en anh hng cua ien dung C

C.z1 .z2
Tc =
(2.22)
: hang so thi gian truyen song qua ien dung C
z1 + z2

- oi vi s o co ien cam noi tiep (H.2.5b) phng trnh can bang ien
ap co dang:
2ut = 2uo = iz1 + L

di
+ iz2
dt

Bien oi ra dang toan t Laplace:

Suy ra:

2uo g
= i( p)( z1 + pL + z2 )
p
g
u
1
i( p) = 2 o
p z1 + z2 + pL

ien ap tai iem A (tai thanh gop) bang:

2 z2
g
g
u A ( p) = uk ( p) = i( p).z2 =

z1 + z2
g

z1 + z2
L
uo
z1 + z2
p( p +
)
L

Bien oi ngc ve dang goc, se co ien ap tac dung tren thanh gop:
uk ( t ) = uo (1 e t/TL )

vi: =

(2.22)

2z2
- he so khuc xa cua song ap trc tiep t z1 sang z2
z1 + z2

39

khi khong chu y en anh hng cua ien cam L

TL - hang so thi gian truyen song qua ien cam L:
TL =

L
z1 + z2

(2.23)

T (2.20) va (2.22) thay rang trong ca hai trng hp, ien ap tren thanh
gop (khuc xa) eu co dang giong nhau, ch khac nhau hang so thi gian T.
Neu cha ke en anh hng cua ien dung C va ien cam L, ien ap khuc xa
qua thanh gop van gi dang song vuong goc va bien o bang:
2 z2
uk = uo
= uo
z1 + z2
ien dung C va ien cam L co tac dung
lam giam o doc au song khuc xa tng ng
vi cac hang so thi gian TC va TL (H.2.6),
nhng trng hp song ti dai vo han th
chung khong co anh hng en bien o cua
song khuc xa.
oi vi tram au vi ng day tren khong th nen dung tu ien au vao
thanh gop, con oi vi tram au vi ng day cap th nen dung cuon ien
cam v hieu qua giam o doc au song se tot hn.
V du: a) ien dung cua thanh gop va cua cac thiet b au vao thanh gop
cua tram thng co tr so trong khoang (15) 103 F . Khi o, oi vi mot tram
cut au vi ng day tren khong (z=500) th hang so thi gian:
TC = (1 5)103 500 = ( 0, 5 2, 5)s , con oi vi tram cut au vao ng day

cap, do ng cap co tong tr song be nen TC be hn hang chuc en hang tram

lan. Neu au vao thanh gop mot tu co C = 0,51 F th hang so thi gian TC
trng hp tram cut au vi ng day tren khong se tang len en
TC = 250 500 F con trng hp ng day cap TC ch tang en khoang
10 20 s .

b) ien cam cua cac cuon khang ien au gia ng day va thanh gop
tram co tr so thng vao khoang (25) mH. Nh vay oi vi mot tram chuyen
tiep (n=2) au vi cac ng day tren khong ( Z1 = Z2 = 500 ) th hang so thi
( 2 5) 500
= 2 5 s . Neu tram au vi cac ng day cap th TL
1000
co the tang len gap tram lan, TL = 100 500s

gian TL =

40

Con oi vi tram cut, tc Z2 = th TL = 0 , cuon ien cam khong co

tac dung giam o doc au song khuc xa na.

Hnh 2.7 Tac dung giam bien o song khuc xa

oi vi song co o dai song s ngan

ien dung va ien cam co tac dung giam ang ke bien o song khuc xa ch
khi o dai song ti s be hn nhieu so vi hang so thi gian T. Trong trng hp
nay song ti vi o dai song s co the coi nh xep chong cua hai song o dai vo
han cung bien o nhng khac dau va lech nhau mot thi gian s (H.2.7). Va nh
vay ien ap khuc xa la tong cua hai thanh phan uk' cua song dng va u''k cua
song am co o dai song vo han:
uk = uk' + uk''

Bien o cua uk xuat hien thi iem t = s bang:

ukmax = U o (1 es / T ) v s = T tc

nen co the tnh gan ung: es / T 1

s
= 1
T

s
T

s
(2.24)
T
Nh vay, trong thc te ien dung va ien cam au vao thanh gop cua
tram co the giam rat nhieu bien o va o doc cua cac song cat truyen vao
tram.

Do o:

uk max U o

2- ien ap phan xa

Tren ay a noi en tac dung giong nhau cua ien cam va ien dung oi
vi song khuc xa. Nhng trong hai trng hp, song phan xa khac nhau nhieu.
g Trng hp s o co ien dung song song:
u p = uk ut = U o (1 e t/Tc ) U o = U o ( 1 e t/Tc )

(2.25)

41

thi iem ban au t = 0 u p ( 0) = U o = ut song phan xa am toan

phan.
Nh vay la thi iem ban au, ien dung co tac dung tng ng ngan
mach ng day (H.2.8).

Hnh 2.8 Song phan xa tai thanh gop co au

vi ien dung song song

Khi t , up at en tr so on nh bang:
z z1
u p ( ) = U o ( 1) = U o = 2
Uo
z2 + z1
Tren ng day song ti ( z1 ) , khi a co song phan xa tr ve th ien ap
bang:
u1 ( t ) = ut ( t) + u p ( t) = U o + U o ( 1 e t/TC )
u1 ( t ) = U o (1 e t / TC )

(2.26)

co dang giong nh song khuc xa. Nh vay, ien dung co tac dung giam o doc
au song ca ve hai pha ca tram lan ng day (H.2.8).
g Trng hp s o co ien cam noi tiep, ien ap khuc xa iem B
(trc cuon cam) bang.
g
2( z2 + pL )
2 u( p)
( z2 + pL) =
u B ( p) =
Uo
z1 + z2 + pL
p( z1 + z2 + pL )
g

42

Hnh 2.9 Song phan xa t cuon cam L tr ve ng day z1

Bien oi ve dang goc:

uB ( t) = U o[ + ( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.27)

Do o song phan xa bang:

u p ( t ) = uB ( t ) ut ( t ) = uo[ 1 + ( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.28)

Khi t = 0 u p ( 0) = uo = ut tc la song ap phan xa dng toan phan t

cuon cam, tng ng nh t cuoi ng day b h mach.
Khi t ; u p ( ) = U o =

z2 z1
Uo
z2 + z1

Tren ng day z1 khi a co song phan xa tr ve th ien ap bang tong

cua song ti va song phan xa:
u1 ( t ) = ut ( t ) + u p ( t ) = U o + U o[ 1 + ( 2 )e t/TL ] = U o[ + (( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.29)
Khi t = 0 u1 = 2U o = u1 max ; t u1 = U o
thi iem ban au, do song ap phan xa dng toan phan nen ien ap
tren ng day z1 tang len gap oi. Tnh chat nay cung c ng dung e lam
tang o nhay cua thiet b chong set (Chng 7).
2.2.3 Song tac dung len mach dao ong
Trng hp song ut tac dung len mot mach dao ong tao thanh bi ien
cam L va ien dung C (H.2.10a) th theo s o thay the (H.2.10b) phng trnh
can bang ien ap co dang
2ut = L

d2uc
di
+ uc = LC
+ uc = 2U o
dt
dt2

Vi song ti co dang ut = U o = const th phng trnh tren co the viet

di dang toan t Laplace
2U o
g
g
= LCp2 uc ( p) + uc ( p)
p

43

Suy ra:

uc ( p) = 2U o

1/LC
p( p2 + 1/LC )

= 2U o

2
p( p2 + 2 )

Hnh 2.10 Song ut = U o = const tac dung len mot mach dao ong

Bien oi ve dang goc:

uc ( t ) = 2U o (1 cos t ) , vi = 1/ LC

(2.30)

Nh vay, ien ap tren ien dung C gom hai thanh phan xep chong len
nhau:
Thanh phan khong chu ky 2Uo khong oi;
Thanh phan ( 2U o cos t ) bien thien theo chu ky:
T=

Khi t =

2
= 2 LC

T
th uc = uc max = 4U o
2

o doc cua song tac dung len ien dung at tr so cc ai tai t =

T
va
4

dU o
1
)max = 2U o
. Nh vay, o doc cua song tang khi giam tr so L
dt
LC
hoac (va) C cua mach dao ong.

bang (

2.3 S PHAN XA NHIEU LAN CUA SONG

Gia hai ng day tong tr song z1 va z2 co mac noi tiep mot oan

44

ng day ngan co chieu dai l va tong tr song zo. Song truyen qua cac moi
trng o se co s phan xa nhieu lan tai cac iem nut A va B. Can xac nh
ien ap hai iem nut o theo thi gian.
Gia thiet ng day z1 va z2 co chieu dai ban vo han, tc la khong co
song phan xa t au ng day z1 va t cuoi ng day z2 tr ve. Qua trnh
truyen song c minh hoa trong hnh 2.11. Trong o cac he so khuc xa va
phan xa c xac nh nh sau:
He so khuc xa

T z1 sang zo:

10 =

2 zo
z1 + zo

T zo sang z2:

02 =

2 z2
zo + z2

T zo sang z1:

01 =

2 z1
zo + z1

He so phan xa

T B ve zo:

20 =

z2 zo
= 02 1
z2 + zo

T A ve zo:

10 =

z1 zo
= 01 1
z1 + zo

45

Hnh 2.11 S phan xa nhieu lan cua song

Neu vo la toc o truyen song trong moi trng zo th thi gian e song i
t A en B bang = l/vo
Chon thi iem khi song ti iem A lan au tien lam goc thi gian. ien
ap iem A khi song co dang bat ky. Khi
0< t <2 u A = u A1 = 10u( t )
2 t < 4 u A = u A1 + u A2 = 10u( t ) + 1020 01u( t 2 )]
4 t <6
2
u A = u A1 + u A2 + u A3 vi u A3 = 10 01 20
10u( t 4 )

Co the nhan thay de dang la uA3 ch khac uA2 mot he so bang 1020 va
thi gian cham sau bang 2.
T o co the suy ra ien ap iem A mot cach tong quat

46
2 2
u A = 10[ u( t) + 20 01[ u( t 2 ) + 1020u( t 4 ) + 10
20u( t 6 )

(2.31)

3 3
k k
+ 10
20u( t 8 ) + K + 10
20u[ t 2( k + 1) + K ]}

va tng t ien ap tai iem B bang:

uB = 10 02[ u( t ) + 1020 [ u( t 3 ) + (1020 )2 u( t 5 ) + K
+ (1020 )k u( t ( 2k + 1) ) + K ]}

(2.32)

Trng hp song tac dung co dang au song vuong goc, o dai song vo
tan, tc u( t ) = U o = const th ien ap iem A va B se bang:
u A = U o10 [1 + 0120[1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )k + K ]}

(2.33)

uB = U o10 02[1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )k + K ]

(2.34)

Bieu thc trong dau ngoac vuong [ . . . ] la mot cap so nhan hoi tu v
cong boi 1020 < 1 . Neu so lan phan xa tang len vo cung th tong cua chung
at en tr so gii han bang:
n

= 1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )n = 1 1020

1

Ket qua la:

u A = 10U o[1 +

20 01
]
1 1020

uB = 10 02U o[

1
]
1 1020

nhng:
20 01
1 1020 + 20 01 1 + 20 ( 01 10 )
1 + 20
02
1+
=
=
=
=
1 1020
1 1020
1 1020
1 1020 1 1020
Do o, khi so lan phan xa tang len vo cung tc la khi t , th ien ap
iem A va B se tien en cung mot gii han va bang:
u A = uB =

ma:

10 02
Uo
1 1020

10 02
2 zo
2 z2
=

1 1020 z1 + z2 zo + z2

2 z2
1
=
= 12
z1 zo z2 zo
z1 + z2
1(
)(
)
z1 + zo z2 + zo

12 la he so khuc xa t z1 sang z2 khi khong co zo.

47

Cuoi cung ta co:

u A = uB = 12uo

(2.35)

Nh vay, khi qua trnh tien ti on nh ( t ) th anh hng cua phan t zo

se mat, ien ap hai iem nut A va B se tien en cung mot tr so gii han nh khi
song khuc xa trc tiep t z1 qua z2. Tuy nhien, qua trnh bien thien cua ien ap tai
A va B trong thi gian qua o, tuy tng quan gia tong tr song cua cac phan t,
co nhng ac iem rieng cua no. Ta se lan lt xet cac trng hp sau ay.
2.3.1 oan day gia co tong tr song zo nho hn tong tr song z1 va z2 (H.2.12)
Trong trng hp nay: zo < z1 ; zo < z2
2 zo
<1
z1 + zo
2 z1
01 =
>1
z1 + zo
2 z2
02 =
>1
zo + z2
z zo
10 = 1
>0
z1 + zo
z zo
20 = 2
>0
z2 + zo
10 =

do o:

10 20 > 0

va

01 20 > 0

Cac so hang trong chuoi so uA va uB eu dng. Nh vay, qua trnh tien

ti on nh cua chung la qua trnh tang dan ien ap theo tng cap, moi cap cach
nhau khoang thi gian 2 = 2l/vo (H.2.12).
Khi zo rat be so vi z1 va z2 th qua trnh truyen song tng t nh khi
gia z1 va z2 co mac mot ien dung song song, co the thay the oan zo bang
mot ien dung tng ng va ien ap uA va uB se bang ien ap khuc xa qua
ien dung tng ng Ct.
l

1
Ct = Co l =
=
( vi Co =
)
zo vo zo
zo vo
u A = uB = 12U o (1 e t/C )

48

vi:

c =

Ct z1 z2
z /z
= 2 o
z1 + z2
1 + z2 /z1

Trng hp nay co the gap trong thc te, khi song truyen t ng day
tren khong qua oan cap vao tram. oan cap co tac dung nh mot ien dung,
lam giam o doc au song, tang an toan cho cach ien doc cua may bien ap
va thiet b ien trong tram.
2.3.2 oan day gia co tong tr song zo ln hn tong tr song z1 va z2 cua
cac ng day hai ben (H.2.13)
Trong trng hp nay:
zo > z1 ;

zo > z2

10 > 1

10 < 0

01 < 1

20 < 0

02 < 1

10 .20 > 0

V 10 .20 > 0 nen uB cung co dang

tang tng cap giong nh trng hp tren
e cuoi cung tien en tr so gii han bang
12 .uo
Nhng bien thien cua uA co khac:
Ch co so han au tien U o10 dng, con tat ca cac so hang sau eu am (v
cac so hang trong chuoi so nhan vi 20 . 01 la mot so am). Khi song ti
(U o ) en iem A, ien ap tang vot len en 10U o sau o giam dan theo tng

cap cho en khi at en tr so gii han bang 12U o .

Dang ien ap nay tng t nh gia z1 va z2 co mac noi tiep mot ien
cam. Khi zo ? z1 va z2 th co the thay the oan zo bang mot ien cam tng
ng va ien ap tai cac nut bang:
uB = U o12 (1 e t/TL )
u A = U o12 (1 +

vi:

TL =

z1 t/TL
e
)
z2

Lt
Lo l
zo
z /z
=
=
= o 1
z1 + z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2
1 + z2 /z1

2.3.3 Cac trng hp z1 < zo < z2 va z1 > zo > z2

49

Cac he so phan xa 10 va 20 khac dau nhau. Trong cong thc uA va uB

cac so hang cua chuoi so luon oi dau. Bien thien cua uA va uB theo thi gian
co dang nhng dao ong tat dan quanh tr so gii han 12U o , do o co the
xem nh song truyen trong mot mach dao ong. Hnh 2.14 di ay cho dang
ien ap tai iem B trong hai trng hp: Z2 > Z1 12 > 1 va
Z2 < Z1 12 < 1 .

Hnh 2.14

Chu y:

12

I
z2 > z1 12
>1
2 z2
=

II
z1 + z2
z2 < z1 12 < 1

Qua hnh 2.14a, s bo co the thay trng hp z1 < zo < z2 ien ap tai
iem B co the at en nhng tr so gap tren ba lan song ti. o la trng hp
can tranh (tr so ien ap en iem B lan au bang uB1 = uo10 02 ).
V 10 =

2 zo
2 z2
> 1 ; 02 =
> 1 uB max = uB1 > uo
z2 + zo
z2 + zo

Khi z1 > zo > z2 th oi vi moi trng z2 , zo co tac dung nh mot ien

cam, con oi vi z1 , zo co tac dung nh mot ien dung. Trng hp nay tng
ng vi s o thay the (H.2.14b).
Trng hp z1 < zo < z2 tng ng vi s o thay the hnh 2.14c.
Trong cac s o thay the nay:
Lt = Lo l ;

Ct =

Co l
2

50

zo =

Lo
;
Co

z
1
1
1
(
1 )2
Lt Ct 4 Ct z2 Lt

V du, ngi ta a tnh c ien ap tren ien dung Ct cua s o hnh

2.14c khi co song vuong goc dai vo tan tac dung bang:
uB = uCt = U o

2 z2
et
[1
cos( t )]
cos
z1 = z2

tc la gom mot dao ong tat dan xep chong len tr so on nh U o12 vi:
He so tat dan:

z
1
1
(
+ 1 )
2 Ct z2 Lt

2
2
1 vo
Tan so dao ong: =
=
=
T 4l / vo 2 l

Goc lech pha:

tg =

Tr so ien ap ln nhat tac ong len z2 xay ra sau mot na chu ky cua dao
ong, tc la khi t =
2 z2
Nh vay:
uC max = U o
(1 + e/ )
z1 + z2
hay

uC max
=
Uo

2
1+

z1
z2

(1 e )

2
1+

z1
z2

(1 + e

z1 /z2

vi z1 = z2 th ( uC max U o ) qua ien ap khong cao lam.

z1 > z2 th qua ien ap tham ch con nho hn na ( uC max < U o )

Nhng vi z1 < z2 tc khi song i t moi trng co tong tr song be sang

moi trng co tong tr song ln, th qua ien ap co tr so ang ke. V du, z1 =
50 la tong song cua ng day cap, con z2 = 5.000 la tong tr song cua
cuon day may bien ap th:
uC max
2
=
(1 + e 50/ 5000 ) = 3, 46 lan
50
Uo
1+
5000
Tom lai, neu cac tong tr song mac noi tiep nhau z1 , zo , z2 hoac ln dan
hoac be dan th co the gay nen dao ong rieng tat dan gom mot chuoi nhng
t song vuong goc truyen vao li. Nhng dao ong cao tan nay co the gay
cong hng trong mot mach cuc bo nao o neu nh tan so cua chung phu hp

51

vi tan so cua nguon. Qua ien ap cong hng co the lam h hong cach ien
cua cac cuon day MBA va may ien. Do o can phai tranh nhng dang s o
kieu o.

2.4 VAI PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN QUA TRNH TRUYEN

SONG BANG O TH
2.4.1 Phng phap cac ng ac tnh

Hnh 2.15

e giai bai toan truyen song qua nhieu moi trng vi cac dang song
n gian (song vuong goc, xien goc, song ham mu), con co the dung phng
phap o th - phng phap cac ng ac tnh sau ay.
Song truyen t ng day Z1 sang ng day Z2 qua mot oan ng day
tong tr song Zo, chieu dai l (H.2.15a). S o thay the theo qui tac Petersen
cho hnh 2.15b; cac tr so cua ap A (theo thi gian) phai nam tren ng
thang U A = 2U o Z1i (ng 1). Con tr so uB nam tren ng U B = Z2i
(ng 2, (H.2.15c).
Ngoai ra, ap va dong tai bat c iem nao tren oan Zo, ke ca tai hai iem
A va B, eu co the bieu dien di dang tong cua cac song thuan (xuat phat t
A) va song ngc (xuat phat t B):
u = u+ + u ; i =

Suy ra:

u+ u

hay Zoi = u+ u
Z o Zo

U B = 2u+ Zoi ( ng 3)
U A = 2u + Zoi ( ng 4 )

52

ng 3: xuat phat t A en B goi la ac tnh thuan

ng 4: xuat phat t B en A goi la ac tnh ngc
Tr so cua uA cho bi giao iem cua ng 1 va ng ac tnh ngc 4,
con uB la giao iem cua ng 2 va ng ac tnh thuan 3 nh trnh bay trong
hnh 2.15c.
Cach tien hanh

Hnh 2.16 Trng hp zo > z1 ; zo > z2

Ve hai he truc toa o u(i) va u(t) ben canh nhau. Tren he truc u(i) hnh
2.16a ve cac ng ac tnh uA va uB. Giao iem M cua chung cho tr so gii
han cua uA va uB khi so lan phan xa n tang vo cung (tc la khi t ):
uM = u A ( t ) = uB ( t ) =

2 z2
U o = 12U o
z1 + z2

Chon goc thi gian t = 0 khi song en iem A lan au tien. Trong khoang
thi gian 0 t 2 ( vi = l/vo ) cha co song phan xa t B ve, tc u = 0, nen
ac tnh ngc luc nay bang u A = zoi qua goc toa o.
Giao iem A1 cua no vi ng u A = 2U o z1i cho ien ap uA1 tai nut A
trong khoang thi gian nay.
That vay, t

u A1 = 2U o z1i
2 zo
U o = 10U o
suy ra u A1 =
u A1 = zoi
Zo + Z1

53

Song uA1 truyen en B theo ac tnh thuan

uB = 2u A1 zoi = 210U o zoi

Giao iem cua no vi ng uB = zoi tai iem B1 cho ien ap uB1 tai
iem B thi iem t = . Tr so cua no c xac nh bi:
uB1 = 210U o zoi
2 z2
10U o = 10 02U o
suy ra uB1 =
uB1 = z2i
z2 + zo

Song UB1 phan xa ve A theo ac tnh ngc, luc nay bang

u A = 2uB1 + zoi = 210 02U o + zoi

Giao iem A2 cua no vi ng u A = 2U o z1i cho tr so ien ap uA2 tai

A luc t = 2 c xac nh theo:
u A2 = 210 02U o zoi
suy ra u A2 = 10 0120U o
u A2 = 2U o z1i

Co the chng minh tiep tuc tng t.

Thc ra trong cach ve co the tien hanh n gian hn:
T iem B1 ve ng thang co o doc zo, no cat ng u A = 2U o z1i tai
A2. Bay gi qua iem A2 ve ac tnh thuan mi vi o doc zo), giao iem B2
cua no vi ng uB = z2i cho ien ap tai nut B tai thi iem t = 3. C tiep
tuc qua trnh ve cac ac tnh thuan va nghch tng t, cho en khi cac iem
An , Bn tiem can vi giao iem M, tr so cua no cho gia tr ti han cua uA va uB,
khi so lan phan xa tang len vo cung.
Hnh 2.16b cho quan he uA va uB theo thi gian. Bang phng phap nay
co the xac nh uA va uB theo t trong moi tng quan khac nhau gia
z1 , zo va z2 (H.2.17) tng t nh trong phng phap giai tch a xet muc
2.3.

54

Hnh 2.17-1

Hnh 2.17: Bien thien cua u A va uB theo thi gian

khi tng quan gia z1 , zo va z2 khac nhau
Neu z2 la mot ien tr khong ng thang (tc tr so R phu thuoc vao i) va a
biet ac tnh Volt-Ampe (tc u = f(i) cua no, th phng phap giai bang o th cung hoan
toan tng t (H.2.18).

55

Hnh 2.18 Bien thien cua u A va uB theo t khi z2 la mot phan t phi tuyen
1- Xac nh bang o th ham: y = e t / T

Phng phap o th da tren

c s la: hnh chieu tren truc t cua
ng tiep tuyen tai moi iem cua
ng cong y(t) co chieu dai bang
T. Chia truc t thanh nhng khoang
thi gian T (nen chon T la mot
c so cua T) T cang nho cang
chnh xac.
Trc tien t iem y = 1, ve
ng thang noi vi iem
t1 = T. Giao iem cua ng thang
o vi ng thang t = T cho iem y1, tung o cua no la y1 = y( T ) . Noi y1
vi iem t2 = t + T , cat ng t = 2T tai y2 co tung o y2 = y( 2T ) va c
tiep tuc nh the.
2- Xac nh ien ap tac dung len mot ien dung C cuoi ng day khi co
song u1 = U o = const tac dung

Nh a biet uc = 2U o (1 e t / T ) . Phng phap o th e xac nh uc

c tien hanh tng t nh tren.
Cach ve: Chon truc tung theo u/U o va truc hoanh theo t.

56

Tren ng thang song song vi

truc t qua iem co tung o bang 2
xac nh iem t1 = T
T goc toa o ve ng thang
noi lien vi iem t1, ng thang
nay
cat
ng
t = T

u1 ; u1 = uc ( T ) , t u1 ve ng
thang noi lien vi iem t2 = T + T
ng thang o se cat ng
t = 2T u2 , tung o cua
u2 = u( 2T ) va c tiep tuc nh vay.
3- Xac nh ien ap tac dung len mot ien tr khong ng thang cuoi
ng day khi song tac dung co dang bat ky (H.2.19)

Hnh 2.19

Gia thiet song ti ut ( t ) co dang bat ky truyen theo ng day co tong

tr song z tac dung len mot ien tr khong ng thang R co ng ac tnh
V-A: uR = f ( i) a biet. Theo qui tac Petersen co s o thay the nh hnh
2.19a va ien ap uR ( t ) c xac nh bi quan he:
2ut ( t ) = uR ( t ) + zi( t )

(2.32)

Bang phng phap o th co the xac nh uR ( t ) nh sau:

Tren goc th I ve he truc toa o u, i. Tren o ve ng ac tnh V-A cua
ien tr khong ng thang, uR = f ( i) va ng bieu dien ien ap giang tren
tong tr song z cua ng day zi. Cong tung o cua hai ng ac tnh o vi

57

nhau se co ng cong uR + zi bieu dien ve phai cua phng trnh (2.32).

Tren goc th II ve truc toa o u, t. Tren o ve dang song ti ut(t) va
2ut(t). Tai mot thi iem t nao o se xac nh c iem a tren ng 2ut ( t ) ,
t a ke ng thang song song truc hoanh se xac nh c iem b tren ng
cong uR + zi . T b ve ng thang song song vi truc u, no se cat ac tnh VA cua ien tr khong ng thang uR = f ( i) tai c. T c ve ng thang song
song vi truc hoanh va xac nh c iem d ng vi thi gian t.
Tung o cua iem d chnh la ien ap tren ien tr R tai thi iem t. Thay
oi thi iem t se lan lt xac nh c nhng iem d tng ng cua ng
cong uR ( t ) . Song phan xa t ien tr khong ng thang tr ve ng day
c xac nh theo quan he:
u p ( t ) = uR ( t ) ut ( t ) ;

( u p = uk ut )

2.4.2 Song dang bat ky tac dung len chong set van at cuoi ng day
(H.2.20)
Chong set van gom khe h phong ien K co ac tnh Volt-giay a biet
ucsv ( t ) noi tiep vi mot ien tr khong ng thang R co ac tnh Volt-Ampe
a cho: ucsv = f (icsv )

Hnh 2.20
Trc khi khe h K phong ien tc cuoi ng day h mach, do o: ix = icsv = 0
va ux = 2 ut = ucsv

Khi khe h K phong ien, thi iem phong ien tp c xac nh bi giao
iem cua ng cong ux = 2 ut vi ac tnh Volt-giay cua khe h K. Luc nay
ien tr khong ng thang R c ghep noi tiep vao mach; ien ap tac dung
len chong set van c xac nh theo qui tac Petersen 2ut = ucsv + zicsv
(H.2.21). ucsv bay gi thc chat la ien ap tac dung len ien tr khong ng
thang R cua chong set van, thng c goi la ud cua chong set van. Cach
xac nh ucsv ( t ) tng t nh trng hp a xet tren. Hnh 2.21 cung trnh bay
cach xac nh dong qua CSV theo t: icsv ( t ) .

58

Hnh 2.21 Cach xac nh bang o th ucsv ( t ) va icsv ( t )

2.4.3 Phng phap tiep tuyen

Thc chat cua phng phap nay la cach giai bang o th phng trnh vi
phan cua ham v(t) co dang
dy
+ ay = f ( t )
(2.33)
dt
V du: Gia thiet co mot song ien ap u(t) dang bat ky cho trc truyen
theo ng day co tong tr song z tac dung len mot ien dung C cuoi ng
day (H.2.22a). Can xac nh uc ( t ) .

Hnh 2.22 Song Ut dang bat ky tac dung len ien dung C
at cuoi ng day

V song co dang bat ky nen dung phng phap giai tch se rat phc tap,
con dung phng phap o th se n gian hn nhieu.
S o thay the theo qui tac Petersen cho hnh 2.22b. Theo o lap c
phng trnh can bang ien ap sau:
du
du
2u( t ) = Zi + uc = ZC c + uc vi i = C c
dt
dt
Thay CZ = T, hang so thi gian nap ien cho ien dung C va bien oi
phng trnh ve dang chuan se co:

59

duc
1
1
+
uc = 2u( t)
dt
T
T

(2.34)

Cach xac nh uc bang o th tien hanh nh sau (H.2.23)

g Tren he toa o vuong goc ( u, t ) goc O ve ng cong 2u(t) (a biet dang
u(t), tai moi thi iem t nhan tung o vi 2).
g Ve he toa o vuong goc ( uc , t) co goc 0 lui sau goc 0 cua he toa o (u,t)

mot thi oan T = Cz.

g Chia truc thi gian t va t thanh nhng khoang t bang nhau (t nen la c
so cua T, chia cang nho th hnh ve cang chnh xac), tren truc 0t ky hieu
bang t1 , t2 , t3 K tn . Con tren truc t ky hieu bang t1 , t2 , t3 K tn .

g Cac ng thang t1 , t2 ,K tn cat ng cong 2u(t) tai nhng iem 1,2... n.

g at tren truc uc mot tr so bang tr so ien ap ban au tren ien dung uc ( 0)

(trng hp tong quat).

g Noi iem uc ( 0) vi goc O cua he toa o (u,t) ni ng cong 2u(t) co tr so

ban au (t = 0). oan nay cat ng t1 iem 1.

g T iem 1 ke oan thang noi lien vi iem 1. oan 11 cat ng t2

iem 2.
g Noi 2 vi 2, oan 22 cat ng t3 tai 3.
g Qua trnh tiep theo c lap lai tng t nh vay. Cuoi cung co c ng
gay khuc qua cac iem uc ( 0) , 1,2... n, o chnh la ng cong uc ( t ) can

tm.
g e chng minh ieu o, ta xet tam giac vuong 333 : iem 3 co tung o bang
2u(t), iem 3 gia thiet la nghiem cua bai toan co tung o la uc ( t ) , chieu dai
33 2u( t ) uc ( t )
=
. Mat khac t phng
33
T
duc 2u( t ) uc ( t )
duc
trnh chuan (2.34) cung co
=
. Tom lai tg =
, ieu
dt
T
dt
nay chng to ng gay khuc 1, 2, 3, chnh la li giai cua bai toan.

canh 3 ' 3 '' =T. Nh vay tg =

60

Hnh 2.23 Xac nh ien ap tren ien dung C

bang phng phap tiep tuyen

61

2.5 QUI TAC VE SONG ANG TR

Hnh 2.24 Qui tac song ang tr

Trong thc te, thng gap nhieu trng hp song truyen ong thi tren
nhieu ng day en mot iem nut. Van e c at ra la can xac nh tr so
qua ien ap xuat hien tai iem nut. Hnh 2.24a trnh bay mot trng hp tong
quat:
g Co n ng day, tong tr song lan lt la z1 , z2 K zi , zn (gia cac

ng day khong co tong tr song tng ho, tc zik = 0 ) au vao

iem nut A.
g Tai A co noi vi tong tr tap trung z, co the la ng thang hoac khong
ng thang, co cac ac tnh Volt-giay hoac Volt-Ampe a biet.
g Song truyen theo ng day zi en nut A c ky hieu bang
uiA ( i = 1, 2,..., n) va song phan xa t A tr ve zi c ky hieu bang u Ai .
g Can xac nh ien ap tai iem nut u A ( t ) va cac song phan xa t A tr

ve lai cac ng day u Ai .

ieu kien b tai nut A cho cac quan he sau:
u A = u1 A + u A1 = u2 A + u A2 = K uiA + u Ai
i= n

iA =

(iiA + iAi )

(2.35)
(2.36)

i=1

Biet rang: iiA =

uiA
u
; iAi = Ai va t (2.35) suy ra: u Ai = u A uiA
z1
z1

Thay cac gia tr nay vao bieu thc (2.36):

62

iA =

n
n
uiA u A uiA
uiA
1

)=2
uA
zi
zi
z
z
i=1 i
i=1 i

Chia ca hai ve cua (2.37) cho

zi

(2.37)

va sap xep lai th t cac so hang ta co:

i=1

n
1 n 1 1
1 1
(
) = u A + iA (
)
zi i=1 zi
z
i=1 i

uiA

i=1
n

ma

zi )1 = z1 // z2 // K zn = zt
i=1

va at

uiA
i=1

1 n 1 1
(
) =
zi i=1 zi

uiA
i=1

zt
= u tA
zi

th bieu thc c viet lai di dang

u A + iA Zt = 2utA

(2.38)

vi: zt - tong tr song ang tr cua tat ca n ng day au song song

utA - song ang tr cua tat ca song ti u1 A , u2 A ,K unA en nut A theo
ng day co tong tr song ang tr zt .
Can lu y, khi tnh utA tai mot thi iem t nao o th ch ke en nhng
song uiA nao a en A tai thi iem o. Cac song khac cha en A eu coi
nh bang khong.
Bieu thc (2.38) c goi la qui tac song ang tr, tng ng vi s o
thay the hnh 2.24b.
Nh vay, qui tac song ang tr cho phep chuyen mot bai toan phc tap:
song truyen ong thi theo nhieu ng day khac nhau en iem A, thanh
mot bai toan n gian hn nhieu - mot song ang tr utA truyen theo ng
day ang tr co tong tr song zt en iem nut A.
Theo s o thay the (H.2.24b) co the tnh ien ap tai iem nut A theo.
2z
uA =
utA = tA .utA
zt + z
2z
goi la he so khuc xa ang tr tai nut A, va dong qua
zt + z
u
tong tr Z bang: iA = A
z

trong o tA =

63

Song phan xa t iem nut A ve ng day zi suy ra t ieu kien b

(2.35):
u Ai = u A uiA

2.6 QUA TRNH TRUYEN SONG TRONG HE THONG NHIEU

DAY DAN
2.6.1 Trng hp tong quat
Tren ay chung ta ch mi khao sat qui luat truyen song tren ng day
mot day dan, o song dong thuan truyen theo day dan, con song dong ngc
theo ng at. Trong thc te, ng day tai ien la mot he nhieu day dan
gom ca cac day pha va day chong set va qua trnh truyen song ien t trong
he nhieu day phc tap hn nhieu, do co quan he tng tac cua trng ien t
gia cac day song song vi nhau o.
Trong nhieu trng hp, co the thay the he nhieu day bi mot day ang
tr, nhng can phai tnh en cac ac iem cua s truyen song trong he nhieu
day.
e n gian hoa s nghien cu qua trnh truyen song trong he nhieu day
dan, trc tien cung bo qua ton hao nang lng trong day dan, trong at va
ton hao vang quang xung. Vi gia thiet nay, song tren tat ca cac day dan
truyen vi cung mot toc o (bang toc o anh sang oi vi ng day tren
khong), khong b bien dang va co dang song phang, co ngha la khong co
thanh phan vect ien trng E va t trng H theo chieu truc ng day. Do
o e phan tch qua trnh truyen song trong he nhieu (n) day dan, co the xuat
phat t he phng trnh Maxwell quen thuoc cho he day dan co ien tch tnh.
u1 = 11 q1 + 12 q2 + K + 1n qn

u2 = 21 q1 + 22 q2 + K + 2n qn

un = n1 q1 + n2 q2 + K + nn qn

(2.39)

trong o: u1 ,K , un - ien the oi vi at cua cac day dan

q1 ,K , qn - ien tch tren n v chieu dai cua cac day dan

ik - he so the, c xac nh theo cac kch thc hnh hoc

cua ng day (H.2.25).

64

1
2hk
ln
( m/ F )
2 o
rk

D
1
=
ln ki ( m/F )

2 o dki

kk =
ik

(2.40)

vi:
rk - ban knh day dan th k, m
hk - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan k, m
dki - khoang cach gia cac day dan k va i, m
Dki - khoang cach gia day dan k va anh soi qua mat at cua day dan i,
m.
V dki = dik va Dki = Dik nen ki = ik

Hnh 2.25

ien trng tao nen bi ien tch tnh la ien trng tnh.
e chuyen ien trng tnh sang ien trng trang thai song phang,
tng tng gan cho no mot toc o chuyen dch v khong oi doc ng day.
Bang cach nhan va chia cac so hang cua ve phai cua he phng trnh
Maxwell (2.39) vi van toc chuyen dch v cua song, ong thi thay the
qk .v = ik la song dong truyen theo day dan k, va thay ki /v = zki v ty so nay
co th nguyen cua tong tr, ta nhan c he phng trnh truyen song cho he n day
dan.

65

u1 = z11i1 + z12i2 + K + z1nin

u2 = z21i1 + z12i2 + K + z2nin

un = zn1i1 + zn2i2 + K + znn in

(2.41)

vi zkk = kk /v - tong tr song ban than cua day dan k, no bieu hien quan he
gia song ap va dong trong day dan k
Zki = ki /v - tong tr song tng ho gia cac day dan k va i, no bieu

hien quan he gia dong trong day i vi song ap ma no cam ng tren day
dan k.
oi vi ng day tren khong v = c = 3 108 m/s th:
zkk = 60 ln
zki

2hk
rk

D
= zik = 60 ln ik
dik

2 hk

rk

D
= 138 lg ik
dik
= 138 lg

(2.42)

Co the nhan thay de dang la zkk > zki v rk = dik . oi vi ng day

tren khong tong tr song tng ho thng nam trong gii han t 100200.
He phng trnh (2.41) gom n phng trnh vi 2n an so, so phng trnh
con lai se c xac nh t cac ieu kien b trong cac trng hp cu the. Sau
ay la mot vai v du minh hoa.
2.6.2 Cac day dan cung c noi vao mot nguon phat song

Hnh 2.26 Ba day dan cung c noi vao nguon song

ay la mot v du thc te co the xay ra khi set anh gan ng day, gay
nen song cam ng tren tat ca day dan tren ng day.

66

Trong trng hp nay ien ap tren day dan co the coi mot cach gan ung
eu bang nhau va bang Uo. Gia th ng day co ba day dan co cung ban
knh va treo tren cung mot o cao (nh ng day co cot hnh ) th:
z11 = z22 = z33

z12 = z23 > z13

Trong trng hp nay ieu kien b la u1 = u2 = u3 = U o .

Do o, t he ba phng trnh truyen song:
u1 = U o = z11i1 + z12i2 + z13i3

u2 = U o = z21i1 + z22i2 + z23i3

u = U = z i + z i + z i
o
33 1
32 2
33 3
3

Suy ra: i1 = i3 = U o

z11 z12
2
z11

2
z11 z13 2 z12

; i2 = U o

z11 + z13 2 z12

2
2
z11 + z11 z13 2 z 12

< i1

Co the nhan thay la trang thai song, khi co nhieu day dan i song song
th dong ien trong moi day nho hn khi song truyen trong mot day dan duy
nhat, v du.
i1 = U o

z11 z12
2
z11

2
z11 z13 2 z12

<

Uo
z11

2.6.3 Mot day dan noi vi nguon song, mot day noi vi at
V du khi set anh vong qua day chong set 1 vao day dan 2.
ieu kien b trong trng hp nay la u1 = 0; u2 = U o .
He phng trnh truyen song trong trng hp nay co dang (H.2.27):
u1 = 0 = z11i1 + z12i2
u2 = U o = z12i1 + z22i2

t o suy ra:

i1 = i2

va:

i2 =

z12
z11
Uo

z22

2
z12

z11

>

Uo
z22

67

Nh vay, song dong ien chay trong day dan 2, khi co day chong set 1,
ln hn khi khong co DCS.
Co the giai thch ieu nay nh sau:
Khi co day 1 noi at, dong ien i1 ngc chieu vi i2 do o t trng cua
dong i1 trong day 1 lam giam t trng cua dong ien trong day 2, mat khac
day 1 noi at at gan day 2 co tac dung lam tang ien dung C2 cua day 2 oi
vi at, ket qua la tong tr song ang tr cua day 2 giam ( Z2 = L2 /C2 )
2.6.4 Mot day dan noi vi nguon song, mot day at cach ien vi at
V du set anh vao day chong set 1 dung bao ve cho day dan 2 (H.2.28).
ieu kien b trng hp nay la u1 = U o va i2 = 0 .

Hnh 2.28 Set anh vao DCS (1) va s ket noi vi DD pha (2)

V day 2 cach ien oi vi at nen i2 = 0 , do o he phng trnh truyen

song co dang:
u1 = U o = z11i1
u2 = z21i1

Suy ra u2 =

z21
u1 = k21u1
z11

He so k21 =

z21 u2
=
= k goi la he so ngau hp tnh hay he so ngau hp
z11 u1

hnh hoc (electrostatic or geometric coupling factor) gia day 2 oi vi day 1,

no bieu hien quan he gia song ien ap chay trong day 1 vi ien ap cam ng
tnh ien chay trong day 2.
k = k21 = ln

D21
2h1
/ ln
<1
d21
r1

(2.43)

68

oi vi ng day tren khong, he so ngau

hp tnh co tr so khoang k = 0,20,3.
Do tren day dan 2 co ien ap cam ng u2
ngc dau vi u1 nen ien ap tac dung len cach
ien cua no bang:
u12 = u1 u2 = u1 (1 k21 )

Bieu thc nay cho thay he so ngau hp ln

th ien ap tac dung len cach ien be, ieu kien
lam viec cua cach ien nhe nhang hn.
He so ngau hp gia hai day dan cang ln khi khoang cach d21 gia hai
day cang be va o treo cao cua day cang ln (ma h1 ln th D21 ln).
2.6.5 Song truyen theo hai day, day th ba at cach ien
V du: ng day co hai day chong set 1 va 2 e bao ve cho day 3. Set
anh vao nh cot.

Hnh 2.29 Set anh vao nh cot cua ng day co hai DCS (1) va (2)
va s ket noi vi DD pha (3)

Trong trng hp nay cac ieu kien b la:

u1 =

u2

i3 = 0,

= Uo

i1 = i2 ( do h1 = h2 , rr = r2 z11 = z22 )

Do o, he phng trnh truyen song co dang:

u1 = u2 = U o = i1 z11 + i2 z12 = i1 ( z11 + z12 )
u3 = i1 z31 + i2 z32 = i1 ( z31 + z32 )

T o suy ra:

69

u3 = U o

z31 + z32
= k31,2U o = kU o
z11 + z12

(2.44)

He so k ' = k31,2 goi la he so ngau hp tnh gia day 3 vi cac day 1 va

2. Co the nhan thay rang k31,2 > k12 (do z11 > z12 nen trong cong thc cua
k31,2 mau so tang cham hn t so). ieu o co ngha la song ien ap cam

ng trong day dan 3 gay nen bi song set tren hai day chong set ln hn
trng hp ch co mot day chong set. Nh vay cach ien (chuoi s) cua day 3
chu tac dung cua mot hieu the nho hn so vi trng hp ch co mot day
chong set. Noi mot cach khac, cach ien cua ng day co hai day chong set
chu tac dung cua qua ien ap be hn so vi trng hp ch co mot day chong
set uch s = u13 = u1 u3 = u1 (1 k ') .

2.7 S BIEN DANG CUA SONG

Song ien t truyen tren ng day tai ien thc te luon luon b bien
dang va giam bien o. Co hai nguyen nhan chu yeu:
g Do song dong ien gay nen ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac dung R cua
mach truyen song.
g Do ton hao vang quang xung tren ng day.

2.7.1 S bien dang cua song do ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac dung cua
mach truyen song
Song truyen tren day dan thng khep kn mach qua at. Nh vay R gom
ien tr tac dung cua day dan va cua ng at ma song truyen ve, tc bang
ien tr th t khong cua ng day. ien tr nay phu thuoc vao tiet dien cua
day dan va ien tr suat cua at, va oi vi ng day cao ap 110 kV tr len
co tr so khoang 0,1 0, 4/km .
Tuy nhien ton hao trong at la chu yeu, con ton hao tren ien tr tac
dung cua day dan rat be, co the bo qua. at la vat dan co tiet dien ln. Song
dong ien vi o doc ln lan truyen trong at se chu s chi phoi cua hieu ng
be mat nh khi truyen dong
ien cao tan, co ngha la se
truyen chu yeu tren be mat, ket
qua la ien tr cua at se tang
len nhieu.
Hnh 2.30: S bien dang cua song
do ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac
dung cua mach truyen song

70

Gia thiet khi bat au truyen vao at, song co dang au song vuong goc
th sau khi truyen qua mot quang ng l, song b bien dang, au song se bt
doc i (H.2.30). Trong tnh toan co the thay the bi mot au song xien goc
tng ng, co thi gian au song c tnh theo cong thc gan ung sau:
t =

l2

260h2 z 2

(2.45)

vi: - ien tr suat cua at, m

l - quang ng song a truyen qua, m
h - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan so vi mat at, m
Z = Lo /C o - tong tr song cua day dan,
Lo , Co - ien cam va ien dung oi vi at cua DD theo n v dai.

Co the thay la s bien dang cua song do ton hao nhiet trong at khong
phu thuoc vao bien o cua song qua ien ap.
Bang 2.1 cho ket qua tnh toan ve s bien dang cua au song (thong qua
t ) khi , l thay oi ng vi cac tr so Z = 500 va h = 10m.
Bang 2.1 t = f ( , l ) vi Z = 500; h = 10m
(m)

100

500

1000

l (km)

0,5

1,0

2,0

0,5

1,0

2,0

0,5

1,0

2,0

t (s)

0,004

0,015

0,06

0,02

0,08

0,3

0,04

0,15

0,6

T bang 2.1 thay rang, ch oi vi vung at dan ien xau va o dai truyen
song (l) ln th bien dang cua au song mi ang ke. Thc te thng gap cac
trng hp co o dai truyen song ngan hn (cac khoang vt ti tram khoang
vai ba tram met). Khi o co the bo qua s bien dang cua song do ton hao trong
at.
2.7.2 Bien dang va tat dan cua song do ton hao vang quang xung tren ng
day
Bien o cua song qua ien ap thng vt qua rat nhieu lan ien ap phat
sinh vang quang. V vay khi truyen tren ng day no gay ra phong ien vang
quang manh liet. Vang quang tieu hao mot phan nang lng cua song, do o
lam bien dang va giam bien o cua song. Vang quang do song qua ien ap
kh quyen tao nen la dang vang quang xung, no co mot so ac iem rieng,

71

khac vi vang quang on nh ien ap mot chieu va xoay chieu tan so cong
nghiep:
g Khu vc ion hoa cua vang quang xung cung lan truyen tren ng day
tai ien cung vi song qua ien ap, sau khi song a i qua th vang quang
xung giam, cac ien tch con sot lai se b trung hoa.
g Vang quang xung cung co cau tao dong, nhng mat o ien tch trong
cac dong plasma rat cao, do o ien dan cua no tang rat nhieu theo bien o cua
song ien ap va cao gap hang tram lan so vi ien ap tan so cong nghiep. Do
mot so lng tng oi ln ien tch di chuyen trong dong nen cac khe dan co
the b ot nong len ti 20003000oC. nhiet o nay, cng o trng ti han
e duy tr ion hoa va cham giam thap ch con khoang
293
Evq = 3 4 kV /cm( 30
3) . Tuy nhien nhan to ion hoa chu yeu ay
3000
van la ion hoa va cham, ch cha phai la ion hoa nhiet v nhiet o trong khe
cha at en 40005000oC.
g cung tr so ien ap th vang quang dng manh liet hn vang quang
am nhieu, dong plasma dai hn, tieu hao nhieu nang lng hn, nen song b
bien dang nhieu va bien o giam nhieu hn (H.2.31).

g Vang quang xung truyen doc theo chieu dai cua day dan gom cac dong
plasma ri rac khong lien nhau nen khong co s di chuyen ien tch men theo
quang sang doc theo chieu dai ng day (ma ch co dong ien chay trong
day dan). V vay vang quang xung hau nh khong anh hng ang ke en
ien cam cua ng day) trong khi o s di chuyen mot so ln ien tch cung
dau vi day dan theo cac dong plasma ra quang sang lam cho ien dung cua
ng day (oi vi at) tang len nhieu.

Cac dao ong o ghi dang song di tac dung cua vang quang xung cho thay:
- au song b bien dang nhieu.
- uoi song t b bien dang.

72

- Bien o song giam va dch ve pha uoi song.

- Khoang cach truyen song cang dai th s bien dang au song va giam
bien o cang ro ret.
Cac ket qua thc nghiem tren c giai thch tren c s ac tnh Volt Coulomb khong ng thang cua vang quang xung tren ng day tai ien
(H.2.32).

Hnh 2.32 ac tnh Volt - Coulomb cua vang quang xung

tren ng day tai ien cao ap

Trc khi xuat hien vang quang xung ( u < uvq ) , cha co ion hoa, tc
cha co ien tch khong gian, ien tch do nguon phat ra eu phan bo tren day
dan, do o gia ien tch q va ien ap u tren day dan, co quan he ng
thang:
qo = Cou

(2.46)

trong o Co la ien dung hnh hoc cua day dan oi vi at.

Khi u uvq khong kh quanh day dan b ion hoa, xuat hien ien tch
khong gian, ien tch tong do nguon phat ra, mot phan phan bo tren day dan,
mot phan trong khong gian quanh day dan, do o quan he gia ien tch tong
q va ien ap u phan au song co the bieu dien gan ung theo ham bac hai:
q = Cou(1 + Bu)

(2.47)

vi: qo, q - ien tch theo n v chieu dai cua day dan, C/m
B - he so xac nh bang thc nghiem, phu thuoc vao ng knh d va cc
tnh day dan, tnh theo (1/kV ) (H.2.34).
ien tch tong q phu thuoc vao tr so tc thi cua ien ap u, do o co the
a ra mot khai niem ve ien dung ong:

73

C ( u) =

dq
= Co (1 + 2 Bu)
du

(2.48)

No cho thay cung vi s xuat hien cua vang quang xung, ien dung cua
day dan se tang, va ien ap cang cao th ien dung cang ln.
Phng trnh vi phan mo ta qua trnh truyen song khi xuat hien vang
quang xung se co dang:
u
i
= Lo
x
t

i
u

= C
x
t

(2.49)

Nghiem tong quat cua chung cung co dang tng t nh trng hp

ng day khong ton hao va neu ch chu y en song ti se co:
u = f ( x vvq t )
trong o vvq la toc o truyen song tren ng day khi co vang quang xung, no
phu thuoc vao tr so ien ap u theo:
vo
1
vvq =
= 1/ LoCo (1 + 2 Bu) =
(2.50)
LoC
1 + 2 Bu
vo = 1/ LoCo la toc o truyen song khi cha co vang quang, bang toc o

anh sang oi vi ng day tren khong.

Tr so ien ap cang cao th toc o truyen song tren day dan co vang quang
xung cang giam, chnh v vay ma au song b keo dai ra, tc la o doc au song
giam.
T nhan xet nay, co the a ra mot phng phap gan ung xac nh s
bien dang cua song (au song, bien o) nh sau:
Gia thiet tai ni xuat phat (x=0) song co dang u(t) a biet (H.2.33a). phan
au song, bat au t tr so u = uvq , chia song thanh nhng bang hep u moi bang
tng ng vi tr so u, truyen i vi toc o vvq ( u) . Nh a biet, nhng bang song
tng ng vi tr so u cang cao th c truyen i vi toc o cang thap.

74

Hnh 2.33: S bien dang cua song do tac dung

cua vang quang xung tren ng day tai ien

Nh vay, sau khi song a truyen qua c mot quang ng

x = l th nhng bang song vi u > uvq se en cham tng ng so vi trng
hp khong co vang quang mot khoang thi gian t(u) xac nh nh sau:
t( u) =

l
l
l

= ( 1 + 2 Bu 1)
vvq ( u ) vo vo

V 2Bu = 1 (t q = qo (1+Bu) suy ra Bu =

q
1 = 1 ) co the tnh gan
qo

ung 1 + 2 Bu 1 + Bu (khai trien nh thc Newton), do o:

t( u)

l
Bu
vo

(2.51)

Bang cach xac nh thi gian cham tre cua tng bang song co the xac
nh gan ung s bien dang au song (H.2.33b).
V du: Tai ni xuat hien qua ien ap (x = 0) song co dang au song
khong vuong goc ( s = 0) bien o khong oi u = u0,5 th sau khi truyen qua
mot oan x = l th di tac dung cua vang quang xung au song b keo dai,
thi gian au song bang
s

l
B u0,5
c

(2.52)

75

do o o doc au song bang a =

u0,5
s

c
Bl

Khi ng cong bien dang au song cat phan uoi song, iem giao nhau
cho bien o cua song sau khi a truyen qua oan ng
x = l. Trng hp song co o dai song ngan nh trng hp song cat th bien
o cua song giam ro ret di tac dung cua vang quang xung.
phan uoi song, vang quang khong tiep tuc phat trien, cac dong
plasma giam dan o dan ien, vang quang se tan dan. Co the coi mot cach
gan ung nh la uoi song khong b bien dang.

Hnh 2.34 Quan he B = f(d) oi vi song am

Quan he B = f(d) oi vi song cc tnh am cho hnh 2.34, hay co the lay
theo cac tr so trung bnh:
B = 0, 5 103

1
vi d = 1215mm (tng ng vi D 110kV)
kV

B = 0, 3 103

1
vi d = 2530mm (tng ng vi D 220kV)
kV
1
vi d = 4060mm (tng ng vi D 330380kV)
kV

B = 0, 2 103

Trong tnh toan chong set, ngi ta con dung mot cong thc gan ung,
qui s bien dang cua au song di tac dung cua vang quang xung khi en
tram, thanh mot au song xien goc tng ng theo cong thc thc nghiem
sau:

(2.53)

76

t = o + ( 0, 5 + 0, 008

umax
hdd

)l,

(2.54)

vi: o - thi gian au song tai ni xuat phat, s

umax - bien o song, kV; htb - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan, m
l - chieu dai cua oan ng day (ti tram) ma song truyen qua, km.
V du: tai ni xuat phat song co dang vuong goc o=0, bien o
Umax = 1000kV sau khi truyen qua oan ti tram co chieu dai
l=1km, day dan co o treo cao trung bnh htb = 10m th song b bien dang va
co au song tng ng bang:
tb = 0, 5 + 0, 8 = 1, 3s

Nh vay s bien dang cua song di tac dung cua vang quang xung ln
hn nhieu so vi s bien dang do ton hao bi ien tr tac dung cua at.
* Vang quang xung lam giam tong tr song cua day dan va lam tang he
so ngau hp.
Thanh phan dong ien vang quang tng ng vi mot bang song du co the
viet:
1
du

zvq

divq =

la tong tr song cua day dan co vang quang xung khi ien ap tac
vi zvq

dung co tr so bang u tng ng vi o cao cua bang song a chon:

Lo
Lo
zo
' =
zvq
=
=
C
Co (1 + 2 Bu)
1 + 2 Bu
Dong ien vang quang tong se bang
ivq

ivq =

divq
0

u
1
=
=
zvq zo

1 + 2 Bu du

u 1 + Bu
zo

vi zo la tong tr song cua day dan khi khong co vang quang.

zo
Nh vay:
zvq =
1 + Bu
Co ngha la khi co vang quang xung, tong tr song ban than cua day dan
b giam. Neu bien o song t 10001500 kV th tong tr song giam khoang
1020% va t vai nghn kV th tong tr song co the giam en 3040% va hn.

(2.5

77

He so ngau hp gia hai day dan 1 va 2 khi cha co vang quang c

xac nh theo.
k21 ( 0) =

z21
z11 ( 0)

z11 ( 0) tong tr song ban than cua day 1 khi cha co vang quang.

Khi tren day 1 xuat hien vang quang xung th tong tr song ban than cua
no giam trong khi tong tr song tng ho thc te khong thay oi, do o he so
ngau hp se tang theo:
k21( vq ) =

z21
z
= 21
1 + Bu
z11 ( vq) z11 ( 0)

k21( vq ) = k21( 0 ) 1 + Bu

(2.56)

k( vq) con goi la he so ngau hp ong (dynamic coupling factor) hay he so ngau

hp ien t (electromagnetic coupling factor).

Nh a biet, he so ngau hp tang se lam cho ien ap tac dung tren cach
ien ng day giam, tc ieu kien lam viec cua cach ien nhe nhang hn.
oi vi ng day cao ap, he so ngau hp ong kvq = (1,1 1,3)ko) thng
ln hn he so ngau hp hnh hoc ko khoang 1030%.
Tom lai, do cac tac dung keo dai au song, giam bien o va tang he so
ngau hp, vang quang xung la mot nhan to thuan li cho viec bao ve qua ien
ap cho cach ien cua ng day va tram. Cu the se trnh bay trong cac
chng bao ve chong set cho ng day va tram (chng 5 va chng 7).

78

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET ANH TRC

TIEP CHO HE THONG IEN
3.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Set anh trc tiep vao day dan cua ng day tai ien, vao cac thiet b
va bo phan mang ien cua tram phan phoi va nha may ien se gay nen qua
ien ap nguy hiem lam ngan mach, cham at cac pha, lam h hong cach ien
cua cac thiet b, gay gian oan s cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu, lam thiet
hai ln cho nen kinh te quoc dan. V vay, he thong ien phai c bao ve mot
cach co hieu qua chong set anh trc tiep.
Viec bao ve chong set anh trc tiep thng c thc hien bang cac cot
thu set hoac day thu set.
ay la nhng ket cau gom: bo
phan thu set, bo phan noi at va bo
phan dan dong ien set noi lien ve
ien hai bo phan tren vi nhau (H.3.1).
Bo phan thu set (1) cua cot thu set
lam bang thep ong hoac thep thanh (co
tiet dien khong nho hn 100mm2) at
thang ng, c goi la kim thu set
hoac bang day thep cang ngang gia
cac cot trong trng hp day chong
Hnh 3.1 Nguyen ly cau tao
set. Bo phan dan dong ien set (2)
cua cot thu set
c tao thanh bi ban than ket cau
thep cua cot thep hoac be tong cot
thep, hay bang day thep co tiet dien khong nho hn 50mm2 trong trng hp

79

kim thu set at tren ket cau cong trnh bang vat lieu khong dan ien nh ong
khoi, cot go, mai nha. Bo phan noi at (3) c tao thanh bi mot he thong
coc va thanh bang ong hoac thep noi lien nhau, chon trong at, co ien tr
tan be e dong ien set tan mot cach de dang trong at.
nh cua bo phan thu set vt cao tren tat ca cac thiet b va bo phan
mang ien can c bao ve.
Tac dung bao ve cua cot thu set (hoac day chong set) dien ra trong giai
oan phong ien tien ao cua set. Dong tien ao phat trien theo phng co
cng o ien trng ln nhat. Khi con tren cao, cach xa mat at th phng
nay ch do ban than ien trng cua au dong tien ao xac nh, phong ien
phat trien theo con ng thuan li nhat cho ieu kien ion hoa khong kh,
hoan toan ngau nhien. Nh vay, cac vat tren mat at thc te khong co anh
hng g en phan ln ng i cua khe tien ao (H.3.2a).

Hnh 3.2 Phng phat trien cua khe set khi con tren cao (a)
va t o cao nh hng (b)

Nhng bat au t mot o cao H nao o, goi la o cao nh hng cua khe
set, do co s tch tu ien tch cam ng trai dau vi mat o cao nhng ni co
o dan ien cao mat at, nh cac ket cau kim loai, cay cao b ma t...
trng cua dong tien ao b bien dang. Phng co cng o ien trng cao
luc nay se la gia au dong tien ao va nh cua cac vat dan nho cao tren
mat at (cot thu set, day chong set, cot ien, cot anten...) (H.3.2b).
Do o, dong tien ao se phat trien hng ve nh cac vat dan nay (cot,
DCS). Nh vay, kha nang set anh vao nh cot (hoac day chong set) se tang
va t co kha nang set anh vao cac vat thap xung quanh cot. Neu cot thu set
vt qua mot gii han nao o so vi o cao cua vat can c bao ve at gan
no, th hau nh toan bo cac lan set anh eu vao nh cot, cac vat se c bao
ve an toan. Khu vc an toan o c goi la pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set.

80

Pham vi bao ve nay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: chieu cao, so lng, cach bo
tr cac cot thu set, chieu cao nh hng cua set va cac ieu kien a chat thuy
van cua ni at he thong thu set.

3.2 XAC NH PHAM VI BAO VE CUA COT THU SET - MO HNH A.

KOPIAN
Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set c
xac nh bang thc nghiem tren mo hnh
va x ly so lieu theo nguyen ly thong ke.
Phong ien set c mo phong bang
phong ien tia la xung trong khoang cach
khong kh ln gia mot ien cc thanh (1),
ac trng cho au dong tien ao va mot
ien cc thanh (2), ac trng cho cot thu
set at tren mot tam kim loai noi at tot,
ac trng cho mat at (3) theo s o hnh
3.3.
Cot thu set (2) at tren tam kim loai
(3) co o cao h. ien cc thanh (1) c
at o cao nh hng H (theo ty le a
chon cua mo hnh) so vi mat at.
Gia o cao nh hng H va o cao cua bo phan thu set h co quan he
k = H /h . Ty le nay cung c xac nh bang thc nghiem k = 20 oi vi cot
thu set h 30m, khi h > 30m th o cao nh hng hau nh khong phu thuoc
vao h, bang khoang H = 600m.
k = 10 oi vi day chong set, khi o treo cao day chong set hCS 30 m ,
khi hcs > 30 m th o cao nh hng cua set khong thay oi va bang khoang H
= 300 m.
Tren ien cc thanh (1) cho tac dung mot ien ap xung chuan dng co
bien o bang ien ap phong ien xung be nhat U50% cua khoang cach kh gia
au cc thanh (1) va tam kim loai (3). Phai dung song cc tnh dng (mac du
phan ln set anh xuong mat at co cc tnh am) e cho phong ien tien ao
xuat phat t ien cc thanh (1) ch khong phai t cot thu set. Nh vay, kch
thc mo hnh be hn, ngoai ra se co mot o d tr nhat nh trong viec xac
nh pham vi bao ve cua cot (hoac day) thu set (trong ien trng rat khong

81

ong nhat phong ien xuat phat t ien cc thanh dng va ien ap phong
ien xuyen thung khoang cach kh be hn hai lan so vi khi cc thanh am).
Cot thu set (2) gi co nh, thay oi v tr cua ien cc (1) tren mat phang
ngang tng ng vi o cao nh hng H va xac nh xac suat set anh vao
cot thu set phu thuoc vao v tr ien cc ( moi v tr cua ien cc, cho phong
ien nhieu lan, v mc o tan man cua phong ien trong khoang cach ln rat
cao).
Ket qua thc nghiem cho thay khi R 3,5h (H.3.4) th toan bo so lan phong
ien eu tap trung vao nh cot thu set, khu vc nay c goi la khu vc co xac
suat 100% set anh vao cot. Khi R > 3,5h th co mot so lan phong ien xuong
at.

Hnh 3.4 Khu vc co xac suat 100%

set anh vao cot thu set

Hnh 3.5 Xac nh xac suat set anh

vao cot thu set

Khi R tang th so lan phong ien xuong at cang nhieu. Do cot thu set
lam bien dang trng cua dong tien ao nen ni o bo cua set mat at b
lech ve pha chan cot mot khoang cach be nhat ro 1,6 h. Nh vay khoang
cach be nhat ro la ban knh cua pham vi bao ve ngay tren mat at (H.3.5).
e xac nh pham vi bao ve cho mot vat co o cao hx, ngi ta dung mot
thanh kim loai co o cao hx (theo ty le a chon cua mo hnh) at cach cot thu
set khoang cach rx (H.3.6). ien cc (1), cot thu set (2) va vat c bao ve (4)
cung nam trong mot mat phang vuong goc vi mat at (3).
moi v tr cua ien cc (1) xe dch vat c bao ve (4) ra xa dan cot
thu set (2) tc tang dan rx cho en khi xay ra phong ien vao vat c bao ve.
Va moi v tr tng ho o cua chung tien hanh phong ien nhieu lan. T o,

82

xac nh c khoang cach gii han rx ma vat co o cao hx khong b phong

ien. rx chnh la ban knh cua pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set o cao hx.
So lan phong ien moi v tr cua ien cc cang ln th o tin cay cua
pham vi bao ve cang cao.
Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot he thong cot thu set va cua day
chong set cung c tien hanh tng t.
T phng phap thc nghiem tren mo hnh o, a xac nh c pham vi
bao ve rx theo hx nh sau:
3.2.1 Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set
Vi o tin cay 99% th pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set co o cao hx la
mot hnh chop tron xoay co ng sinh dang hyperbol xac nh theo:
rx = 1, 6h

vi:

h hx
p
h + hx

p=1

khi h 30 m

p=

30
= 5, 5/ h khi 30 m < h 60 m.
h

Hnh 3.6: a) Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set
b) Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

o cao vt len tren vat c bao ve cua cot thu set

ha = h hx goi la o cao hieu dung cua cot thu set

(3.1)

83

Thc te van hanh cung cho thay rang oi vi cot thu set co o cao ln
hn 60 m th set khong ch anh vao nh kim thu set ma con anh ca vao mot
phan than cot gan nh. V vay chieu cao cua pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set
co o cao t 60250 m giam con h = h h.
- oi vi cot thu set cao t 60100 m th h tnh theo
h = 0, 5 ( h 60)

(3.2a)

- oi vi cot thu set cao t 100250 m th h tnh theo

h = 0,2h

(3.2b)

Hnh 3.7 Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

co o cao 60 m h 250 m

Neu o cao hieu dung ha cua cot thu set bang hay ln hn h ( ha h)
th pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set c tnh theo (3.1), trong o h c thay
bang h ' = h h .
Neu o cao hieu dung nho hn h ( ha < h) th cot thu set khong con
pham vi bao ve na.
Trong thiet ke, e n gian, ngi ta thng thay the ng sinh dang
hyperbol gii han khu vc bao ve bi hai oan thang (H.3.8).

Hnh 3.8 Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

(phng phap n gian hoa)

84

oan ab noi lien nh cot thu set a vi iem a tren mat at cach chan
cot oan 0,75ph.
oan bc noi lien iem c co o cao 0,8h tren cot thu set vi iem c tren
mat at cach chan cot 1,5ph (o cao cua iem b bang 2h/ 3 ), nh vay co ngha la
neu vat c bao ve co o cao hx 2h/ 3 th pham vi bao ve c xac nh
bi:
rx = 1, 5hp(1

va neu hx >

hx
)
0, 8h

(3.3)

h
2
h th rx = 0, 75hp(1 x )
3
h

(3.4)

3.2.2 Pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set

1- Hai cot thu set co cung o cao

Nh tren a trnh bay, khi ien cc (1) v tr R 3,5h tren o cao inh
hng th 100% so lan set anh se vao cot thu set (2). Nh vay neu hai cot thu
set cung chieu cao h cach nhau a = 2R = 7h th moi iem tren mat at gia hai cot
thu set se khong b set anh.
T o suy ra, neu hai cot thu set at cach nhau a < 7h th chung co the
bao ve c mot vat co o cao ho at gia chung, vi ho xac nh theo:
h ho =

a
7p

hay

ho = h

a
7p

(3.5)

Hoac noi mot cach khac, e bao ve mot o cao ho gia hai cot thu set th
khoang cach a gia hai cot thu set phai thoa ieu kien:
a 7 p( h ho )

Hnh 3.9 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set bang
phng phap n gian hoa: Tren mat chieu ng, pham vi bao ve pha ngoai
hai cot thu set c xac nh nh oi vi moi cot rieng le. Khu vc gia hai
cot c gii han bi mot cung tron qua hai nh cot A1 , A2 va iem B co o
cao ho gia khoang cach hai cot (H.3.9a).

85

Hnh 3.9 Pham vi bao ve cua hai CTS cung chieu cao

Hnh 3.9b la mat chieu bang cua pham vi bao ve o cao hx. Be rong be
nhat rox gia hai cot c xac nh nh la co mot cot thu set o cao ho at gia
khoang a, bao ve cho vat co o cao hx (H.3.9c).
2- Hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau

- Neu hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau, v du h1 > h2 th pham vi bao
ve cua chung c xac nh nh sau (H.3.10):
- Pham vi bao ve pha ngoai hai cot thu set giong nh pham vi bao ve
cua tng cot rieng le.
- Pham vi bao ve gia hai cot co c bang cach qua nh cot thap ( h2 )
ve mot ng thang ngang, no cat ng sinh cua pham vi bao ve cua cot cao
h1 iem 3, iem nay c xem nh la nh cua mot cot thu set gia tng
h1 = h2 va khu vc bao ve gia cot thap h2 va h1 cach nhau a nh a trnh
bay tren gia hai cot co o cao bang nhau.

86

Hnh 3.10 Pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau

3.2.3 Pham vi bao ve cua nhieu cot thu set

Khi cong trnh can bao ve chiem mot dien tch rong ln th ngi ta
thng dung mot he thong nhieu cot thu set e bao ve. e xac nh pham vi
bao ve, ngi ta chia he thong cot thu set thanh tng nhom ba hoac bon cot
thu set gan nhau. Mat bang cua pham vi bao ve cua ba cot thu set khong
nam tren cung mot ng thang trnh bay hnh 3.11a va cua bon cot thu set
at bon goc cua mot hnh ch nhat trnh bay hnh 3.11b.
Ben ngoai dien tch cua a giac i qua chan cac cot thu set (H.tam giac
hoac hnh ch nhat) pham vi bao ve c xac nh nh gia tng oi cot thu
set vi nhau. Con tat ca cac thiet b co o cao ln nhat hx at trong dien tch
cua hnh tam giac hay dien tch hnh ch nhat se c bao ve an toan neu
ieu kien sau c thoa man:
D 8( h hx ) p

vi p = 1
p=

khi

5, 5
h

(3.6)

h 30 m
30m < h 60 m

D la ng knh vong tron ngoai tiep cua hnh tam giac hay hnh ch
nhat chay qua nh cac cot thu set.

87

Hnh 3.11 Mat bang cua pham vi cua ba cot thu set (a) va bon cot thu set (nam
tren bon nh cua mot hnh ch nhat)

Neu cac cot thu set co o cao tren 60m, th pham vi bao ve ven chu vi
gia tng oi cot, theo chieu cao (mat cat ng cua pham vi bao ve) phai
giam i h ke t nh, con pham vi bao ve ben trong dien tch cua a giac van
gi nguyen theo (3.6). h cung c tnh theo (3.2a) hoac (3.2b).
Neu so cot thu set nhieu hn ba va bo tr bat ky th phan ra tng nhom ba
cot gan nhau va kiem tra ieu kien bao ve theo (3.6).

3.3 PHAM VI BAO VE CUA DAY CHONG SET

Phng phap xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set cung tng t
nh doi vi cot thu set. ien cc (1) ( o cao nh hng) va vat can bao ve
(4) i chuyen trong mat phang thang goc vi day chong set (2). Ket qua thc
nghiem cho thay, khu vc co xac suat 100% set anh vao day chong set ve
moi ben cua day chong set co chieu rong bang B = 2h va ngay tren mat at ve
moi ben cua day chong set no bao ve c mot giai co chieu rong b = 1,2h
vi h la o treo cao day chong set (B tng ng vi R trong trng hp cot thu
set, b tng ng vi r ).
3.3.1 Pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set

88

Hnh 3.12 Pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set

Cach ve gii han pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set trnh bay trong
hnh 3.12. Neu vat can bao ve co o cao hx th pham vi bao ve vi o tin cay
99% c xac nh theo:
1- Vi day chong set co o treo cao h 30m

bx = 1, 2h

h hx
h + hx

hoac theo phng phap n gian.

h
2
Khi hx > h : bx = 0, 6h(1 x )
3
h
h
2
hx h : bx = 1, 2h(1 x )
3
0, 8h

(3.7)

(3.8)
(3.9)

2- Vi day chong set co o treo cao 30m < h < 250m

Pham vi bao ve theo chieu cao (mat cat ng) giam mot khoang h tnh
t nh. Vi h tnh theo:
30m < h 100m h = 0, 29 (h 30)
100m < h < 250m h = 0, 2h

(3.10a)
(3.10b)

3.3.2 Pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set

Khi hai day chong set at cach nhau S = 2B = 4h th moi iem tren mat at
nam gia hai day chong set se c bao ve an toan. Neu S < 4h th gia hai day
chong set co the bao ve c mot o cao:
ho = h

S
4

(3.11)

89

Khi day dan ba pha cua ng day tai ien cung nam tren mot mat
phang ngang th ieu kien e day gia vi o cao hDD c bao ve la khoang
cach S gia hai day chong set phai thoa ieu kien:
S < 4 ( hDCS hDD )

(3.12)

Gii han pham vi bao ve (mat cat ng) pha ngoai hai day chong set
cung giong nh oi vi tng day chong set rieng le, con khu vc bao ve gia
hai day chong set c gii han bi cung tron ve qua hai iem treo day chong set
va iem gia co o cao ho (H.3.13a).

Hnh 3.13 Pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set

Tren mat chieu bang (H.3.13b), be rong cua pham vi bao ve cho vat co
o cao hx bang S + 2bx .
3.3.3 Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set cua ng day tai
ien cao ap
Trong thc te, day chong set thng c dung e bao ve cac day dan cua
ng day tai ien cao ap. o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan thng ln hn
2h/ 3 , do o trong trng hp nay viec ve toan bo pham vi bao ve cua day chong
set la khong can thiet va thong thng ch can xac nh goc bao ve la u.
la goc tao thanh gia ng thang noi lien cac iem treo day chong set
va day dan va ng thang vuong goc vi mat at qua day chong set
(H.3.14).

90

Hnh 3.14 Goc bao ve cua day chong set

cang be th xac suat set anh vao day dan v cang be:
lg v =

hc

90

(3.13)

vi hc chieu cao cua cot ien, m; - goc bao ve, tnh theo o.
2
hDCS th day chong set co the bao ve
3
= 31o ( tg gh = 0, 6) .

trng hp gii han hDD =

c mot goc gh bang: gh

Song trong thc te, e tang mc an toan, tc la giam xac suat set anh
vong qua day chong set vao day dan, ngi ta thng chon = 2025o cho
cac ng day tai ien quan trong.
ng day co chieu dai ln, cac cap sieu cao ap co the en hang ngan
km, mot mua set co the chu en hang tram lan set anh, viec tang mc an
toan (chon goc be) cua ng day se lam giam xac suat set anh vao day
dan mot cach ang ke.

3.4 CAC YEU CAU KY THUAT KINH TE KHI DUNG HE

THONG COT THU SET E BAO VE SET ANH THANG
CHO TRAM BIEN AP VA NHA MAY IEN
cac tram bien ap va nha may ien trong nhng ieu kien nhat nh,
cot thu set co the at ngay tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram va nha may
nh cot xa, mai nha, ong khoi, cot en pha chieu sang... nh li dung cac o
cao san co nay cua tram ma tan dung pham vi bao ve va giam c gia thanh
xay dng cot thu set. Nhng khi set anh vao cot thu set, dong ien set truyen
qua than cot tan qua ien tr noi at co the gay nen phong ien ngc t cac
ket cau cong trnh (xa, cot) cua tram en cac bo phan mang ien (day dan,

91

thanh gop) neu ien ap giang xung tren he thong noi at vt qua mc cach
ien xung cua tram. Do o, viec at cot thu set tren ket cau cong trnh cua
tram ch cho phep khi tram co mc cach ien xung cao va ien tr noi at be.
oi vi tram 110kV tr len, cac yeu cau nay de dang thoa man. Con oi vi
tram 35kV ch cho phep at cot thu set tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram
(tr xa may bien ap), trong cac ieu kien, khi ien tr noi at cua ket cau co
at cot thu set khong vt qua 4 trong pham vi co ban knh 20m, neu ien
tr suat cua at 500m va trong pham vi ban knh 30m neu ien tr suat
cua at > 500m.
Chan cua cac ket cau co at cot thu set phai c noi theo ng ngan
nhat vao he thong noi at cua tram tai giao iem cua cac thanh can bang the,
ong thi tai ni at cot thu set e tan dong set thuan li, noi at cua tram
c tang cng bang cach bo sung them mot so tia hoac coc hoac to hp tia
coc noi at tuy tr so ien tr suat cua at be hay ln, c goi la noi at bo
sung.
Khi cac ieu kien tren khong thoa man, cung nh khi ien tr suat cua at
> 1000m th cot thu set c at cach ly vi ket cau cong trnh cua tram va noi
at cua cot thu set khong noi chung vao mach noi at an toan cua tram. Khi at
cot thu set cach ly th khoang cach t than cot, thu set en cac vat can bao ve cua
tram, trong khong kh, cung nh khoang cach trong at gia noi at cua cot thu set
va noi at an toan cua thiet b, phai u ln e bao am khong co phong ien
ngc t pha cot thu set sang thiet b c bao ve (H.3.15).

92

Hnh 3.15 Cot thu set at cach ly

Khi set anh vao cot thu set ien the cua iem A tren than cot (tng ng
vi o cao ln nhat cua vat c bao ve) c tnh theo:
U A = Is Rx + LA (

dis
)tb
dt

(3.14)

va ien ap giang xung tren he thong noi at cot thu set c tnh theo:
U = Is Rx

(3.15)

vi: Is - bien o dong ien set, kA

LA - ien cam cua phan cot thu set t mat at en iem A, H
Rx - ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot thu set,
di
( s )tb - o doc au song trung bnh cua dong ien set, kA/s.
dt
Trong tnh toan thiet ke chong set cho cac tram co cong suat ln, theo
qui pham chong set hien hanh e co o an toan cao thng lay
dis
Is = 150kA,
= 30kA / s .
dt
oi vi cot thu set bang thep kieu mang li, tr so ien cam theo n v
chieu dai khoang Lo 1, 7H /m .

93

T o U A = 150 Rx + 30 1, 7lA .
Muon khong co phong ien t cot sang vat c bao ve, ro rang phai bao
am sao cho o ben ien xung cua khoang cach khong kh cao hn ien ap
xung tac dung len khoang cach khong kh o, tc la:
K

U xK = E x .Sk > U A Sk >

UA
K

(3.16)

Ex

vi: U xK - ien ap phong ien xung be nhat cua khoang cach khong kh Sk, kV
K

E x - o ben ien xung trung bnh cua khong kh, kV/m

Con ien ap tren bo phan noi at cua cot thu set bang:

U
U x = E x S > U S >
Ex

(3.17)

trong o E x la o ben ien xung trung bnh cua at, kV/m

o ben ien xung cua khong kh trung bnh khoang 500 kV/m va cua at
khoang 300 kV/m. T o suy ra khoang cach an toan trong khong kh:
150 Rx + 50lA
= 0, 3Rx + 0,1lA
500
150 Rx
va trong at:
S >
= 0, 5 Rx
300
Co the xuat phat t ieu kien an toan nay e xac nh tr so ien tr noi
at can phai at c cua he thong thu set hoac khi a biet ien tr noi at
th can c vao o e xac nh hoac kiem tra khoang cach an toan.
Sk >

V du ve bo tr va tnh toan o cao he thong thu set

Hnh 3.16 trnh bay mat bang cua mot tram phan phoi ngoai tri 110 kV
va thiet ke he thong bao ve chong set anh thang. Chieu cao ln nhat can
c bao ve cua tram la o cao cua day dan hx = 11m.

94

Hnh 3.16 V du ve bo tr va tnh toan chieu cao

cua he thong cot thu set e bao ve tram bien ap

e bao ve chong set anh trc tiep vao tram se dung he thong kim thu
set at tren ket cau cong trnh cua tram, v tr cua chung anh so t 1, 2,... 7, 8
(tren tru xa cong va cac xa trung gian).
C s e tnh toan ay la he thong cot thu set phai co pham vi bao ve
trum kn toan bo cac thiet b va bo phan mang ien cua tram, mat khac phai
co, o cao hieu dung va phai, khoang t (0,50,6) o cao cua cong trnh,
khong gay tr ngai cho s van hanh bnh thng cua tram va bao am my
quan cho cong trnh.
Chia mat bang cua tram thanh cac khu vc t I en V va lan lt tnh o
cao hieu dung cua cac cot thu set trong tng khu vc, ket qua cho trong bang
sau:

95
Khu vc

D (m)

ha (m)

hx (m)

htt (m)

55

6,9

11

17,9

II

48,3

6,0

11

17,0

III

49,6

6,2

11

17,2

IV

49,6

6,2

11

17,2

53,8

6,7

11

17,7

La chon tat ca cac cot cung o cao hieu dung la ha = 7m, nh vay o
cao cua tat ca cac cot thu set h = ha + hx = 7 + 11 = 18m (chu y: cac xa tram
co at kim thu set co o cao 11m).
T hnh ve thay rang cac oan thanh gop gan xa A va B co o cao 8,2m
nam ngoai gii han khu vc III va IV, nen can kiem tra lai kha nang bao ve
oi vi cac oan thanh gop nay.
Ve pham vi bao ve cua oi cot 4 7 va 6 8
h hx
18 8, 2
= 1, 6 18
= 10, 8 m
h + hx
18 + 8, 2
a
45, 8
= h
= 18
= 18 6, 6 = 11, 4 m
7
7
h hx
11, 4 8, 2
3, 2
= 1, 6ho o
= 1, 6 11, 4
= 1, 6 11, 4
= 3m
ho + hx
11, 4 + 8, 2
19, 6

rx = 1, 6h
ho
rox

Hnh ve cho thay cac oan thanh gop gan cac xa A va B eu nam trong
pham vi bao ve cua cac cot thu set tng ng.
Ket luan: Toan bo trang thiet b va bo phan mang ien cua tram eu
c bao ve kn chong set anh thang.

3.5. LY THUYET MO HNH IEN HNH HOC

3.5.1. C s ly thuyet
Nh a biet, tac dung bao ve cua he thong thu set dien ra trong giai oan
phong ien tien ao cua cu set au tien. Khi kenh tien ao tien cang gan ve
pha mat at th cng o ien trng pha mat at cang tang, ac biet
nh cac vat the dan ien nho cao tren mat at. Va khi au kenh tien ao (K)
cach cac nh nay (M, N, P...) khoang t vai ba chuc met en mot vai tram

96

met, th cng o ien trng cac nh vat the nay a u cao e gay ion hoa
khong kh va tao nen nhng dong plasma hng ve pha au kenh tien ao
(K), ay chnh la nhng tien ao ngc va qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh
phong ien on set. Kenh phong ien on set nao en gan kenh tien ao (K)
t may xuong nhat se c ket noi va nh vat v tr set o bo a c xac
nh (H.3.17).

Hnh 3.17 Qua trnh phong ien on set.

Khoang cach t au kenh tien ao (K) ma set bat au nh hng en

iem khi au cua kenh phong ien on set c ket noi (N) c goi la
khoang cach phong ien on set hay la khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung ( rc )
(con co tai lieu goi la ban knh hap thu).
R.N.Golde (nha bac hoc Anh) la ngi au tien e xuat ly thuyet nay
(1963), tiep theo la nhieu cong trnh cua cac nha khoa hoc khac bo sung, phat
trien hoan thien va a no vao ng dung thc te.
Tat ca cac cong trnh nghien cu nay eu nhan thay rang khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung rc phu thuoc bien o dong set is max va rc cang ln khi

97

is max cang cao theo dang:

(3.18)

rc = kisnmax

nhng lai co s khac biet ang ke ve he so k va so mu n v du:

Bang 3.1
Tac gia
Golde
Wagner
Brown
Link
Gary
.........

k
6,72
6,72
7,1
3
9,4
........

n
0,8
2/3
0,75
1
1/3
..........

Tren c s quan trac va nghien cu set rong rai nhieu nam cua nhieu
chuyen gia trong lanh vc, CIGRE e ngh thong nhat dung mot quan he chnh
xac hn:
rc = 2is max + 30(1 eis max / 6,8 )

(3.19)

vi rc tnh bang met.

is max la tr so cc ai cua cu set am au tien, kA.

Theo cac quan he rc = f ( is max ) th khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc
cua dong set co bien o be nho hn so vi rc cua dong set co bien o ln.
ieu o co ngha la au kenh tien ao (K) cua dong set be se tien en gan
nh vat the hn la au kenh tien ao cua dong set ln, tc la is max be th rc
ngan hn so vi is max ln.
rc1 ( Is max 1 ) < rc2 ( Is max 2 ) neu Is max 1 < Is max 2

Nh vay neu oi hoi he thong thu set co hieu qua bao ve cang cao, o tin
cay cang ln, th khi thiet ke can phai chu y en dong set co bien o cang be.
Theo tieu chuan cua CIGRE cac mc oi hoi o tin cay tng ng vi
khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung va bien o dong set nh sau:
Bang 3.2
Mc o tin
cay oi hoi
Rat cao

rc (m)

is max (kA)

20

3,7

Xac suat V (is max )

Theo 1
98%

Theo 2
86,76%

Theo 3
99,9%

98
Cao
Bnh thng

30
45

6,1
10,6

95%
90%

79,13%
66,6%

99%
92%

Mc o tin cay oi hoi tng ng vi tam quan trong cua cong trnh oi
vi nen kinh te, an ninh, quoc phong va chnh tr cua at nc. Theo bang 2
th:
1. Phan bo xac suat bien o dong set am au tien theo CIGRE (3.19) .
2. Phan bo xac suat xuat hien bien o dong set am au tien
vis = e Is / 26,1 (theo Qui pham CS hien hanh).

3. Phan bo xac suat xuat hien bien o dong set am au tien theo cong bo
cua Viet Nam (Trung tam NC set Gia Sang 1997).
3.5.2 Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set (CTS)
1. Trng hp chieu cao h cua cot thu set be hn hoac bang khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung h rc .

T nh H cua CTS lam tam ve mot hnh cau (A) co ban knh bang rc .
Hnh cau (A) cat mat phang ngang (B) cach mat at khoang cach bang rc theo
ng tron M. T mot iem M bat ky tren ng tron M lam tam ke mot cung
tron (C) ban knh rc th cung tron nay va tiep xuc vi CTS tai nh H va
tiep xuc vi mat at. Cung tron (C) la gii han cua pham vi bao ve cua CTS;
trong khong gian ba chieu pham vi bao ve tao thanh mot hnh chop tron xoay
quanh CTS (H.3.18a) (co ng sinh la mot cung tron ban knh rc , tam di
chuyen tren ng tron M).
Khi tien ao set cham vao mat cau (A) th set se anh vao nh H cua
CTS. Khi tien ao set cham vao mat phang (B) th set se anh xuong at.
Pham vi bao ve ln nhat ng vi h = rc .

99

Hnh 3.18a Trng hp h < rc

Hnh 3.18b Trng hp h > rc

Ban knh ay cua pham vi bao ve bang:

100

r0 = OT = 2rc h h2 = h( 2rc h) khi h = rc r0 = rc = h pham vi

bao ve ln nhat.
Bieu thc nay cho thay pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set va phu thuoc vao
chieu cao h cua CTS va phu thuoc vao dong ien set ( rc = f ) ( is max ) .
Bien o dong set cang ln th rc cang ln, do o r0 cang ln, tc pham
vi bao ve cang rong, nhng o tin cay cang thap. (v xac suat xuat hien dong
set co bien o cang cao cang be vis1 < vis2 neu is2 > is1 ).
2. Trng hp h > rc (H.3.18b)
T nh H cua CTS lam tam vi ban knh rc ve ban cau (A) va hnh tru
tron (D) ban knh rc nhan CTS lam truc. Hnh tru (D) cat mat phang ngang
(B) cach mat at rc theo ng tron M. T mot iem M tren ng tron ve
mot cung tron (C) ban knh rc . Cung tron (C) tiep xuc vi CTS tai iem H va
tiep xuc vi mat at tai T. Trong khong gian ba chieu no tao thanh mot hnh
chop tron xoay quanh CTS co nh la H va ban knh ay la
r0 = OT = rc = OH . ay chnh la trng hp co pham vi bao ve ln nhat.
Nhng cung la trng hp hieu qua bao ve cua CTS kem, v phan CTS
HH = h r c khong co tac dung bao ve: khi tien ao set cham ban cau (A)
set anh vao nh H cua CTS, khi tien ao set cham vao mat phang ngang B
th set se anh xuong at, nhng khi tien ao set cham mat tru (D) th set se
anh vao phan than cot thu set.
HH = h r c

Tom lai trng hp chieu cao h cua cot thu set ln hn khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung rc th ch co phan cot co chieu cao h = rc co tac dung
bao ve va pham vi bao ve trong trng hp nay la ln nhat. Con phan than
cot t nh H en H ( HH = h rc ) co the b set anh vao, tc khong co tac
dung bao ve.
3.5.3. Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set
a) Trng hp o cao cua day chong set h < rc (H.3.19)

101

Hnh 3.19: Pham vi bao ve cua DCS trng hp h < rc .

Cung vi cach ve tng t, pham vi bao ve cua day chong set (DCS)
trong trng hp nay, trong khong gian hai chieu (tren mot mat phang vuong
goc vi truc DCS) c gii han bi cac cung tron (C) co tam tai M ban knh
bang rc .
Khi tien ao set cham vao mat tru A th set se anh vao DCS, con khi
tien ao set cham vao mat phang B th set anh xuong at.
Pham vi bao ve ln nhat khi h = rc .
b) Trng hp h > rc (H.3.20)

Khi rc < h < 2 rc pham vi bao ve thu hep ch con mot vung nam di day
chong set c gii han bi cung tron (C) co tam tai M va ban knh rc (H.3.20a).
h cang ln hn nhieu so vi rc th pham vi bao ve cang b thu hep va khi
h 2 rc th pham vi bao ve khong con na (H.3.20b).

102

Hnh 3.20: Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set, trng hp h > rc
c) Pham vi bao ve cua hai DCS.

Xet trng hp tong quat: hai DCS co o cao khac nhau, h1 < h2 < 2 rc .
Hnh 3.21 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve trong mot mat phang
vuong goc vi ng day.
T cac iem H1 , H2 tren cung mot mat phang vuong goc vi cac DCS1
va DCS2 lam tam ve cac cung tron A1 , A2 ban knh rc . Cac cung tron nay
cat mat phang (B) cach mat at rc tai cac iem M1 , M2 va cat nhau tai M3 .

Hnh 3.21a: Trng hp

h1 < h2 < Rc

Hnh 3.21b: Trng hp

Rc < h1< h2

Hnh 3.21 Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua 2 DCS

co chieu cao khac nhau.

T cac iem M1 , M2 va M3 lam tam ve cac cung tron (C) ban knh rc .
Cac cung tron (C) chnh la gii han cua pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set
1 va 2.

IV. PHAM VI BAO VE CUA LI KIM LOAI

Pham vi bao ve cua mot li kim loai nam ngang co the xac nh t
pham vi bao ve cua hai day thu set song song at cach nhau d bang canh cua
o li hnh vuong (hoac la bang canh be nhat cua o li hnh ch nhat).
Tren c s cua mo hnh ien hnh hoc gia hai day thu set (nh la mot
phan t cua li) pham vi bao ve c gii han bi mat cau (C) (H.3.22).

103

Hnh 3.22 Pham vi bao ve cua mot o li

Trong ap dung thc te, e n gian thng thay the mat cau (C) bi mat
phang ngang tiep xuc vi mat cau ( chnh gia chom cau). Mat phang gii
han pham vi bao ve nay nam thap hn chieu cao cua li mot oan ; khong
phu thuoc vao o cao cua li tren mat at.
Vi cho trc th be rong o li d bang:
d = ( 2rc ) , m

(3.21)

Neu cho trc be rong o li d th bang:

= rc rc2 ( d / 2)2 , m

(3.22)

V du: Vi o li co kch thc 5m 10m (H.3.23) th canh be nhat cua o

li bang d = 5m.

Hnh 3.23 V du xac nh v tr cua mat phang gii han () theo be rong be nhat
cho trc (d) cua o li bao ve.

104

Neu cong trnh can c bao ve theo mc o tin cay cao th tng ng
vi khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc = 30m th:
= 30 302 ( 5 / 2)2 = 0,104m = 10, 4 cm
Neu cong trnh can c bao ve vi mc o tin cay bnh thng, tc
tng ng vi rc = 45m th:
= 45 452 ( 5 / 2)2 = 0, 0695m = 6, 95cm

V. DAY CHONG SET BAO VE CHO DAY DAN CUA NG

DAY TAI IEN CAO AP
Vi mc bao ve nao o, xac nh c khoang cach phong ien cuoi
cung rci ( Isi ) tng ng vi bien o dong set Isi . Tren mat phang vuong goc
vi truc ng day lay truc DCS lam tam ve cung tron (Ai) ban knh rc va lay
truc DD lam tam ve cung tron (Bi) ban knh rci , 2 cung tron (Ai) va (Bi) cat
ng thang (Di) cach mat at rci va cat cung tron (Bi) tai Mi. Neu au tien
ao set cham vao cung tron (Ai) set se anh vao DCS, neu au tien ao set
cham vao cung tron MiNi cua cung tron (Bi) set se anh vao DD, con neu tien
ao set cham vao ng thang Di set se anh xuong at (H.3.24).

Hnh 3.24 S phu thuoc cua pham vi bao ve cua day chong set vao bien o dong set

105

Vi tien ao dong set Ij > Ii th cung MjNj se ngan hn, co ngha la kha
nang set anh vao DD se giam bt. Khi bien o dong set at en Ik th khong
con vong cung (Bk) na, ng tron (Ak) cat trc tiep ng thang (Dk) cach
mat at rck tai Mk, co ngha la kha nang set anh vao DD la be nhat. Nh
vay kha nang set anh vao DD ch xay ra oi vi nhng dong set co bien o
Is Isk. Isk chnh la bien o ti han cua dong set, tng ng vi khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung. rck = 2 Isk + 30(1 e Isk / 6,8 ) . Vi mot ng day tai
ien cao ap co cac kch thc hnh hoc a cho th khi set anh vi bien o
dong set ln hn hoac bang gia tr ti han Is > Isk th day dan se khong b set
anh tc la day dan nam trong pham vi bao ve cua day chong set. Con cac
dong set co bien o Is Isk eu co kha nang anh vao DD, va Is cang be th
xac suat set anh vao DD cang cao.
3.5.4. Phng phap qua cau lan va ng dung
a. Xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot he thong thu set bat ky Phng phap lan
qua cau set
C s tren ly thuyet mo hnh ien hnh hoc mot phng phap tong quat
a c xay dng phng phap lan qua cau set e kiem tra xem vi he
thong thu set a thiet ke, cong trnh can c bao ve co nam trong pham vi
bao ve vi mc o tin cay oi hoi hay khong.

Ban knh cua mo hnh qua cau set c chon bang khoang cach phong
ien cuoi cung rc tng ng vi mc o tin cay yeu cau theo mot ty le nao
o, v du t 1/100 en 1/500. Tam K cua mo hnh qua cau set mo phong au
tia tien ao set, khi bat au nh hng ve pha he thong thu set bao ve cong
trnh hoac ve pha mat at co cung khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc .
Xay dng mo hnh cua cong trnh c bao ve cung vi he thong thu set
theo ty le a chon.
Bay gi lan qua cau set theo moi hng co the co cua cong trnh:
- Xung quanh ngoai vi cua cong trnh.
- Theo moi hng mai, noc, v.v... cua cong trnh.
Cong trnh coi nh c bao ve chong set anh thang vi mc o tin cay
yeu cau neu:
- Khi lan qua cau set xung quanh ngoai vi cong trnh, qua cau set ch
cham at va cham vao he thong thu set ma khong cham vao cong trnh
c bao ve.

106

- Khi lan qua cau set theo moi hng mai, noc,... qua cau set ch cham
vao he thong thu set ma khong cham vao cong trnh theo cac hng
nay.
Can lu y, neu cong trnh co mai bang kim loai, co lp giap kim loai hay
cot thep (cua cau truc be tong, cot thep) tng vach ngoai vi cong trnh va
c noi at tot th co the coi chung nh mot bo phan cua he thong thu set.
Neu qua cau set cham vao mot phan nao o cua cong trnh th s bao ve
cho phan nay cua cong trnh la khong at, can phai cai tien, tang cng he
thong thu set cho en khi qua cau set khong con cham vao cong trnh bat c
mot ni nao.
Trng hp cong trnh co cau truc n gian co the khong can thiet phai
xay dng mo hnh ma thong qua trc giac (suy ngh, can nhac hoac tnh toan
tren c s mo hnh ien hnh hoc) co the i en ket luan ve kha nang bao ve
cua cong trnh.
e v du, hnh 3.25 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot
nhom 4 kim thu set co cung o cao h bao ve cho mai bang cua mot cong trnh
kch thc X Y. qua cau set vi tam K, ban knh rc , tng ng vi mc o
tin cay yeu cau, tiep xuc vi nh cua 4 kim thu set va chom cau cach mat
bang mai mot oan h. Nh vay, mai cong trnh nam hoan toan trong pham vi
bao ve cua 4 kim thu set.

107

Hnh 3.25 Pham vi bao ve cua 4 kim thu set

b. ng dung phng phap qua cau lan e xac nh v tr set anh tren cau
truc cao co hnh dang phc tap
Khi lan mot qua cau vi ban knh bang khoang cach phong ien qua mot
cau truc t moi hng, iem nao tren cau truc cham vao be mat qua cau th
iem o co kha nang b set anh vao vi bien o dong set tng ng vi
khoang cach phong ien bang ban knh qua cau. Ro rang la iem nao tiep xuc
cang lau vi be mat qua cau khi lan eu th xac suat b set anh vao iem o
cang cao. ta noi rang be mat nho ra cua iem o ln. Be mat nay chnh la quy
tch nhng iem tam cua qua cau khi lan (xoay) xung quanh iem o. Ta nh
rang tam cua qua cau chnh la au tien ao cua cu set. Do o oi vi mot
iem nhon, quy tch cac iem tien ao tao thanh mat cau, be mat nho ra cua
mot iem nam tren mat phang ch la mot iem, khi lan qua cau th be mat
qua cau lap tc i qua iem khac. Ngha la xac suat set anh vao mot iem
tren mat phang la nho nhat.
1. Xac suat set anh vao cac cau truc co hnh dang n gian

Ap dung phng phap mo ta tren, ta co the anh gia xac suat tia tien ao
se cham vao mot cau truc n gian nh la hnh tru thon thang ng, mot cau
truc mong hnh ch nhat dng ng, mot cau truc hnh khoi, mot cau truc hnh
tru hoac mot hnh chop.
oi vi hnh tru thon thang ng (H.3.26) phan tren cung co xac suat tia
tien ao cham en ln nhat (quy tch au tien ao la hnh ban cau). Tiep en
la phan di cua cot (quy tch la cac ng tron).

108

Hnh 3.26 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao tai phan tren
cua cau truc hnh tru nhon thang ng

oi vi mot cau truc mong hnh ch nhat nh bc tng (H.3.27) cac

iem co xac suat tia tien ao cham en cao la hai iem goc cua bc tng
(mot na hnh tron).

Hnh 3.27 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao tai cac bo phan khac nhau cua cau truc
mong hnh ch nhat

oi vi cau truc hnh khoi (H.3.28), cac iem co xac suat cao nhat la bon
goc cua cau truc (mot phan tam mat cau) tiep en la cac iem tren cac canh
ng va ngang (mot phan t ng tron).

Hnh 3.28 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh khoi

oi vi hai trng hp bc tng mong va cau truc hnh khoi, dng nh

xac suat tien ao set cham vao cac iem tren canh nam ngang bang vi xac

109

suat oi vi cac iem tren canh ng. Nhng cac iem tren canh nam ngang co
xac suat tia tien ao cham vao cao hn do trong thc te set anh vao iem theo
hng nam ngang khong pho bien bang cu set anh t hng nghien hoac thang
ng.
oi vi cau truc hnh tru tron, o canh cung la hnh tron (hnh 3.29),
cac iem tren canh tron co xac suat set anh cao nhat (Quy tch la mot phan
mat cau).

Hnh 3.29 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh tru

oi vi cau truc co hnh chop kim t thap (H.3.30), ta co the coi nh cau
truc la s ket hp cua mot tru bo tr truc cua hnh khoi. iem co xac suat
cao nhat nam ngon cua kim t thap (quy tch la mat cau) tiep en la cac goc
cua ay hnh chop va sau o la cac canh xien. ieu nay giai thch tai sao set
anh vao cac cau truc hnh chop thng xay ra ngon hoac rat gan ngon, va
set van anh vao cac canh xien di ngon.

Hnh 3.30 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh chop
2. Xac suat set anh vao cac cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

110

Mot cau truc phc tap co the c coi nh la s ket hp cua cac cau truc
n gian a c xem xet tren. Cac iem tren cau truc vi xac suat b set
anh cao co the xac nh bang phng phap mo ta tren oi vi cac cau truc
n gian thanh phan cua cau truc phc tap.
Ap dung phng phap nay oi vi cau truc co hnh dang phc tap
(H.3.31) se nay sinh van e phu hoac giao nhau cua cac quy tch do viec gan
ung cua cac cau truc n gian khac nhau.
Khi o, quy tch ngoai cung se mang tnh troi hn so vi quy tch ben
trong. Do o, xac suat tia tien ao cham vao oi vi cac iem se t le vi kch
thc (ngha la dien tch va chieu dai) cua quy tch troi hn nhng iem khac.

Hnh 3.31 Cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

Phan tch mot cau truc phc tap co dang bac thang cho thay rang xac
suat set anh vao canh cua bac tren cung (A) va di cung (B) cao nhng thap
oi vi canh cua bac gia do o ln cua cac quy tch tng ng. Trong thc
te, ngi ta quan sat c set anh vao canh cua bat di cung cua cau truc
co dang bac thang nh vay.

Hnh 3.32 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao oi vi cac iem A, B, C

cua cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

111

Vi phng phap tren, khi thiet ke he thong bao ve chong set, ta co the
xac nh v tr lap at kim thu set nhng iem nhay cam vi set e co
c he thong bao ve hieu qua va kinh te.

112

Chng

NOI AT TRONG HE THONG IEN

4.1 CAC KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Tac dung noi at la e tan vao at dong ien s co (ro cach ien, ngan
mach, cham at hoac dong ien set) va gi cho ien the tren cac phan t c noi
at thap. Theo chc nang cua no, noi at trong he thong ien chia lam ba loai.
Noi at lam viec co nhiem vu bao am s lam viec cua trang thiet b
ien trong cac ieu kien bnh thng va s co theo cac che o qui nh. o la
noi at iem trung tnh cac cuon day may phat, may bien ap cong suat va
may bu, noi at may bien ap o lng, noi at trong he thong pha at (at
c dung nh mot day dan).
Noi at an toan hay noi at bao ve co nhiem vu bao am an toan cho
ngi phuc vu khi cach ien cua trang thiet b ien b h hong gay ro ien. o
la noi at vo may phat, may bien ap, vo thiet b ien, vo cap, noi at cac ket
cau kim loai cua trang b phan phoi ien. Noi chung, o la noi at cac bo
phan kim loai, bnh thng co ien the bang khong, nhng khi cach ien b h
hong do phong ien xuyen thung hay phong ien mat se co ien the khac
khong.
Noi at chong set nham tan dong ien set vao at, gi cho ien the cua
cac phan t c noi at khong qua cao e han che phong ien ngc t cac
phan t o en cac bo phan mang ien va trang thiet b ien khac. o la noi
at cot thu set, day chong set, cac thiet b chong set, noi at cac ket cau kim
loai co the b set anh.

Trong rat nhieu trng hp, cung mot he thong noi at ong thi thc
hien hai hoac ba nhiem vu noi tren.
Cac loai noi at thong thng c thc hien bang mot he thong nhng coc
thep (hoac ong) ong vao at hoac nhng thanh ngang bang cung loai vat lieu

113

chon trong at, hoac coc va thanh noi lien nhau va noi lien vi vat can noi at.
Coc thng lam bang thep ong hoac thep thanh tron khong r (hoac ma kem),
ng knh t 3 en 6cm, dai t 2 en 3m hoac bang thep goc 4040mm.mm,
5050mm ong thang ng vao at, con thanh ngang bang thep thanh det tiet dien
(35)(2040)mm2 hoac thep thanh tron ng knh 10 en 20mm. Coc va thanh
c goi chung la cc noi at, thng c chon sau cach mat at 50 en 80cm e
giam bt anh hng thi tiet khong thuan li (qua kho ve mua nang, b bang gia
ve mua ong) va tranh kha nang b h hong ve c gii (do ao bi cay cuoc).
Dong ien I chay qua cac cc tan vao at, tao nen trong at quanh no
mot ien trng (ien trng trong moi trng dan ien). Moi iem trong ien
trng o ke ca tren mat at co mot ien the nhat nh. Tren mat at nhng
iem cach xa cc khoang 20m tr len co the coi nh co ien the bang khong
(cng o trng cac khoang cach o thng khong qua 1V/m). ien the
cua cc noi at oi vi cac iem co ien the khong, ve tr so bang ien ap
giang tren cc c goi la ien ap tren cc U.
g ien tr noi at c nh ngha nh la t so gia ien ap tren cc U
va dong ien qua no I.
R =

U
I

(4.1)

g ien tr R gom ien tr cua ban than ien cc va ien tr tan trong
at. ien tr cua ban than ien cc phu thuoc vao vat lieu va kch thc cua
cc. Khi tan dong mot chieu hoac xoay chieu 50Hz th tr so cua ien tr ban
than ien cc rat be co the bo qua. Khi tan dong ien xung co o doc ln
(dong set) no co the co tr so ang ke, se c xet sau.

ien tr tan trong at co tr so ln hn nhieu va phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu

to nh kch thc, hnh dang, so lng, cach bo tr cac ien cc, phu thuoc vao
dang va tr so dong ien, phu thuoc tnh chat, cau tao, trang thai cua at va thi
tiet.

114

Hnh 4.1 Phan bo the quanh ien cc trong at

g Khi tan dong set, do tr so bien oi nhanh theo thi gian nen e mo ta
qua trnh truyen song ien t tren cc noi at thng dung s o thay the
thong so rai tng t nh tren ng day tai ien. Tuy nhien trong s o thay
the thong so rai nay, ien tr tac dung cua ban than ien cc ro rat be so vi
cam khang Lo cua ien cc va dong qua ien dung Co cua no rat be so vi
dong qua ien dan tan go ra moi trng at quanh ien cc nen co the bo qua
ro va Co (H.4.2). Nh o, phng trnh mo ta qua trnh truyen song tren cc
at n gian hn va co the giai bang cac phng phap giai tch n gian thong
dung:

u
i
= Lo ;
x
t

i
= go u
x

Hnh 4.2 S o thay the khi tan dong set qua cc noi at

g Khi dong set vi o doc au song ln chay qua ien cc th, ban au
do t thong khong bien thien ot ngot, nen ien cam cua cc co tac dung can
tr dong ien i sau vao chieu dai cua no, do o tr so ien tr noi at thi

115

iem ban au ln va giam dan theo thi gian, ien ap giang au vao ln va
giam dan theo chieu dai ien cc, tc la ien the phan bo khong eu tren ien
cc.
Anh hng cua ien cam se giam dan theo thi gian, ien ap phan bo
theo chieu dai ien cc tr nen eu an hn va khi qua trnh qua o ket thuc
ien tr tan on nh bang:
1
(4.2)
R =
= R:
go l
vi: go - ien dan tan cua at tren mot n v chieu dai cua ien cc
l - chieu dai ien cc.
R cung chnh la tr so ien tr tan R~ khi tan dong mot chieu hoac xoay
chieu tan so 50Hz v trong trng hp nay anh hng cua ien cam Lo khong
ang ke, do toc o bien thien dong ien be.
Nh vay anh hng cua ien cam Lo cua ien cc thay oi theo thi gian
cua qua trnh truyen song qua ien cc, ngha la phu thuoc vao hang so thi
gian cua qua trnh qua o T Lo . go . l2 tc la phu thuoc rat nhieu vao chieu
dai l cua ien cc noi at.
Khi tan dong set, tr so ien tr tan cua cc noi at ln nhat gan ung
vao luc dong set at tr so cc ai, tc la luc t =T s Neu hang so thi gian
cua qua trnh qua o T = T

th luc dong ien set at tr so cc ai, qua

trnh qua o a ket thuc, anh hng cua ien cam Lo khong con na, ien tr
tan co tr so bang R = 1 va co the coi phan bo the theo chieu dai ien cc
gol

gan ong nhat, tc la ien the tai moi iem tren ien cc gan bang nhau.
Trng hp nay ng vi hnh thc noi at bang coc hoac thanh ngang, co
chieu dai khong ln va c goi la hnh thc noi at tap trung. Neu cc noi
at dai, T co the bang hoac ln hn s ( T T s ) th khi dong set qua tr so
cc ai ( t =T

qua trnh qua o cha ket thuc, anh hng cua ien cam

van ton tai, do o ien tr tan xung ln hn ien tr tan on nh Rx R .

ay la trng hp noi at keo dai hay noi at phan bo. ien the phan bo
khong eu tren ien cc, au vao cao va giam dan theo chieu dai ien cc.
Khi tan dong set, ngoai anh hng cua ien cam L cua cc noi at con
mot yeu to quan trong na anh hng en tr so cua ien tr tan noi at, o la
hien tng phong ien tia la trong at. Khi dong set co bien o ln, cng o

116

trng xung trong at quanh ien cc co tr so bang Ex = s x vi s - mat

o dong set, x ien tr suat xung cua at, co the co tr so cao vt qua tr so
trng ti han cua at Epat th se gay nen phong ien tia la trong at
( Epat gan bang 1012 kV/cm), vung at quanh ien cc tr nen dan ien
tot, khien ien tr tan xung giam va trong trng hp khi chieu dai ien cc
ngan th ien tr tan xung co the be hn ca ien tr tan xoay chieu tan so
50Hz. ( Rx < R~ )
Tom lai, oi vi noi at chong set, can phan biet ien tr hay tong tr
tan xung (Zx hay Rx) vi ien tr tan on nh R. Quan he gia hai tr so nay
bieu th bi he so xung x = R x

Neu anh hng cua ien cam cua cc noi at nho (chieu dai be) th
x < 1 tng ng vi hnh thc noi at tap trung, ngc lai neu anh hng
cua ien cam ln (chieu dai ln) th x 1 , tng ng vi hnh thc noi at
keo dai.

4.2 IEN TR TAN NOI AT TAN SO CONG NGHIEP R~

Cac kien thc ve noi at an toan a c trnh bay giao trnh an toan
ien, ay ch nhac lai mot vai iem co lien quan en viec tnh toan va thiet
ke he thong noi at chong set cho tram va nha may ien. Theo Qui pham ve noi
at trong li ien hien hanh cua ta th:
g oi vi he thong co trung tnh trc tiep noi at (tc he thong co dong
ngan mach cham at mot pha ln I > 500 A va thi gian duy tr khoang t
0,15s (xac nh bi thi gian tac ong cua bao ve rle chnh) th ien tr cua
noi at an toan cua trang thiet b ien trong moi trng hp va moi ieu kien
thi tiet khong c vt qua 0, 5 ( R 0, 5 ) .
g oi vi he thong co trung tnh cach ien ( I 500 A ) neu noi at

rieng cho cac thiet b ien cao ap (U 1000V ) th ien tr noi at an toan
cho phep: R 250/I , , neu noi at chung cho ca thiet b ien ap cao
(U 1000V ) va ien ap thap (U < 1000V ) th ien tr noi at an toan cho
phep tnh theo: R 125/I , .

Nhng trong ca hai trng hp, ien tr tan noi at an toan cho phep
khong vt qua 4 10 oi vi noi at cua tram va nha may ien va khong
qua 5 30 oi vi noi at cot ien ng day. Trong cac cong thc tren I
la dong cham at mot pha tnh tai ni nh at noi at. Neu he thong co trung

117

tnh cach ien th:

I = 3CU p

vi: C - ien dung cua pha oi vi at

Up - ien ap pha.
Neu he thong co trung tnh noi at qua cuon dap ho quang th
g

I = | I L I C | la dong ien bu d.

ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep (on nh) cua cac ien cc noi at
dang n gian, trong moi trng at ong nhat, co the xac nh bang giai tch.
V du: oi vi mot ien cc hnh ban cau, ban knh ro, noi vi mot vo
may bien ap cong suat, gia s v mot ly do nao o xay ra cham vo (phong
ien mat cach ien ngoai hay phong ien xuyen thung cach ien trong)
dong ien tan so cong nghiep se qua ien cc ban cau tan vao at (H.4.3).
ien tr tan cua lp at nam gia hai mat ang the co ban knh r va r + dr
bang:
dr
dR =
2r2
vi la ien tr suat cua dat
Nh vay ien tr tan cua ien cc hnh ban cau ban knh ro bang:

R =

ro

dR =

dr

r2

ro

2ro

(4.2)

118

Phan bo the tren mat at xung quanh ien cc noi at hnh ban cau c
xac nh theo:

r = I dR =
r

I
2r

(4.3)

vi I la dong ien cham at qua ien cc.

Ngi tiep xuc vi vo may luc xay ra s co chu tac dung cua mot hieu so
ien the gia vo may va ban chan goi la ien ap tiep xuc:
U tx = ro : c

Ngi (hay thu) i trong khu vc gan thiet b trong thi gian s co chu
mot hieu so ien the gia hai ban chan goi la ien ap bc:
U b = c1 c2

ien the vo may bang ien ap giang tren ien cc tiep at:
U m = I R = I

2ro

e am bao an toan cho ngi van hanh, he thong noi at phai c thiet ke
sao cho ien ap tiep xuc va ien ap bc trong moi ieu kien khong vt qua tr
so nguy hiem cho ngi. e thoa man yeu cau nay, phai co bien phap giam nho
ien tr tiep at R, phai co bien phap can bang the trong khu vc gan thiet b
c noi at va tang ien tr oi vi dong ien qua ngi vao at bang cach dung
em cach ien, ung, gang tay cach ien. Tren mat at khu vc tram thng c
rai mot lp soi hoac a dam day khoang 8 15 cm co tac dung gi am cua lp
at tren va tang cng ien tr oi vi dong ien chay vao t ban chan qua c the
ngi, do o, giam kha nang b ien giat. Tuy thuoc chung loai, kch thc, tnh
trang be mat sach hay ban, o am cua moi trng va thi tiet, ien tr suat cua
lp soi, a nay thay oi trong mot pham vi rong, co the t mot vai ngan .m en
hang trieu .m.
ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep (on nh) cua mot so dang ien cc
thng dung, c xac nh theo cac cong thc bang 4.1.
Bang 4.1
Loai ien cc

Cach chon

Cong thc tnh ien tr tan

Ghi chu

119

Coc chon noi

Coc chon chm

4l
ln
2l d

Rc =

2l 1 4t + l
(ln + ln
) (4.5)
2l
d 2 4t l

vi t = to +

(4.4)

nh tren

l
2

l2
Rt =
ln
2l dto

Thanh chon chm

Neu dung
sat goc co be
rong b th thay d
= 0,95b

Rc =

Neu dung
sat det co be
rong b th thay

(4.6)

d=

Rv =

Thanh hnh
xuyen chon chm

22D

(ln

8D
D
+ ln
)
d
4to

(4.7)

b
2

nh tren

vi D la ng knh hnh xuyen

oi vi ien cc thanh at nam ngang bo tr theo nhieu kieu khac nhau

(bang 4.2) co the dung cong thc tong quat sau e tnh ien tr tan tan so
cong nghiep mot cach gan ung:
Rt =

kL2
ln
2L
dto

(4.8)

vi: L - tong chieu dai cua ien cc (neu la mach vong th lay bang chu vi)
d - ng knh cua thanh dung lam ien cc - neu dung sat
det th thay d = b/2 vi, b la be rong sat det
to - o chon sau ien cc
k - he so phu thuoc cach bo tr thanh ngang co tnh en hieu ng man
che, cho trong (bang 4.2) c xac nh bang thc nghiem.
Bang 4.2 He so hnh dang k dung trong cong thc (4.8)
S o bo tr
thanh

k
1

S o bo tr thanh

l1 / l2

5,53

120

1,27

1,5

5,81

1,46

6,42

2,38

8,17

8,45

10,40

19,2
l2

4D 2

ien tr noi at cua to hp nhieu ien cc

e am bao yeu cau ve tr so ien tr noi at, thng phai dung cac hnh
thc noi at to hp, gom mot so lng nhat nh cac thanh va coc noi lien
nhau theo nhieu cach khac nhau (tia, mach khep kn).
Trong trng hp nay, dong ien s co t cac ien cc tan vao at khong
ong eu theo moi phng (H.4.4), do ien trng cua dong ien qua chung
co anh hng lan nhau - o la hieu ng man che, ket qua la hieu qua tan
dong ien cua at kem hn so vi trng hp tng ien cc rieng le, do o
ien tr tan cua to hp Rth: cac ien cc ln hn so vi ien tr tan tng
ng Rt: cua toan bo cac ien cc rieng le:
Rth:

> R1: // R2: // K =

1
n

i=1

hay

Rth:

i=1

suy ra

~ =

Rt:
Rth:

1
Ri:

Rt:
~

1
Ri:

= Rt:

(4.9)

121

la he so s dung khi tan dong ien xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep.

Hnh 4.4 Phan bo ng tan dong ien cua cac ien cc

noi song song vi nhau

e minh hoa hieu ng man che, xet v du mot to hp n gian gom hai
ien cc ban cau noi song song nhau (H.4.5).

Hnh 4.5 To hp hai ien cc hnh ban cau

Trong trng hp nay dong ien chay qua moi ien cc bang I/2. ien
ap giang tren moi ien cc gom hai thanh phan:
- Do ban than dong ien chay trong ien cc o gay nen
- Do dong ien chay trong ien cc kia gay nen.
T o ien tr tan cua to hp gom hai thanh phan xac nh theo:
Rth~ =

U
1 1
=
( + )
I 4 ro a

vi: ro - ban knh ien cc; a - khoang cach gia hai ien cc.
Neu hai ien cc at rat xa nhau, tc a rat ln, ien trng cua chung
khong anh hng lan nhau th:

R
~ = Rt ~ =
Rth
=
4ro
2
tc ien tr tan cua to hp bang ien tr tan tng ng cua cac ien cc. T
so gia ien tr tan cua to hp khi khong ke va khi co ke en hieu ng man che

122

chnh la he so s dung cua to hp noi at.

Trong v du nay:
~ =

~
Rth
=
Rth~

/ 4ro
1
=
1 1
r
/ 4( + )
1+ o
ro a
a

< 1

T v du n gian nay co the rut ra mot qui luat chung la: he so s dung
cua to hp ien cc se giam neu tang kch thc cua ien cc va giam khoang
cach gia chung.
Ngoai ra, he so s dung con phu thuoc vao loai ien cc (coc, thanh...),
so lng va cach bo tr chung. oi vi cac to hp phc tap, he so s dung
c xac nh bang mo hnh va co the tra cu trong cac bang so hoac cac
ng cong cho trong cac tai lieu hng dan thiet ke noi at, cac qui pham ve
noi at cac trang thiet b ien. Neu to hp ien cc noi at gom nhieu coc noi
lien nhau bi cac thanh (theo cac kieu hnh tia hay mach khep kn) th ien tr
tan cua ca he thong Rht~ c xac nh nh la ien tr cua to hp coc Rc noi
song song vi ien tr cua to hp thanh Rt .
Rc
Rc Rt

nc
nc t
Rht =
Rc
R
Rt
+ t
Rt =
nc t
t

Vi Rc =

Rc Rt
Rct + Rt n c

(4.10)

vi: Rt - ien tr cua to hp thanh tnh theo cong thc gan ung (4.8) va bang 4.2
Rc - ien tr tan cua tng coc rieng le
c , t - he so s dung cua coc, thanh trong to hp; n - so coc.

Cac he so s dung c , t phu thuoc vao t so bc coc tren chieu dai coc
( ( a/lc ) , vao so lng coc n, vao cach bo tr thanh (tia, mach khep kn) co the
tra cu theo cac tai lieu a neu tren.

4.3 IEN TR TAN CUA NOI AT CHONG SET

4.3.1 ien tr tan xung cua dang noi at tap trung
oi vi dang noi at tap trung, do chieu dai cua ien cc khong ln, anh
hng cua ien cam ban than ien cc khong ang ke, co the bo qua, trong
khi hien tng phong ien tia la trong at tao nen xung quanh ien cc
mot khu vc dan ien tot. Trong tnh toan gan ung co the coi tia la ien

123

phat trien ong eu, at trong khu vc phong ien tia la co o dan ien
tng ng vi kim loai lam ien cc, co ngha la tng ng vi s tang
kch thc cua ien cc (H.4.6), ngoai ra at ngoai khu vc tia la ien
cung co ien dan tang len t nhieu so vi moi trng at xung quanh.
Khu vc phong ien tia la xung quanh
ien cc c gii han bi be mat co cng o
trng bang cng o trng phong ien trong
at ( E = E p( ) ) . Nh vay, kch thc that cua
ien cc co the c thay the bang kch thc
cua khu vc phong ien tia la ng vi khi dong
ien xung co tr so bang bien o chay qua trong
thi gian bang thi gian au song T s va e
tnh toan ien tr tan xung cua mot loai ien
cc nao th dung cong thc tnh ien tr tan
tan so cong nghiep cua no, ch can thay kch
thc that cua ien cc bang kch thc bieu
kien cua no (tc la kch thc cua khu vc co
phong ien tia la).
Neu at khong ong nhat th trong tnh
toan vi o chnh xac chap nhan c thay
bang t (ien tr suat ang tr) xac nh c trong che o on nh. Sau ay
la mot vai v du:
1- ien cc hnh ban cau, ban knh ro

be mat gii han khu vc phong ien tia la vi ban knh bieu kien rbk ,
cng o ien trng bang:
E =

Is
2
2rbk

t = E p ( )

vi Ep( ) la cng o trng phong ien trong at khi dong bang bien o
chay qua trong thi gian t = s

124

Hnh 4.7 Phong ien tia la trong at ien cc hnh ban cau

T o, ban knh khu vc phong ien tia la hay ban knh bieu kien cua
ien cc bang:
rbk =

Is t
2 E p( )

ien tr tan xung cua ien cc hnh ban cau bang:

t E p( )

Rx =

t
=
2rbk

x =

2E p( )
Rx
r
= o = ro
R~
rbk
Is t

2Is

va he so xung bang:

Nh vay ien tr tan xung khong phu thuoc vao kch thc hnh hoc cua
ien cc ma ch phu thuoc vao cac ac tnh cua at ( t , E p( ) ) va bien o
dong ien, gay nen phong ien tia la trong at.
2- ien cc la coc chon thang co chieu dai l, ng knh d

Khu vc phong ien tia la co dang hnh tru vi ban knh bieu kien rbk ,
cng o trng be mat gii han bang (H.4.6)
Is
Is t
E = E p( ) =
t rbk =
2rbk l
2lE p( )
T o:

Rx

va he so xung bang:

4 l2 E p( )
t
t
2l
=
ln
=
ln
2l
rbk
2l
Is t

125

Rx
=
=
R~

ln

4l2 E p( )
Ist
ln 4 l/d

Cach tnh ien tr tan xung cua mot ien cc thanh chon ngang chieu dai
khong ln va he so xung cua no cung tien hanh tng t
T bieu thc xac nh x cua noi at tap trung, co the rut ra vai nhan xet sau:
g He so xung phu thuoc vao tch Is , co ngha la bien o cua dong set

Is cang ln, ien tr suat cua at cang cao th x cang giam va ien

tr tan xung Rx cang be

g Khi chieu dai cua ien cc tang th x tang (do anh hng cua ien

cam cua ien cc) nhng trong moi trng hp x < 1

Xac nh ien tr tan xung cua mot to hp noi at tap trung

e xac nh ien tr tan xung cua mot to hp noi at tap trung (v du noi
at cua cot thu set oc lap, cua cot ien ng day...) can tien hanh theo cac
bc sau:
g Tnh ien tr tan xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep cua tng loai ien cc
rieng le ( Rc~ , Rt~ )
g Xac nh s phan bo dong set tren tng loai ien cc, gan ung theo t
le nghch cua tr so ien tr tan xoay chieu cua chung.
g Xac nh he so xung cua tng loai ien cc phu thuoc dong set qua
chung va ien tr suat cua at x = f ( I , ) (bang cach tra bang hoac

cac ng cong tng ng cho trong tai lieu thiet ke chong set, so tay
ky thuat ien...) t o xac nh c ien tr tan xung cua tng loai
ien cc rieng le o.

va

Rxc = xc R:

Rxt = xt R:

g ien tr tan cua ca to hp noi at xac nh theo:

Rx

Rxc
Rxt
Rxc . Rxt
1
1
n
=

Rxc
Rxc + nRxt x

+ Rxt x
n

trong o: n - so coc; x - he so s dung xung cua to hp.

126

He so s dung xung x < ~ v khu vc phong ien tia la quanh ien

cc lam tang anh hng man che cua ien trng gia chung vi nhau (kch
thc bieu kien cua ien cc tang lam khoang cach gia cac ien cc giam).
Viec xac nh he so s dung xung x cho cac to hp noi at bang phng phap
giai tch rat phc tap, do o thng c xac nh thc nghiem tren mo hnh.
Tr so x cua cac to hp noi at thng dung, c cho trong cac tai lieu thiet
ke chong set hoac so tay ky thuat ien.
Tnh toan v du: xac nh ien tr
tan xung cua mot to hp noi at gom
mot thanh hnh vong xuyen co D = 8m,
va bon coc men theo thanh (H.4.8).
Dong set qua to hp co bien o
Is = 80kA . Thanh bang thep det
40 4 mm2 ,

coc

bang

thep

ong

dc = 50mm , dai lc = 2m chon sau

to = 0, 8 m . ien tr suat tnh toan
t = 500 m; c = 200 m . ien tr

Hnh 4.8 To hp thanh hnh

vong xuyen co bon coc ven chu vi

tan xoay chieu 50Hz cua cc hnh vong

xuyen tnh theo:

va cua mot coc:

Rv:

Rc :

t
2

2 D

(ln

8D
D
+ ln
) 32
dt
4 to

c
2l
1 4 t + lc
(ln c + ln
) 74
dc 2 4 t lc
2lc

T o ien tr tng ng cua ca bon coc: R4 c = 74 / 4 = 18, 5 .

Dong set phan bo tren cac ien cc t le nghch vi ien tr tan, t he
phng trnh:
R
18, 5
Iv
= 4c =

Rv
32
I4 c
I + I = I = 80kA
4c
s
v

tnh c:
g Dong ien chay trong hnh vong xuyen Iv 30 kA
g Dong ien chay trong moi coc Ic = 50/ 4 13 kA

127

Tng ng vi t = 500 m va Iv = 30 kA tra bang c he so xung

cua hnh vong xuyen xv = 0, 5 Rxv = 32 0, 5 = 16
c = 200 m va Ic = 13 kA tra bang va noi suy c he so xung cua

coc xc = 0, 55 Rxc = 74 * 0, 55 = 41 .
He so s dung xung cua to hp vong co bon coc tra bang c
x = 0, 75 . Cuoi cung tnh c ien tr tan xung cua to hp noi at:
Rx =

41 16
1

8, 3
41 + 16 4 0, 75

4.3.2 ien tr tan xung cua noi at keo dai bang thanh ngang
1- Khi bo qua qua trnh phong ien trong at

Trng hp nay co the xay ra khi dong ien set co bien o khong ln
truyen qua ien cc hoac dong set re theo nhieu nhanh cua he thong noi at.
Trong

thay

the

vi

cac

thong

so

rai

(H.4.9):

l
0, 31) H /m la ien cam theo n v chieu dai cua ien cc.
r
Lo - khong oi va ien dan tan theo n v chieu dai (ng vi mot ien tr
suat cua at va bien o dong set nhat nh) cung khong oi:
Lo = 0, 2(ln

go =

1
,
R~ l

(1/m)

vi: l - chieu dai ien cc, m; r - ban knh thanh, m

R~ - ien tr tan on nh, .

Hnh 4.9 S o thay the cua ien cc thanh dai

128

khi bo qua phong ien trong at

Phng trnh truyen song qua ien cc co dang:

u
i
= Lo
x
t

= go u

va

(4.6)

Vi dong ien set co o doc au song khong oi is(0,t) = at, nghiem cua
phng trnh vi phan cho bien thien cua ien ap theo thi gian t tai mot iem x
bat ky doc theo chieu dai ien cc bang:

a
1
kx
u( x, t ) =
[ t + 2T1
(1 e t/Tk ) cos(
)]
2
go l
l
k=1 k

Lo go l2

vi T1 =

; Tk =

Lo go l2

T1

(4.7)

hang so thi gian cua qua trnh truyen

2
2 k2
k2
song ieu hoa bac mot va bac k.

T o, ien ap au vao (x=0), ni dong set i vao he thong noi at:

u( 0, t ) =

a
1
[ t + 2T1
(1 e t / Tk )]
2
go l
k=1 k

(4.8)

Nh vay, tong tr tan xung au vao tai mot thi iem t bat ky se la:
2T 1
u( 0, t )
1
Z ( 0, t ) =
=
[1 + 1
(1 e t/Tk ]
(4.9)
is ( 0, t )
go l
t k=1 k2

Mot cach gan ung khi dong set at tr so cc ai ( t = s ) th tong tr

xung au vao co tr so ln nhat.
Z ( 0,T

s ) =

2T
1
[1 + 1
go l
T s

k2 (1 eT

s/Tk

)]

(4.10)

k=1

Trong cong thc tren ch can khai trien chuoi , en so hang th i tng ng
s

= 3 , v vi s > 3 th es / Ti < 0, 05 1 es / Ti 1 , ngoai ra a

Ti
Ti
biet:

k2
k=1

2
6

129

So hang ti han th i c xac nh theo:

Ti

Ti =

Lo go l2
i2 2

l 3Lo go
T s

va he so xung cua noi at keo dai:

x =

Z ( 0,T s )
2T
=1+ 1
R~
T s

Hnh 4.10 Quan he Rx = f(t, l)

k2 (1 eT

s /Tk

(4.11)

k=1

Hnh 4.11 Phan bo ien ap doc theo

chieu dai ien cc

T cac bieu thc tren ( 4.9 4.10) co the nhan thay tong tr tan xung
gom hai thanh phan:
g Thanh phan on nh co tr so bang ien tr tan xoay chieu:

R =

1
go l

g Thanh phan cam khang qua o giam theo thi gian. ien cc cang

ngan, hang so thi gian cua qua trnh qua o ( T go Lo l2 ) cang be th qua
trnh qua o cang chong ket thuc, do o tong tr cang tien nhanh en tr so on
nh R, phan bo ien ap theo chieu dai ien cc cang ong nhat hn
(H.4.10).
ien cc cang dai th cang cach xa au vao ien ap cang giam nhanh,
tc la hieu qua tan dong set cang kem. Hnh 4.11 trnh bay s phan bo ien

130

ap doc theo chieu dai ien cc tai thi iem t =T

Trng hp T

s /T1

s .

> 3 th tong tr tan xung khi dong ien qua tr so cc

ai se bang:
Z ( 0, s ) =

2T
1
[1 + 1
go l
s

Z ( 0, s ) = R +

T12
]
=
[
+
]
R
1

2
3 s
k=1 k

Lo l
3 s

2- Khi co qua trnh phong ien trong at

Do anh hng cua ien cam nen mat o dong ien va cng o ien
trng giam dan doc theo chieu dai ien cc, lam cho khu vc phong ien tia
la hep dan. V vay, ien dan tan xung theo n v chieu dai cua noi at keo
dai khong con la hang so na ma phu thuoc vao phan bo ap doc theo chieu
dai ien cc, co ngha la g x = f ( u) . He phng trnh (vi phan) truyen song
tr nen khong ng thang, ch co the giai bang phng phap gan ung hoac
phng phap so. ay se khong i vao qua trnh tnh toan ma ch neu ra mot
vai qui luat bien thien cua tong tr xung cua noi at keo dai khi co hien tng
phong ien trong at.
Hnh 4.12 trnh bay cac ng cong R: = 1/go l; Zo = f ( l ) khi bo qua
phong ien trong at va Zx = f(l) khi co phong ien trong at tng ng cac
dong set co bien o khac nhau ( I1 < I2 < I3 ) va at co ien tr suat nhat
nh.
So sanh cac ng cong co the thay rang mot ien tr suat nhat nh
cua at, khi dong set tang, phong ien trong at manh liet hn se lam giam
tong tr tan xung Zx ang ke.

131

Hnh 4.12 S phu thuoc cua R~, Zo va Zx vao chieu dai ien cc
va dong ien set

Khi chieu dai ien cc khong ln lam th co the Z x < R: va x 1 , khi

chieu dai ien cc tang th co the Z x > R: va x > 1
T o co the rut ra ket luan la: ng vi mot tr so va I nhat nh co
mot tr so gii han cua chieu dai ien cc ma vt qua gii han o, tong tr
tan xung khong giam khi tang chieu dai ien cc na, hieu qua tan dong set
kem va nh the khong hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat.
V du: bang di ay cho gii han ve chieu dai cua ien cc theo ien
tr suat cua at, tnh toan vi dong set co bien o
I = 40 kA va T ds = 3 6s
( m )

500

1000

2000

4000

lgh (m)

30 40

45 55

60 80

80 100

4.4 IEN TR SUAT CUA AT VA CAC NHAN TO ANH

HNG
e tnh toan thiet ke he thong noi at, can thiet phai biet ien tr suat cua
at, ma ien tr suat cua at phu thuoc vao thanh phan cau tao cua no, vao kha
nang gi am cua at cung nh anh hng cua ieu kien moi trng xung quanh
va thi tiet. at co ket cau hat, goc vo c hoac hu c. trang thai kho, ien

132

dan cua chung khong ln. Nhng khi b tham t, cac muoi khoang von co trong
at se hoa tan thanh dung dch ien phan, lam cho ien dan cua at tang len.
ien dan cua at do o phu thuoc vao mua, vao lng ma, vao o sau, vao cac
vung nc chung quanh, vao mach nc ngam. Kha nang gi am cua at phu
thuoc vao kch thc cua hat at, hat cang be th kha nang gi am cang cao.
Cac loai at thng gap la at cat, at set, at mun.
at cat cau tao bi cac hat thach anh, ng knh t 0,22 mm, co rat t
cac chat ien phan va kha nang gi am kem; khi cat b am khe trong gia cac
hat cat se cha ay nc, ien dan cua cat tang nhanh va co the tang bang
ien dan cua nc.
at set cung co goc vo c, gom nhng hat rat mn ng knh khoang vai
phan ngan mm va trang thai quanh. Trong at set co nhieu thanh phan muoi
khoang, at set co kha nang gi am cao, nen ien dan cua no ln hn nhieu
so vi at cat.
at mun co goc hu c, cung the nhao nhng b, kha nang gi am ln
va cung cha nhieu dung dch ien phan. Khi at set, at mun b am, do s
hnh thanh cac dung dch ien phan, ien dan cua at tang cao co the vt ca
tr so ien dan cua nc.
Trong nam, do ieu kien thi tiet kh tng thay oi lam cho nhiet o cua
at, ham lng cua am trong at va o bao hoa cua chung cac tang at khac
nhau cung thay oi. Do o, ien tr suat cua at bien oi trong mot pham vi
rong, tr so trong mua ma va mua kho co the khac nhau rat xa. Tr so ien
tr suat tin cay nhat dung trong tnh toan thiet ke he thong noi at co c
bang cach o ac tai cho, tai nhieu iem, thc hien nhieu lan va lay gia tr
trung bnh thong ke.
Tr so o c ( o ) phai nhan vi mot he so an toan, goi la he so mua
(km) e chu y en kha nang tang ien tr suat do s thay oi trang thai cua at
khi thi tiet trong nam thay oi bat li:
tt = o: km

(4.12)

vi: tt - ien tr suat tnh toan cua at, .m

o - ien tr suat cua at o c, .m
km - he so mua phu thuoc vao loai noi at, loai ien cc, o chon sau.
Tr so km cho trong bang 4.3.
Trong tnh toan lay tr so km be (theo gii han di) neu khi o at kho
rao va lay km ln (theo gii han tren) neu khi o at am t.

133

Bang 4.3
Loai noi at
Noi at an toan va
noi at lam viec

Noi at chong set

Loai ien cc
Thanh ngang
Coc thang ng
Thanh ngang
Coc thang ng

He so mua km

o chon sau
(m)

at kho

at am

0,5

4,5

6,5

0,8

1,6

0,8

1,4

0,5

1,4

1,8

0,8

1,25

1,45

0,8

1,15

1,3

Noi at an toan va noi at lam viec phai phat huy tac dung vao bat c
luc nao trong nam. Ve mua kho ien tr suat cua at tang cao, do o phai
chon he so mua co tr so ln. Con noi at chong set ch phat huy tac dung vao
mua set, tc la mua ma dong, at am t nen ch can he so d tr thap hn,
tc he so mua be hn.
He so mua con phu thuoc vao o chon sau ien cc. ien cc c chon
cang sau th anh hng do s thay oi thi tiet cang han che. Khi thieu nhng
so lieu o lng ( o ) th trong tnh toan s bo co the dung nhng tr so ien
tr suat cua at cho trong bang 4.4.
Bang 4.4
Loai at
Cat

( m )

Loai at

( m )

400

at en

50

at cat

300

Than bun

20

at tht

100

Nc song

10 50

at set

60

Nc bien

4.5 CAC YEU CAU VE KINH TE KY THUAT KHI THIET KE HE

THONG NOI AT CHO TRAM VA NG DAY TAI IEN
He thong noi at co tr so ien tr tan cang be cang thc hien tot nhiem
vu tan dong ien s co trong at va gi c mc ien the thap tren cac phan
t c noi at.
Tuy nhien, viec giam thap ien tr tan gan lien vi s tieu hao nhieu kim
loai va cong sc (ao bi, ong coc, han cc, lap, nen at...), do o viec nh
gii han cho tr so ien tr tan va viec la chon cac phng an noi at phai
hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat.

134

1- oi vi noi at lam viec, tr so ien tr noi at cho phep quyet nh

bi yeu cau cua tnh trang lam viec cua tng thiet b cu the, ay khong xet
ti. Tr so ien tr cho phep cua loai noi at an toan phai c chon sao cho
cac tr so ien ap bc va ien ap tiep xuc trong moi trng hp khong vt
qua gii han cho phep, gay nguy hiem cho ngi van hanh.
2- Trong cac nha may ien va tram bien ap, noi at lam viec va noi at
an toan cac cap ien ap khac nhau thng c noi thanh mot he thong
chung. Viec tach ri cac loai noi at va theo tng cap ien ap co u iem la
dong ien cham at i trong bo phan nay khong lam tang ien ap bo phan
noi at khac, nhng viec cach ly cac he thong noi at nay gap nhieu kho khan
ve ky thuat - kinh te va nhieu khi khong thc hien c.
Khi noi thanh he thong chung, phai thiet ke theo tr so ien tr tan cho
phep be nhat trong hai loai e am bao an toan va s lam viec bnh thng
trong bat c trng hp nao.
He thong noi at nay cua nha may va tram bien ap thng tao thanh mot
mach khep kn men theo chu vi cua cong trnh, gom mot mach vong thanh va
co the co mot so coc rai eu c han ien vao mach vong thanh. Trong dien
tch khu vc tram con co mot li thanh ngang doc song song nhau, vi o li
t 5 - 20m, co nhiem vu can bang the, e am bao ien ap tiep xuc va ien
ap bc be. Tat ca vo kim loai cua cac thiet b, cac ket cau kim loai, cac
iem trung tnh cua may bien ap cong suat va o lng phai noi vao li noi
at theo ng ngan nhat va vao giao iem cua cac thanh (e dong ien s co
tan theo nhieu ng vao at).
3- Khi cho phep at cac kim thu set tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram
th noi at cua chung c noi chung vao he thong noi at an toan cua tram.
Nh vay khi tan dong set, he thong noi at nay co tnh chat cua mot noi at
phan bo, tong tr tan xung co the ln gap nhieu lan ien tr tan on nh. ien
ap giang tren he thong noi at tang cao co the vt mc cach ien xung cua
tram, lam tang xac suat phong ien ngc tren cach ien cua tram. V vay,
viec li dung ket cau cong trnh e at he thong thu set, noi chung ch co the
thc hien tng oi de dang oi vi cac tram thuoc cac cap U m 110 kV ,
v chung co mc cach ien xung kha cao va tr so ien tr tan on nh be
( R = R: 0, 5 ) . Con oi vi tram 35kV th bien phap nay ch c thc
hien vi nhng ieu kien a qui nh (chng 3), (khong at kim thu set tren

135

xa MBA. ien tr noi at cua day chong set hay cua cot thu set noi lien vi
noi at an toan cua tram khong c vt qua 4 trong pham vi ban knh 20m
oi vi at co ien tr suat < 500 m va trong pham vi 30m oi vi at co
ien tr suat 500 m ). Ngoai ra trong moi trng hp e tan dong set
thuan li phai thc hien noi at bo sung (bang mot so coc hoac thanh ngan
hoac to hp coc thanh) tai cho cot thu set hoac day chong set noi vao he
thong noi at cua tram, ong thi phai am bao khoang cach theo thanh dan
t cho noi at cua MBA en cho noi at cot thu set va day chong set t 15m
tr len. Neu a thc hien cac bien phap tren ma tong tr tan xung cua he
thong noi at chung van ln, khien ien ap giang tren no vt qua mc cach
ien xung cua tram gay nen phong ien ngc vi xac suat ln, th phai at
cot thu set cach ly va tach rieng noi at chong set. Khi o phai bao am
khoang cach trong khong kh va trong at en thiet b cua tram u ln e
khong the xay ra phong ien gia chung vi nhau nh a neu trong chng 3
(chong set anh trc tiep).
4- e giam ton kem, khi thiet ke he thong noi at cua tram va ng day
can chu y tan dung cac hnh thc noi at co san (hay con goi la noi at t
nhien) nh cac ng ong kim loai chon trong at nh ong dan nc (tr cac
ong dan chat long de chay, de no nh xang dau, kh ot, cac ong co sn lp
chong r) vo ch cua cap at trong at, cac ket cau kim loai cua be tong cot
thep, cua mong nha, mong cot... ien tr noi at cua he day chong set - cot
ien cua cac ng day tai ien cao ap noi vao tram. Neu ien tr tan cua
cac noi at t nhien a thoa man yeu cau ky thuat th co the khong at them
noi at nhan tao oi vi he thong co dong ien cham at be hoac ch can at
them he thong noi at nhan tao vi yeu cau a giam nhe ( R 1 ) oi vi he
thong co dong ien cham at ln.
Tr so ien tr noi at t nhien nen xac nh bang o ac tai cho. Trong
tnh toan s bo, co the dung cac cong thc gan ung (se trnh bay trong hng
dan thiet ke chong set).
5- Noi at day chong set cua ng day tai ien cao ap
Noi at cot ien thc chat la noi at chong set, la mot bien phap tang
cng tnh van hanh am bao cua ng day tai ien khi co qua ien ap kh
quyen. e hp ly ve ky thuat va kinh te, Qui pham ve thiet ke ng day tai
ien cao ap qui nh tieu chuan noi at cot ien theo ien tr suat cua at nh

136

bang 4.5.
Bang 4.5: Tieu chuan noi at cot ien
ien tr suat cua at (.m)

ien tr noi at cot ien ()

100

R 10

100 < 500

R 15

500 1000

R 20

500 >

R 30

V khong the o trc tiep ien tr tan xung, nen ch qui nh tr so ien
tr tan tan so cong nghiep. Can c dang noi at va tr so dong set se xac nh
c he so xung va suy ra ien tr tan xung.
Khi ng day i qua vung at am co 300m, nen tan dung ket cau
kim loai trong mong va chan cot bang be tong cot thep lam noi at t nhien
e bo sung hoac thay the cho noi at nhan tao.

4.6 PHNG PHAP DIEN TCH E TNH IEN TR TAN

CUA LI NOI AT
Viec tnh toan he thong noi at an toan cua pham phan phoi ien va nha
may ien t to hp nhng ien cc rieng re (phng phap phan t) co chu y
en hieu ng man che nh tren, tng oi phc tap va khoi lng tnh toan
tng oi ln.
Mot phng phap n gian hn phng phap dien tch, e tnh toan he
thong noi at an toan phc tap c tien hanh theo mot cong thc thc
nghiem (ket qua cua nghien cu mo hnh vat ly he thong noi at trong be
ien phan) nh sau:
R = t (

A
S

1
)
L + nl

trong o: R - ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep cua he thong noi at,
L - tong chieu dai cua toan bo cc thanh ngang, m
l - chieu dai cua mot coc, m; n - so lng coc
S - canh mot hnh vuong tng ng cua dien tch khu vc
tram, gii han bi mach vong noi at ven chu vi khu vc
tram, m

(4.13)

137

A - he so t le, phu thuoc t so

l
S

theo bang 4.6.

t - ien tr suat tng ng cua at khong ong nhat a c qui ve

mo hnh at hai lp ang tr, m.
Bang 4.6
l
S

0,02

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,5

0,44

0,43

0,4

0,37

0,33

0,26

Khi so o li ln ( L ? 4 S ) hoac so coc ln, th R tien en gii han

bang t A/ S tng ng vi ien tr mot tam kim loai khoi ch nhat S l .
Khi tan dong set, he thong noi at nay la mot noi at phan bo phc tap,
bao gom mot li cac thanh ngang doc song song nhau, tong tr tan xung cua
no phu thuoc vao o doc au song dong set (anh hng cua ien cam) va
bien o dong set (hieu ng phong ien tia la). ac trng cho tong tr tan
xung cua noi at keo dai cua tram la s phu thuoc cua tong tr tan xung vao
cho dong set i vao he thong noi at, tc la phu thuoc s bo tr he thong thu
set trong tram.
Khi set anh vao kim thu set trong dien tch tram, dong set i vao chnh
gia cua he thong noi at th tong tr tan xung be hn khi i vao mach vong
chu vi tram, do ien cam giam v co nhieu thanh song song va chieu dai cac
thanh ngan. Viec xac nh tong tr tan xung cua he thong noi at cua tram co
tnh en anh hng cua ien cam cua chung va anh hng cua hien tng
phong ien tia la trong at la mot van e cc k phc tap, hien nay cha co
mot phng phap giai tch nao hoan chnh va c cong nhan rong rai.
Phng phap pho bien la xac nh bang mo hnh vat ly, tren c s phai
thoa ieu kien la mat o dong va cng o ien trng trong mo hnh phai
bang trong he thong noi at that e mo phong ung an hieu ng phong ien
tia la trong at.
Mot so ket qua o at bang mo hnh cho trong hnh 4.14, tren o thay ro
anh hng cua thong so dong set, ien tr suat cua at va kch thc hnh hoc
cua he thong noi at en ien tr tan xung cua no. Khi dien tch tram be va
ien tr suat cua at cao th hien tng phong ien tia la ong vai tro chi
phoi va Z x < R , con khi kch thc tram ln th anh hng cua ien cam tang
va Z x > R . Khi dong set i vao he thong noi at ven chu vi tram th vai tro

138

cua ien cam chi phoi.

e giam ien the tren vo thiet b, do o giam ien ap tac dung len cach
ien cua thiet b, th iem noi at cua thiet b (vao li noi at tram) phai
cach xa iem noi at cua cot thu set va day chong set (vao li noi at tram).
ieu nay co the thc hien, v du, bang cach noi at chung vao nhng thanh
ngang khac nhau cua he thong noi at. Ket qua nghien cu cho thay ien the
giam nhieu nhat 1520m au tien cach iem au vao cua dong set va giam
cang nhanh khi kch thc cua li noi at cang ln va ien tr suat cua at
cang be, co ngha la khi thi gian cua qua trnh qua o trong li noi at cang
ln.

(1)

Is = 40kA

(2)

Is = 100kA

Hnh 4.14 ien tr tan on nh va tong tr tan xung cua li at

( Is = 40 100kA ) co coc va khong coc phu thuoc ien tr suat cua at

Hnh 4.15 cho thay, cang cach xa v tr au vao cua dong set trong he
thong noi at th thi gian au song cua ien ap tang con tr so cc ai cua
ien ap giam.
He so xung cua he thong noi at kieu mang li phu thuoc ien tr
suat cua at ( = 100 600 m ) vao bien o dong set ( Is = 10kA 100kA )
va vao kch thc cua khu vc tram ( S = 20 80 m ) co gia tr phong chng cho

139

hnh 4.16 hoac phong theo (4.14):

=

1500 S
( + 320)( Is + 45)

(4.14)

Hnh 4.15 Dang song ien ap cac iem khac nhau

cua he thong noi at

Tng t nh he so xung cua cc thanh dai l > 10 m trong o S dien tch

(m ); ien tr suat cua at (m) va Is bien o dong set (kA).
2

oi vi tram thuoc li co trung tnh trc tiep noi at, yeu cau ien tr
noi at an toan R 0,5 , trong nhieu trng hp kho co the thoa man c.
ac biet, khi at trong khu vc tram co ien tr suat cao, kch thc cua tram
be va khong li dung c noi at san co. Mat khac, thc te van hanh nhieu
nam cho thay trong nhieu trng hp ien ap an toan oi vi ngi trong cac
tram nay co the at c vi ien tr noi at cao hn 0,5 .

140

Is , kA

10

100

10

100

, .m

100

100

600

600

Hnh 4.16: He so xung cua mang li noi at phu thuoc dong set,
ien tr suat cua at va kch thc khu vc tram

V vay, nhieu nc ieu kien nay a c thay the bang qui nh ve

ien ap giang ln nhat cho phep tren he thong noi at va ien ap tiep xuc cho
phep thay oi theo thi gian duy tr cua dong ngan mach cham at. Thi gian
nay bang tong cua thi gian tac ong cua rle bao ve va thi gian cat cua
may cat theo bang sau.
Thi gian duy tr dong ngan mach (s)

Di
0,1

0,2

0,5

0,7

3 va cao hn

ien ap tiep xuc ln nhat cho phep (V)

500

400

400

130

100

65

ien ap giang tren he thong noi at ln nhat cho phep khong vt qua
10kV.

141

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET

CHO NG DAY TAI IEN
5.1 NG LOI TONG QUAT E TNH TOAN CH TIEU
CHONG SET CUA NG DAY TAI IEN
ng day tai ien tren khong la phan t co chieu dai ln nhat trong he
thong ien nen thng b set anh va chu tac dung cua qua ien ap kh
quyen. Song qua ien ap khong ch gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day, a en cat ien ma con co the truyen theo ng day vao tram gay
nguy hiem cho cach ien cua cac thiet b trong tram, ac biet khi set anh
trc tiep vao day dan hoac vao cot gay phong ien ngc cac oan ng
day gan tram.
Qua ien ap kh quyen xuat hien tren ng day theo hai kha nang: hoac
do set anh vao ng day, hoac do set anh gan ng day gay nen qua
ien ap cam ng. De hieu la trng hp au nguy hiem nhat, v ng day
chu toan bo nang lng cua phong ien set va viec bao ve chong set cho
ng day chnh la nham han che qua ien ap trong trng hp nay.
Nh a trnh bay trong chng 1, set vi tham so cao (bien o, o doc)
xuat hien vi xac suat be, nen se khong hp ly neu la chon cach ien ng
day thoa man qua ien ap ln nhat co the xay ra, ma ch chon theo mot mc o
hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat. Nh vay, yeu cau bao ve chong set oi vi ng
day tai ien khong phai la loai tr hoan toan kha nang xay ra s co do set ma
ch co the giam so lan s co ti mot gii han hp ly ve kinh te, tng ng vi
mot ton that be nhat. Noi mot cach khac, phai so sanh chi ph au t cho cac
bien phap tang cng chong set vi ton that cho nen kinh te quoc dan do mat
ien khi ng day b cat do qua ien ap kh quyen, e tm ra mot li giai toi
u.

142

Sau ay la ng loi tong quat e xac nh ch tieu chong set cua ng

day tai ien.
5.1.1 So lan set anh vao ng day tai ien tren khong
Khi xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set a nhan thay xac suat
set anh vao ng day phu thuoc vao o treo cao cua day dan tren cung
(day dan hoac day chong set). Neu h la o treo cao trung bnh cua day tren
cung th trong pham vi be rong B = 2h ve moi pha cua ng day, toan bo
so lan set anh se vao day dan. Khi B > 2h th xac suat set anh vao day dan
giam dan va khi B 5h th toan bo so lan set anh eu xuong at. Nh vay
trung bnh co the tnh, khi B 3h ve moi pha cua day dan th toan bo set
anh vao day dan. Hay noi mot cach khac, day dan co kha nang thu toan bo
so lan set anh ve pha mnh trong pham vi 2 B 6h ca ve hai pha cua no
(H.5.1).

Hnh 5.1 Xac suat set anh phu thuoc vao khoang cach B

Neu ng day co chieu dai bang L th dien tch cua khu vc 100% set
anh vao ng day la 6hL oi vi ng day co mot day chong set va
( 6h + S) L oi vi ng day co hai day chong set, vi S la khoang cach gia
hai day chong set (hoac day pha cao nhat oi vi ng day khong co day
chong set).
Goi m la mat o set trung bnh trong moi ngay (hoac moi gi) co dong
set va n la so ngay (hoac so gi) co dong set trung bnh moi nam trong khu
vc co ng day i qua, th so lan set anh trung bnh vao ng day trong
mot nam:
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:

143

(5.1)

N = 6hL.m.n.103

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

N = ( 6h + S) L.m.n.103

vi h tnh bang m va L tnh bang km (hoac day pha cao nhat oi vi ng

day khong co day chong set).
Theo cac so lieu quan trac set tren the gii, vung at co o cao bnh
thng so vi mc nc bien, trung bnh trong mot ngay set co khoang
0,10,15 lan set anh vao 1km2 mat at.
nc ta, viec quan trac set mot cach co he thong mi giai oan bat
au, thi gian con ngan, can mot thi gian na e co nhng so lieu thong ke
co o tin cay cao va co tnh chat phap ly ve cac thong so cua set.
5.1.2 So lan phong ien cua cach ien ng day
Phong ien tren cach ien ch xay ra khi qua ien ap kh quyen co tr so
cao hn hoac bang mc cach ien xung (U0,5 ) cua ng day. Dong set co
bien o va o doc tng ng vi qua ien ap bang mc cach ien xung cua
ng day c goi la mc chu set hay mc bao ve chong set cua ng day:
ibv , abv . Xac suat xuat hien dong set bang hoac ln hn mc chu set o cua
ng day cung chnh la xac suat phong ien vp tren cach ien ng day:
vp = P { is ibv } = P { uqa u0,5 }

Nh vay, so lan phong ien tren cach ien ng day trong mot nam:
- oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
N p = Nvp = 6hL.m.n.vp .103 (lan/nam)

(5.2)

- oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

Np = ( 6h + S ) L.m.nvp .103

(lan/nam)

5.1.3 So lan cat ien ng day do set

Khong phai bat c lan phong ien nao tren cach ien ng day eu a
en cat ien, ma cat ien ng day ch xay ra khi phong ie n tia l a xung
chuye n than h pho ng ien ho quang o n nh, duy tr b i ie n a p lam viec
cu a n g da y t c la nga n ma c h cha m a t ba ng ho quang on nh. Th i
gian ca n thie t e pho ng ien tia la pha t trien than h ho quang o n nh

144

ba ng hoa c ln hn th i gian ta c on g cu a rle ba o ve , t c khon g be hn

mot na chu ky ta n so co n g nghie p (0,01s), trong khi o th i gian to n tai
cu a qua ien ap kh quyen thng t khi vt qua 100s (104 s) .
Xac suat chuyen t phong ien tia la thanh phong ien ho quang on
nh phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to (nh cong suat nguon, ieu kien kh tng...)
trong o quan trong nhat la gradient ien ap doc theo chieu dai cach ien (tc
la ien ap tren mot n v chieu dai cua cach ien ng day). Gradient ien
ap lam viec cang cao th ien dan trong khe phong ien cang duy tr lau, do
o viec chuyen thanh ho quang cang thuan li.
Xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh c xac nh bang thc
nghiem.
Elv =

Um kv
( )
3lc m

(chuoi s)

50

30

20

10

0,6

0,45

0,25

0,1

oi vi ng day tai ien t 220kV tr xuong co cot thep hoac be tong

cot thep, co the tnh gan ung xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh tai
chuoi cach ien vi 0,7 va oi vi ien ap t 330kV tr len co the tnh vi
1.
oi vi ng day cot go va cac khoang cach khong kh ln co the xac
nh theo bieu thc thc nghiem sau:
(5.3)

= 1, 5( E1v 4 ).102

vi: E 1v =

U m

3 lpd

- gradient ien ap lam viec trung bnh doc theo chieu dai

phong ien (kV/m); lp - chieu dai cua ng phong ien, m.

Tom lai so lan cat ien ng day do set hang nam bang:
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
N c = Nvp = 6hL.m.n.vp ..103 (lan/nam)

(5.4)

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

Nc = ( 6h + S). L.m.nvp ..103

(lan/nam)

e so sanh kha nang chu set cua cac ng day co thong so khac nhau,

145

i qua nhng vung co hoat ong cua set khac nhau: thng dung suat cat ien
ng day nc, tc la so lan trung bnh cat ien hang nam do set tren 100km
ng day.
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
nc = 0, 6h.m.n.vp .

(lan/nam)

(5.5)

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

nc = ( 6h + S)m.nvp ..101 (lan/nam)
T (5.5) suy ra, muon giam suat cat ien ng day phai giam xac suat
phong ien vp va xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh .
Nh a biet: vp = P {U c U 0,5 } do o e giam xac suat phong ien vp
tuy trng hp cu the, co the bang cach tang cng cach ien ng day (v
du tang so lng a s, dung cot xa go) e tang mc cach ien xung U0,5 cua
ng day, bang cach treo day chong set (hoac tang so day chong set) e
giam so lan set anh thang vao day dan va giam ien ap tac dung tren cach
ien, bang cach giam ien tr noi at cot ien e giam ien ap tac dung tren
cach ien.
e giam xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh , phai giam gradient
ien ap lam viec trung bnh, bang cach tang chieu dai phong ien nh tang so
a s trong chuoi, dung cot xa go (nhng bien phap nay va co tac dung tang
chieu dai phong ien va co tac dung tang mc cach ien xung cua ng
day).
Ngoai ra, mot so bien phap nham muc tieu chu yeu khac, nhng cung co
tac dung giam suat cat ien ng day nh dung may cat co thiet b t ong
ong lai (TL) (v s co do set ch co tnh chat thoang qua), nh noi at iem
trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang (co tac dung giam ).
Xuat phat t ieu kien an toan cung cap ien, so lan cat ien cho phep
trong mot nam co the tnh s bo theo.
N c,cp = N cp (1 TL )

vi: Ncp - so lan ngng cung cap ien cho phep trong nam ( N cp 0,1 khi
khong co d tr va N cp 1 khi co d tr)
TL - he so t ong lai thanh cong, lay bang 0,80,9 oi vi ng day

146

t 110kV tr len co cot thep hoac cot be tong cot thep.

Mot gii han na can tnh en la ieu kien lam viec cua may cat: so lan
cat ngan mach cho phep gia hai lan ai tu hoac so lan lam viec cua may cat
trong chu ky TL, gia hai lan kiem tra. Tren c s nhng ieu kien tren, tuy
loai may cat, so lan cat ien cho phep N c,cp = 1 4 .
oi vi ng day sieu cao ap ac biet quan trong th so lan cat cho
phep phai nho hn tr so tren.
5.1.4 Ch tieu chong set cua ng day
M =

1
nc

trong o M la khoang thi gian trung bnh gia hai lan cat ien
ng day lien tiep do set gay nen.

5.2 QUA IEN AP CAM NG

Khi set anh gan ng day, ien t trng cua dong set tao nen gan mat
at, tac dung tren day dan cua ng day, se gay nen qua ien ap cam ng.
Tng ng vi hai thanh phan cua ien va t trng:
E = grad va E = dA / dt

vi: - the vo hng; A - the vect tai iem khao sat.

ien ap cam ng gom hai thanh phan: ien ap cam ng ien U c va ien ap
cam ng t U tc ma ban chat vat ly cua chung nh sau:

Hnh 5.2: S xuat hien qua ien ap cam ng do set anh

147

gan ng day

5.2.1 Thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien U c

Khi ien tch cua may dong (phan ln la ien tch am) theo dong tien
ao phat trien ve hng mat at th tren day dan cua ng day tai ien xuat
hien nhng ien tch dng rang buoc, con ien tch am t do tren day dan, do
toc o phat trien cham cua dong tien ao, se ri khoi khu vc anh hng cua
dong tien ao. Trng cua ien tch dng rang buoc can bang vi trng cua
ien tch am trong dong tien ao, nen the cua day dan trong giai oan phong
ien tien ao bang khong. (neu khong ke en ien ap lam viec tan so cong
nghiep cua day dan).
Ngay khi bat au giai oan phong ien chu yeu, ien tch trai dau t mat
at tran vao khe tien ao va trung hoa vi ien tch am cua khe tien ao:
trng do no tao nen b kh. Ket qua la ien tch dng rang buoc tren day
dan c giai phong chay ve hai pha cua day dan tao nen song qua ien ap
tren day dan. o la thanh phan ien cua qua ien ap cam ng.
Neu s trung hoa ien tch trong khe tien ao xay ra tc thi th tr so cc
ai cua ien ap cam ng ien tren day dan gan ni set o bo nhat se bang:
U c = k

vi: - mat o ng cua ien tch trong khe tien ao

k - he so t le; h - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan
b - khoang cach ngan nhat t ni set o bo en day dan cua ng day.
Trong thc te, s trung hoa ien tch trong khe tien ao xay ra vi toc o
v cua phong ien chu yeu (v = (0,1 0,3).C) nen ien tch rang buoc c giai
phong dan dan. Toc o phong ien chu yeu cang be th s giai phong ien
tch rang buoc cang cham va thanh phan ien cua ien ap cam ng cang be.
Neu chu y en ac iem nay th trong cong thc tren a them vao he so f(v)
va ong thi chu y en quan he = is / v th:
U c = k. f ( v)

h is
h

= kd ( v) is
b v
b

trong o k ( v) = k. f ( v)/v giam khi v tang.

5.2.2 Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U tc

148

Di tac dung cua t trng cua dong set trong giai oan phong ien chu
yeu, trong mach vong kn day dan - at xuat hien thanh phan ien ap cam
ng t. Tr so cc ai cua no tang theo tr so cc ai cua dong set va toc o
phat trien cua phong ien chu yeu:
U tc = kt ( v)

h
is
b

trong o kt ( v) la he so tang theo toc o phong ien chu yeu v.

5.2.3 ien ap cam ng ln nhat
Tom lai, tr so cc ai cua qua ien ap cam ng bang:
h
h
c
Umax
= U cmax + U tc
is = kc is
(5.6)
max = [ k ( v) + kt ( v)]
b
b
He so kc = k( v) + kt ( v) t phu thuoc vao toc o phong ien chu yeu v
hai thanh phan ien va t phat trien ngc nhau theo toc o. Tnh toan ly
thuyet cho thay: kc = 30 , do o:
h
is
(5.7)
b
Khi tr so cc ai cua qua ien ap cam ng ln hn o ben ien xung cua
cach ien ng day (U0,5) th se gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day:
c
Umax
= 30

h
is U0,5
b
T o suy ra dong set nguy hiem cho cach ien ng day, tc la mc
chu set (hay mc bao ve) cua cach ien ng day:
c
Umax
= 30

b
(5.8)
30h
Moi dong set ln hn hay bang mc chu set cua ng day is ibv eu
ibv = U 0,5

dan en phong ien tren cach ien ng day. Xac suat xuat hien dong set
nguy hiem o cung chnh la xac suat phong ien cua cach ien ng day:
vp = vibv =

ibv
e 26

u0,5 .b

= e

780 h

(5.9)

5.2.4 Xac nh so lan phong ien tren cach ien ng day do qua ien ap
cam ng

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Hnh 5.3 Pham vi set anh gay qua ien ap cam ng tren ng day

So lan set anh tren dai at rong db ngoai pham vi set anh trc tiep
bmin = 3h doc theo chieu dai L cua ng day gay nen phong ien tren cach
ien ng day (H.5.3) bang:
u0,5 .b
3

dN p = m.n. L.db.10 .e

780 h

Nh vay, toan bo so lan set anh xuong at ve ca hai ben ng day gay
nen phong ien tren cach ien ng day bang:

Np = 2

dNp = 2mnL10

bmin =3 h

U0,5

e 780h

db

3h

N p = 2mnL10

780h
e
U 0,5

U0,5
260

u0,5

h 260
= 1, 56m.n. L
e
u0,5

(5.10)

Suat phong ien tren cach ien ng day la so lan phong ien ng vi
100km chieu dai ng day bang:
np

h
= 156.m.n
e
U0,5

U0,5

(5.11)

260

V du: ng day co o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan tren cung h = 10m i
qua vung set hoat ong manh vi n = 100 ngay/nam, mat o m = 0,1
lan/km2/ngay set. Neu:
ng day, kV

U0,5, kV

np, lan/nam

vp

35

350

11,6

0,26

110

700

1,5

0,068

Qua v du tren co the thay la oi vi ng day 110 kV tr len, do U0,5

150

ln nen suat phong ien thap, ngoai ra neu ng day co day chong set th tr
so qua ien ap cam ng giam thap khoang 30%, thc te co rat t kha nang gay
phong ien tren cach ien ng day, do o trong tnh toan ch tieu chong set
co the bo qua trng hp nay ma sai so khong ang ke.
oi vi ng day t 35 kV tr xuong, do U0,5 be nen suat phong ien np
ln, can phai co bien phap han che suat phong ien do qua ien ap cam ng.
Bien phap thong dung oi vi ng day cac cap ien ap thap nay la dung
cot xa go e tang mc cach ien xung cua ng day va giam xac suat
chuyen thanh ho quang on nh. Ngoai ra, neu li 35kV co trung tnh noi at
qua cuon dap ho quang th xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh 0 , nh
o suat cat ien ng day do set hau nh khong ang ke.
Can lu y, mot ac iem cua qua ien ap cam ng la no xuat hien ong
thi ca ba pha, ien ap gia cac pha do o khong chenh lech nhau nhieu va
khong nguy hiem oi vi cach ien gia cac pha.

5.3 SET ANH TRC TIEP VAO NG DAY KHONG CO DAY

CHONG SET
Set anh trc tiep vao day dan la trng hp nguy hiem nhat v phan ln
cac trng hp eu a en phong ien tren cach ien ng day.
ay se trnh bay phng phap n gian, gan ung e xac nh suat cat
ien ng day do set anh trc tiep vao day dan.
Gia thiet toan bo so lan set anh eu vao day
dan (bo qua kha nang set anh vao cot, chiem
khoang 20% so lan set anh vao ng day).
Tai ni set anh, tong tr cua khe set Zs noi
tiep vi tong tr tng ng cua day dan ZDD/2
(H.5.4) do o dong chay qua khe set bang:
Zs
I = Is
(5.12)
Z DD
Zs +
2
Neu nhan gan ung Zs = Z DD / 2 = 400/ 2 = 200 th dong trong khe set
bang:
I = Is/2, tc bang na tr so dong khi set anh vao ni co noi at tot va
dong chay ve moi pha cua day dan, tnh t ni set anh, bang Is/4. No se tao
nen tren day dan song ap bang:

151

U DD =

Is Z DD
= 100 Is
4

(5.13)

Neu tr so cua qua ien ap nay ln hn mc cach ien xung cua cach
ien ng day: U DD U 0,5 th se gay nen phong ien. V mc cach ien
xung cua ng day cot thep (hoac be tong cot thep) va cua ng day cot go
khac nhau nhieu, xac suat phong ien do o cung khac nhau nen can xet
rieng biet.
5.3.1 ng day cot thep hoac be tong cot thep
Trong trng hp nay, cach ien cua ng day tai cot ien ch la chuoi
s va cac khoang cach khong kh gia day dan va cot. Phong ien se xay ra
neu: U DD = 100 Is U 0,5 .
ieu kien nay ng vi khi dong set vt qua mc chu set (hay mc bao
ve chong set) cua ng day:
Is Ibv =

U 0,5
100

(5.14)

(Nh vay ieu kien phong ien trong phng phap tnh toan gan ung
nay ch phu thuoc vao bien o cua dong set ma khong phu thuoc vao o doc
au song cua no). V tat ca cac trng hp set anh vi bien o Is Ibv eu
dan en phong ien tren cach ien ng day, nen xac suat phong ien vp
cung chnh la xac suat xuat hien dong set co bien o ln hn hoac bang mc
bao ve chong set cua ng day.
Vp = Vibv = e ibv/ 26 = 10 ibv/ 60

Set thng ch anh vao mot pha khi:

- Pha tren cung khi day dan bo tr tren cac nh cua mot hnh tam giac.
- Pha ngoai cung khi day dan nam tren cung mot mat phang ngang.
Neu ieu kien chuyen t phong ien tia la xung thanh phong ien ho
quang on nh, duy tr bi ien ap lam viec, c thc hien th se dan en
ngan mach cham at mot pha.
Nh vay, xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh va do o kha nang cat
ien ng day con phu thuoc vao phng thc noi at iem trung tnh cua he
thong.

152

a) oi vi ng day thuoc he thong co iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at,
tc la (oi vi nc ta) ng day thuoc cac cap ien ap t 110kV tr len, khi
co ngan mach cham at mot pha, bo phan rle bao ve se lam viec va cat
nhanh ng day s co. Suat cat ien nc c tnh theo:
oi vi ng day co day dan bo tr tren cac nh cua mot hnh tam
giac:
nc = 0, 6h.n.m.vp .

vi h la o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan tren cung.

oi vi ng day co day dan cung nam tren mat phang ngang:
nc = ( 6h + s).n.m.vp ..101
vi s la khoang cach gia hai day dan ngoai cung.
V du: ng day 110kV co U 0,5 = 650kV (chon theo cc tnh am v
phan ln phong ien set co cc tnh am). Mc bao ve cua ng day bang:
Ibv = 650/100 = 6, 5kA .
Xac
suat
phong
ien
se
bang:
vp = vibv = 106,5/ 60 = 0, 8 . Xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh cua ng

day cot thep (hay be tong cot thep) lay bang = 0,7. Neu o treo cao trung bnh
cua day dan tren cung h = 10m , ng day i qua vung co cng o set hoat ong
manh vi n = 100 ngay/nam va m = 0,1 lan/km2/ngay th
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 8 0, 7 = 33, 6 lan/nam . Suat cat ien ng day
nh vay qua ln, do o ng day 110kV tr len co cot thep (hay be tong cot
thep) i qua cac vung set hoat ong trung bnh va manh can phai c bao ve
bang day chong set.
b) oi vi ng day thuoc he
thong co trung tnh cach ien hoac noi
at qua cuon dap ho quang, thng la
cac cap ien ap t 35kV tr xuong,
cham at mot pha khong yeu cau cat
ien ng day ngay, ma ch khi phong
ien phat trien them mot hoac hai pha
con lai a en ngan mach cham at
hai hoac ba pha th mi cat ien ng
day.
Gia thiet set anh vao pha A va

153

gay phong ien tren chuoi cach ien cua pha nay.
Chon trng hp nguy hiem nhat la set anh vao day dan gan cot, v khi
cach ien pha A b phong ien th gan nh toan bo dong set i qua cot e vao
ien tr noi at cua cot ien (do Rx = Z DD / 2) . Luc nay ien ap cua cot, xa
bang ien the tren day dan pha A va gan bang ien ap giang tren Rx, ien tr
tan xung cua noi at cot ien:
U cot = U DD( A ) Is .Rx

Tren day dan cac pha con lai do hien tng cam ng tnh ien se xuat
hien ien ap cam ng bang K . Is . Rx vi K la he so ngau hp ong (co tnh
en anh hng cua vang quang xung) cua day dan cac pha C hoac pha B oi
vi day dan pha A.
Nh vay, cach ien cua cac pha khong b set anh nay (C hoac B) chu
tac dung cua mot ien ap bang:
U A U B = U A UC

= Is .Rx .(1 K )

va phong ien tren cach ien pha B hoac C se xay ra neu:

Is .Rx (1 K ) U 0,5

T o xac nh c mc chu set cua ng day:

I bv =

U 0,5
Rx (1 K )

(5.15)

va xac suat phong ien ca pha th hai bang:

vp = P{ Is Ibv } = e Ibv/26 = 10 Ibv/60

ay U0,5 cua pha C (hoac pha B) chon theo cc tnh dng (ien ap
cam ng tnh ien, be hn t nhieu so vi cc tnh am).
Qua (5.15) thay ro mc bao ve cua ng day phu thuoc rat nhieu vao
ien tr noi at cua cot ien: giam ien tr noi at se tang c mc bao ve
chong set cua ng day.
V du: ng day 35kV cot thep co U 0,5 = 350kV , gia thiet o treo cao
trung bnh cua day dan la h = 10m qua vung set hoat ong manh vi n = 100
ngay/nam, m = 0,1 lan/km2/ngay, he so ngau hp ong k = 0, 3 . Xac suat
hnh thanh ho quang on nh = 0, 7 . neu ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot

154

ien Rx = 10 th mc bao ve cua ng day bang:

Ibv =

350
= 50 kA
10(1 0, 3)

do o xac suat phong ien vp = 1050 / 60 = 0,15 va suat cat ien ng day bang
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0,15 0, 7 = 6, 3 lan/nam . Neu giam ien tr noi at

con bang Rx = 5, 0 th vi tnh toan tng t nh tren:

Ibv =

350
= 100kA, vp = 10100 / 60 = 0, 02 va suat cat ng day
5(1 0, 3)

nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 02 0, 7 = 0, 84 lan/nam

ngha la giam khoang 7,5 lan so vi khi Rx = 10 .

Qua cac v du tren co the rut ra hai ket luan quan trong oi vi ng
day cot thep hoac be tong cot thep:
- Suat cat ng day thuoc he thong co trung tnh cach ien be hn nhieu so
vi ng day thuoc he thong co trung tnh trc tiep noi at. ac biet neu noi at
trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang th xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh rat be
( 0) , do o giam suat cat ng day rat nhieu. V vay, noi at trung tnh qua
cuon dap ho quang c coi nh la mot bien phap nang cao kha nang chu set cua
ng day.
- Bang cach giam ien tr noi at cua cot ien, co the giam suat cat ien
ng day ang ke. Hien nhien ieu nay ch co the thc hien c thuan li
ve kinh te khi ng day i qua cac vung at dan ien tot.
5.3.2 ng day cot xa go
Khi set anh tren day dan pha A cua ng day cot xa go co the gay nen
phong ien theo hai kha nang (H.5.6):

155

Hnh 5.6 Cac kha nang phong ien cua ng day cot xa go khi b set anh

- Xuong at theo ng (a), mot phan xuyen qua khoang cach khong kh
gia day dan va cot, mot phan men theo than cot, mc cach ien xung theo
ng (a) la:
U 0( a,5) = U 0chs
,5 + 100.hDD

vi:

U 0chs
,5

- mc cach ien xung cua chuoi s ( U 0,5 cua khoang cach

khong kh lay gan ung bang U 0chs
,5 )

100hDD - mc cach ien xung cua oan than cot tnh en o cao

cua day dan (moi m go chu c khoang 100kV xung).

(a)
ieu kien phong ien theo ng (a): Is Ibv
= U 0( a,5) /100

(chap nhan gia thiet gan ung Zs = ZDD /2 = 200 )

- Theo ng (b) gom hai chuoi s va chieu dai oan xa go gia hai pha.
Mc cach ien xung theo ng (b) la:
U 0( b,5) = 2.U 0ch,5,s + 100.lA B

vi lA B la chieu dai oan xa go gia hai chuoi s.

A
Khi tren pha A co song ap U DD
= 100 Is th tren pha B se xuat hien ien
B
ap cam ng bang U DD
= 100. Is kd .

Nh vay, phong ien theo ng (b) xay ra khi at ieu kien:

A
B
U DD
U DD
= 100. Is (1 kd ) U 0( b,5)

hay

( b)
Is Ibv
=

U0( b,5)
100(1 kd )

(5.16)

Kinh nghiem van hanh cho thay, tren ng day cot xa go, phong ien
thng theo ng (b), tc la gia cac pha. Do o mc bao ve cua ng day
cot go c tnh theo (5.16).
V du: ng day 110kV cot go co cac thong so tng t nh tren. Mc
cach ien theo ng (b) c xac nh theo:
U 0( b,5) = 2 650 + 4 100 = 1700kV

(vi 2 650 la U0,5 cua hai chuoi s; 4 100 la U0,5 cua 4m xa go gia hai pha).

156

T o mc bao ve bang:
va xac suat phong ien:

( b)
Ibv
=

1700
= 24 kA
100(1 0, 3)

vp = 1024 / 60 = 0, 4

Chieu dai ng phong ien gom chieu dai phan cach ien cua hai chuoi
s

chs
lc

va chieu dai oan xa go gia hai chuoi s lA B :

chs
lp = 2lc
+ lA B

chs
Vi chieu dai phan cach ien cua mot chuoi s 110kV bang lc
= 1, 3 m

va lA B = 4 m th lp = 2 1, 3 + 4 = 6, 6 m, do o gradient ien ap lam viec

theo ng (b) bang:
E1v =

110
3( 4 + 2, 6)

= 9, 62 kV /m

Theo (5.3) xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh bang:

= 1, 5( 9, 62 4 ).102 = 0, 084
Nh vay, suat cat ien ng day bang:
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 4 0, 084 = 2 lan/nam
So sanh vi ng day cot thep hoac betong cot thep cung cap ien ap,
suat cat ng day cot go nho hn 16 lan.
Nh vay khi ng day i qua nhng vung at dan ien xau, viec thc
hien noi at vi Rx be gap nhieu kho khan th viec dung cot xa go la hp ly
ve kinh te ky thuat v khong phai au t vao day chong set va noi at cot ien,
ma mc an toan chu set cao hn.
ay can nhan manh them la day chong set ch co hieu qua chong qua
ien ap kh quyen cao khi ien tr noi at day chong set be. Trng hp ngc
lai, ien ap giang tren ien tr noi at (IsRx) se cao va thng xuyen gay phong
ien ngc t xa, cot (phan t c noi at) sang day dan. Trong cac vung at
dan ien xau ( 1000m) kho thc hien noi at vi Rx be (vo cung ton kem).
Trng hp o day chong set khong con phat huy tac dung ang ke na, co the
khong can at day chong set ngay ca ng day 220330kV (theo quy pham
xay lap thiet b ien cua Lien Xo nam 1965).
ng day cac cap ien ap thap (t 35kV tr xuong) co mc cach ien
xung khong cao, du co at day chong set th so lan phong ien tren cach ien
ng day cung khong giam bao nhieu (do phong ien ngc thng xuyen
xay ra) nen noi chung cung khong can at day chong set, trong trng hp

157

nay neu dung cot, xa go th mc bao ve chong set cua ng day se tang kha
cao.

5.4 SET ANH TREN NG DAY CO DAY CHONG SET

5.4.1. Set anh vao day dan
Khi ng day co day chong set th phan ln so lan set anh vao day
chong set. Tuy nhien cung con mot so t lan set anh vong qua khu vc bao
ve cua day chong set vao day dan vi xac suat v nh sau:
lgv =

hc
90

(5.17)

vi: - goc bao ve cua day chong set, (o);

hc - chieu cao cua cot ien, m.
Neu N la toan bo so lan set anh vao ng day th so lan set anh vao
day dan pha bang
N DD = N .v
Khi set anh vao day dan thng gay nen phong ien tren chuoi s vi
xac suat tng oi ln. Xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s trong trng hp
nay c tnh tng t nh trng hp set anh vao day dan khi khong co day
chong set, tc la cung xuat phat t s so sanh qua ien ap tren day dan UDD
vi U0,5 cua chuoi s.

Vi gia thiet gan ung:

ZDD
400
=
= 200
2
2
I
th dong chay ve moi pha cua day dan bang I DD = s .
4
Do o qua ien ap tren day dan bang:
Zs =

Is
Z DD = 100 Is
4
Phong ien tren chuoi s se xay ra, neu:
U DD =

158

U DD = 100 Is U 0,5 Is Ibv = U 0,5 /100

vp = vibv =

U0,5

U 0,5

e100.26

10100.60

Biet gradient ien ap lam viec trung bnh cua chuoi s se xac nh c
xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh . Suat cat ien ng day khi set anh
vao day dan bang nDD = 0, 6hcs .n. m. v .vp1.1 , vi vp1 va 1 la xac suat
phong ien va xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh tai chuoi s.
5.4.2. Set anh vao day chong set
Trong trng hp nay, ac iem cua qua trnh va anh hng cua cac yeu
to tac ong (bien o va o doc cua dong set, ien tr noi at, chieu cao cua
cot, chieu dai khoang vt) se khac nhau tuy thuoc vao v tr set o bo: vao
cot hay vao day chong set gan cot hoac vao day chong set trong khoang
vt. Mot phng phap tnh toan tong quat cho trng hp nay rat phc tap.
ay ch xet hai trng hp gii han la khi set anh vao nh cot va khi set
anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt.
1- Khi set anh vao nh cot hoac day chong set gan cot

So lan set anh vao nh cot co the xac nh theo cong thc thc nghiem:
N cot = N (1 v )

4 hc
l

(5.18)

vi: N - so lan set anh vao ng day; hc - chieu cao cot ien
l - chieu dai khoang vt; v - xac suat set anh vao day dan.
Khi set anh vao nh cot (H.5.7) do ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot
ien Rx nho hn nhieu so vi tong tr song cua day chong set ( Rx = ZDCS )
nen phan chu yeu cua dong set se i qua cot (ic) vao ien tr noi at cua cot
e tan vao at, con phan nho ics , theo day chong set i en bo phan noi at
cua cac cot ien ke can, ve hai pha cua cot b set anh.

159

Hnh 5.7 Phan bo dong set khi set anh vao nh cot

ien ap tac dung len chuoi cach ien ng day tai cot ien b set anh
gom cac thanh phan sau:
a) ien ap giang tren ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot ien b set anh:
(5.19)

U R = ic Rx

thanh phan nay cung dau vi cc tnh dong set.

t
b) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t, U c
: gom hai thanh phan gay nen bi

dong chay qua cot tac dung len ien cam cua cot LDD
c dic /dt va bi dong ien
trong khe set is tac dung len ho cam gia khe set va mach vong kn day dan
- at, M sDDdi s /dt
t
U c
= LDD
c

dic
di
+ M sDD s
dt
dt

(5.20)

vi: LDD
- ien cam cua cot ien tnh t mat at en o treo cao day dan
c
M sDD - ho cam gia khe set va mach vong kn day dan - at, t le vi

o treo cao day dan va phu thuoc vao thi gian, v chieu dai khe set tang cung
s phat trien cua phong ien ngc, co the coi khe set nh mot thanh dan
thang ng co o dai thay oi va bang vt.
Nhng v vt ? hc nen tr so ho cam thay oi theo t khong nhieu, co the
tnh toan M sDD gan ung theo: M sDD = 0, 5h DD .
t
Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U c
cung dau vi cc tnh cua dong set.

160

t
Hnh 5.8 S o minh hoa thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U c

c) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien U c

: do s trung hoa ien tch trong

khe set trong giai oan phong ien ngc, cac ien tch rang buoc tren day
dan (c tao nen do cam ng trong giai oan phong ien tien ao) c giai
phong chay ve hai pha cua day dan tao nen thanh phan ien ap cam ng
ien, ngc dau vi cc tnh dong set. Mot cach gan ung co the nhan rang

khi khong ke en anh hng cua day chong set th U c

= hDD .dis /dt . Neu ke

giam; bi trong giai oan phong

en anh hng cua day chong set th U c

ien tien ao, day chong set co tac dung man che lam giam so lng ien tch
rang buoc tren day dan, con trong giai oan phong ien chu yeu cac ien tch
dng (set co cc tnh am) c giai phong di chuyen tren day chong set, se
cam ng tren day dan nhng ien tch am, lam giam ien the cua day dan. Co
the chng minh rang neu tnh en anh hng cua day chong set th:

U c
= (1 k

di
hCS
)hDD s = ( h DD khcs )a
dt
h DD

(5.21)

vi: hDD , hCS - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan va day chong set
k - he so ngau hp gia day dan va day chong set. Dau e noi rang
ien ap cam ng tren day dan co cc tnh ngc vi cc tnh cua dong set. Va
di
is = at s = a
dt
d) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng (tnh ien) tren day dan gay nen bi dong
ien chay trong day chong set. Neu ien ap tren day chong set la UCS th thanh
phan nay se bang k.UCS vi k la he so ngau hp gia day dan va day chong

161

set. Do qua trnh phan xa nhieu lan cua song ap t cac cot lan can, lam giam
ien ap tren day chong set, nen ien ap tren day dan co the tnh vi he so ngau
hp tnh k.
UCS bang ien ap tai nh cot b set anh Uc, gom ien ap giang tren ien
tr noi dat cua cot va thanh phan ien ap cam ng t:
dic
di
di
di
U CS = U c = Rx .ic + Lcs
+ M scs s Rx ic + L ' hcs c + 0, 5hcs s (5.22)
c
dt
dt
dt
dt
vi: L - ien cam cua mot n v chieu dai cua cot ien
M scs - ho cam gia khe set va mach vong day chong set - at co the

tnh gan ung M scs 0, 5hcs .

Bon thanh phan ien ap ke tren la do set gay nen, e xac nh chung can
phai biet phan bo dong set tai ni set anh.
Dong ien chay qua cot ic khi set anh vao nh cot hoac vao day chong
set gan cot chiem phan chu yeu cua dong set is va co the xac nh gan ung
theo s o thay the hnh 5.9. Trong s o o co nguon dong set is = at va
nguon ap aM sCS la sc ien ong cam ng trong mach vong kn day chong
set at gay nen bi t trng dong set ( M sCS = 0, 5hCS ) .

Hnh 5.9 Phan bo dong set khi set anh vao nh cot

Trong pham vi au song cua dong set, theo s o thay the xac nh c
dong chay qua cot t he phng trnh mach vong sau:

(5.23)
dic
= 0
dt

ic + 2ics = is = at
aM scs +

Lcs
C

LCS 2diCS
2diCS Rx

+
2iCS iC Rx LDD
C
2
dt
2
dt
2

Ket qua cho nghiem gan ung cua ic ( t ) va

dic ( t )
nh sau:
dt

162

0, 5 LCS 0, 5hCS 1 et
)

t
0, 5 LCS + Lcs
C

dic
0, 5 LCS 0, 5hCS t

= a(
)e
cs

dt
0, 5 LCS + LC

ic = at (

(5.24)

vi = Rx /( 0, 5 LCS + Lcs
C)
ien cam cua day chong set trong mot khoang vt:
LCS =

ZCS
l
v

vi l la chieu dai khoang vt,

v c = 300m/s

v la toc o truyen song,

e) ien ap lam viec cua day dan

Ngoai bon thanh phan ien ap do set gay ra a ke tren, oi vi cach ien
cua cac ng day ien ap cao con phai ke en thanh phan ien ap lam viec
do nguon gay ra U lv .
Lay Ulv bang tr so trung bnh trong na chu ky ien ap pha va ngc dau vi
ien the xung cua cot e co trng hp nguy hiem nhat (ien ap tac dung len
chuoi cach ien ln nhat).
Lay Ulv bang tr so trung bnh trong na chu ky ien ap pha va ngc dau vi
ien the xung cua cot e co trng hp nguy hiem nhat (ien ap tac dung len
chuoi cach ien ln nhat).
U lv

2
=
T

T/ 2

U m
3

sin tdt =

2
2 U m 2
U p max =

0, 5U m (5.25)

Tong cua nam thanh phan ien ap a trnh bay tren cho ien ap tren
chuoi cach ien cua cot ien b set anh:
U c = U c U DD
dic
hcs
+ 0, 5hDD a a[ hDD (1 k
)]
dt
hDD
di
( U1v ) k( ic Rx + L hcs c + 0, 5hcs a )
dt
di
c
= (1 k) Rx ic + LDD
kLcs
+ 0, 5 hDD k hcs a
c
c
dt
hcs
+(1 k
)h DD a + 0, 5U m
h DD
= ic Rx + LhDD

(5.26)

163

Bieu thc nay ch ung trong khoang thi gian au song dong set, v sau
thi gian au song th cac thanh phan ien ap cam ng giam va do o ien ap
tac dung tren cach ien se giam theo. V vay, hien nhien phong ien tren
cach ien ch co the xay ra trong thi gian au song dong set.
Neu ve quan he cua ien ap tren cach ien theo t: U c ( t ) , ng vi cac
o doc au song khac nhau cua dong set a1 , a2 ,K , ai th giao iem cua chung
vi ng ac tnh Volt-giay cua chuoi cach ien se cho thi gian phong ien
t p1 , t p2 ,K tpi (H.5.10).

Hnh 5.11 ng cong thong so nguy

Hnh 5.10 Uc (a, t) va ac tnh V - S
hiem ( Rx2 < Rx1 )
cua chuoi cach ien
Tr so dong set co o doc ai, vao luc xay ra phong ien bang:

isi = ai tpi

isi la tr so dong set co o doc ai gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day.
Quan he gia bien o va o doc dong set gay nen phong ien tren chuoi
cach ien is = f ( a ) , goi la ng cong thong so nguy hiem. Tat ca cac lan set
anh co o doc a va bien o is, nam tren ng cong thong so nguy hiem va
trong vung P ben tren no eu dan en phong ien tren chuoi cach ien.
ng cong thong so nguy hiem phu thuoc vao ien tr noi at Rx cua
cot. Rx cang be th ien ap tac dung len cach ien ng day Uc cang thap
(chuoi cach ien co kha nang chu dong set co tham so cang cao), vung nguy
hiem P cang hep.
Xac suat phong ien tren chuoi cach ien la xac suat xuat hien dong set
ong thi co o doc va bien o nam trong vung nguy hiem P.

164

vp =

f ( is , a)dis .da

(5.27)

( p)

vi f(is, a) la ham mat o xac suat xuat hien dong set co bien o is va o doc
a.
Tch phan c thc hien trong toan vung nguy hiem P.
Cho en nay tat ca cac o ac thong ke ve thong so dong set cho thay
gia bien o is va o doc a khong co mot quan he toan hoc chat che, do o
cho phep coi gan ung chung nh nhng bien so ngau nhien oc lap va tnh
xac suat phong ien tren chuoi cach ien bang tch cua xac suat xuat hien
nhng bien so ngau nhien oc lap o:

f1(is ) f2( a)dis.da =

vp =

( p)

= f1 ( is )dis f2 ( a )da = dvi dva = vi dva = va dvi

0

(5.28)

vi f1 ( is ) va f2 ( a ) tng ng la ham mat o xac suat xuat hien dong ien

set co bien o is va o doc a.
T ng cong thong so nguy hiem co the xay dng ng cong xac suat
xuat hien dong set co thong so nguy hiem nh sau: ng vi moi iem K tren
ng cong thong so nguy hiem, K ( ak , isk ) tnh xac suat:
va = P { a ak } = e ak/15,7 = 10 ak/36
vi

= P { is isk } = e isk/ 26

= 10 isk/60

se co mot iem K ( vi , va ) tren he truc toa o vi , va , t o se xay dng

c ng cong xac suat: va = f ( vi ) (H.5.12)
Xac suat
ien vp, ve tr
han bi ng
toa o, tng
chon.

phong ien cua cach

so bang dien tch gii
cong va(vi) va hai truc
ng vi t le xch a

Sau khi a xac nh c xac suat

phong ien vp th qua trnh tnh toan
suat cat ng day khi set anh vao
nh cot cung tng t nh cac trng
Hnh 5.12 ng cong xac suat
va = f(vi)

165

hp khac.
2- Set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt
a) Xet kha nang phong ien trong khoang cach khong kh MM (H5.13a).
So lan set anh vao DCS chnh gia khoang vt bang:

N kv = N (1 v )(1

4 hc
)
l

Hnh 5.13 Set anh vao DCS chnh gia khoang vt (a) va kha nang phong ien
tren khoang cach khong kh MM

166

Khi set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt, ien ap tac dung len
khoang cach khong kh S gia day chong set va day dan c xac nh theo s
o thay the (H.5.13b), trong o chap nhan gia thiet gan ung la tong tr song
khe set Zs bang na tong tr song day chong set Zs = ZCS/2 va bo qua ien tr
noi at cua day chong set v Rx = ZCS.
ng cong bien thien ien ap tren day chong set tai iem M gia
khoang vt c trnh bay tren hnh 5.13c. Khi cha co song phan xa t ien
tr
noi
at
cua
cac
cot
ien
lan
can
tr
ve
(t < = l/v) ien ap tren day chong set c tnh gan ung theo:
U cs ( t ) = Zcs

is ( i)
at
= Zcs
4
4

(5.29)

Sau khoang thi gian = l/v tai iem M ong thi xuat hien song phan xa
am gan nh toan phan t ien tr noi at cua hai cot ien lan can tr ve (v
rx = Zcs ) va ien ap tren day chong set at en tr so cc ai xac nh theo:
l
( Khi t = = )
v
U cs max =

aZcs l

4 v

(5.30)

Tr so ien ap cc ai nay ch phu thuoc o doc dong set va khong oi

khi t s sau o giam dan en 0 khi t > s .
Di tac dung cua song truyen tren day chong set, tren day dan se xuat
hien ien ap cam ng U DD = kU cs va ien ap tac dung len khoang cach
khong kh S gia day chong set va day dan c tnh gan ung theo:
U MM = U cs U DD = (1 k )Z cs

al
4v

(5.31)

Trong (5.31) bo qua cac thanh phan ien ap cam ng va ien ap lam viec, v
chung nho hn nhieu so vi ien ap do set anh trc tiep.
ieu kien e xay ra phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh S la:
U MM = (1 k )Zcs

al
U 0( k,5) = Ex( k) S
4v

(5.32)

vi Ex( k ) la cng o ien trng phong ien xung cua khong kh (trong
khoang thi gian au song) co the tnh gan ung bang 700kV/m.

167

Gia thiet lay gan ung Zcs = 400, k = 0, 3 th co the xac nh c o

doc au song dong set nguy hiem tc la ieu kien phong ien theo:
Ex( k ) 4.v.S
700 4 300 S
S
a anh
=

= 3000
(1 k )Zcs l
(1 0, 3).400 l
l

(5.33)

T o, suy ra xac suat phong ien: vp = vanh = e anh / 15,7 = 10 anh / 36 (xac
suat phong ien vp trong cach tnh gan ung nay cung chnh la xac suat xuat
hien dong set co o doc bang va ln hn o doc nguy hiem vanh ).
Thc te kha nang cat ien do phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh
gia day chong set va day dan gia khoang vt rat t xay ra, v khoang
cach nay kha ln, co U0,5 cao va xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh rat be.
V du: ng day 220 kV co S = 8 m, gradient ien ap lam viec trung
bnh:
220
E1v =
= 16 kV /m = 1, 5( E 1v 4 ).102 0, 2
38
Neu tnh vi chieu cao cot hc = 25m goc bao ve = 20 ( v = 0, 0013),
chieu dai khoang vt l = 350m th suat cat ng day qua vung set hoat ong
manh vi n=100 ngay, m=0,1 lan/km2/ngay c tnh nh sau:
68,6

s
8
anh = 3000 = 3000
= 68, 6kA/s vp = 10 36 = 0, 0125
l
350
Suat cat ien ng day do set anh vao DSC chnh gia khoang vt
va gay phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh S bang:
4h
nckv = (1 v )(1 c )0, 6hc .n.m.vp .
l
4.25
= (1 0, 0013)(1
) 0, 6 25 100 0,1 0, 0125 0, 2
350
= 0, 267 lan/nam
b) Kha nang phong ien tai chuoi s

Khi set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt, con phai xet kha
nang phong ien tren chuoi s khi song truyen en cot ien. ien ap tac dung
len chuoi s gom cac thanh phan chu yeu sau:
- ien ap giang tren ien tr noi at cua cot ien
Dong set chay ve moi pha cua day chong set bang is(t)/4, tai ien tr noi at
cua cot do Rx = ZCS , coi nh song (dong) phan xa dng toan phan, do o:

168

U R = is ( t ).Rx / 2

- ien ap cam ng t, chu yeu la thanh phan ien ap tao nen bi dong
set chay qua ien cam cua than cot:
t
U c
=

1 cs dis
LC
2
dt

con ien ap cam ng gay nen bi dong ien trong khe set ( M scs .dis /dt ) thc
te khong ang ke v khe set cach xa cot.
Cung vi ly do nh vay, co the bo qua thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien.
- ien ap ngau hp tren day dan:
is ( t ) Rx 1 cs dis
+ Lc
)
2
2
dt
- ien ap lam viec, can tnh en oi vi ng day cac cap ien ap cao
t 220kV tr len.
Tom lai, ien ap tac dung len chuoi s trong trng hp nay bang:
i ( t)
dis
1
U c = U c U DD = ( s Rx + Lcs
)(1 k ) + U1v
(5.34)
c
2
2
dt
Vi dong set is = at tnh va ve cac ng cong uc ( t ) vi cac o doc

Ve tr so

U DD = kU cs = k (

khac nhau. So sanh vi ac tnh Volt-giay cua chuoi s xac nh c thi

iem xay ra phong ien t pi tng ng vi o doc ai , t o xac nh c tr
so dong set luc phong ien isi = ai tpi . T o xay dng c ng cong
thong so nguy hiem is = f ( a ), ng cong xac suat phong ien vi = f ( va ) .
Cuoi cung xac nh c xac suat phong ien vp (tng t nh a tnh trong
trng hp set anh nh cot).
Thc te, cung nh ket qua tnh toan cho thay suat cat ien ng day
trong trng hp nay cung rat be, noi chung ch can chu y en khi ien tr tan
xung cua noi at cot ien ln.
3- Suat cat tong cua ng day co day chong set

Tong hp suat cat cua ca ba trng hp set anh vao ng day co day
chong set a trnh bay tren ta co:
nc = 0, 6hcs .n.m.{ v .1 .vp1 + (1 v )[

4 hc
4h
vp21 + (1 c )( vp32 + vp4 1 )]}
l
l

oi vi ng day co mot day chong set.

trong o: hcs - o treo cao trung bnh cua day chong set

(5.35)

169

hc - o cao cot; l - chieu dai khoang vt

v - xac suat set anh vong vao day dan
vp1 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vong

vao day dan

vp2 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vao
nh cot
vp3 - xac suat phong ien khoang cach khong kh gia day
chong set va day dan khi set anh vao day chong set
gia khoang vt
vp4 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vao
day chong set gia khoang vt
1 - xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh khi phong ien
tren chuoi s
2 - xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh khi phong ien
tren khoang cach khong kh gia khoang vt.
g Ch tieu chong set cua ng day: M = 1/nc: la khoang thi gian trung
bnh gia hai lan cat ien ng day lien tiep do set anh gay nen trong mot nam
tren 100km ng day.