ICDS12

International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation

LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

DS

EFFECT OF POZZOLAN ON
LOCALS CONCRETE
SUSTAINABILITY.

Mr B. TOUIL 1, Pr F. GHOMARI 1 , Dr BEZZAR 1 , Pr A. KHELIDJ 2 and Dr STEPHANIE 2

University of Tlemcen (ALGERIA)

University of Nantes (FRENCH)

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

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Contents

1. Introduction
2. Objectives

3. Materials and procedure

4. Results and discussion
5. Conclusion

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Observations : Number of structures are damaged

Inside view

Overview

Column eroded

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Water tank: Ghazaouet (coastle city)

Overview

Consequences : Complex and expensive repairs

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Column degraded
Beams cracked
Bridge close the sea : Oran (coastal city)

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Problematic :

Concrete healthy

Conclusions
Concrete contaminated
with carbonic or chloride

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Durability of structures in agressive

environment

Conditions for corrosion and mechanism

OXIDATION
Fe ---> Fe ++ + 2e -

REDUCTION
O2+ 2H2 O + 4e ----> 4OH-

2Fe (OH)3 Fe2O3.H2O + 2H2O

salt

air

Reduction of PH
rust

The steel bar

Reinforced Concrete Deterioration

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Natural pozzolan :

Unrefined material

Conclusions

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Powder 80 m

- Natural material which does not require great energy in its

extraction and use (only grinding)
- Reduce the overall cost of the concrete with the valorization
of an economical natural materials (natural pozzolan).
-Reducing the ecological impact (substitution of part of cement).

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But what about the sustainability ?

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Objectives: Influence of POZZOLAN on the performance

of concrete.

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Basic Proprieties

Workability

Compressive strength

Material: microstructural characterization

(physico-chemical properties) .

Durability

Structure : Overall Characterization (

notion de dure de vie ou de service).

- improving the performance of concrete by using the basic approach

Performance (Indicators of sustainability)

- To ensure reliability of structures

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Materials :

Conclusions

Mixtures :
For

the

added

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Cement CPJ-CEMII/A 42,5 (85% clinker et 12% pozzolan) (Bni Saf)

Aggregates (Career ENG of Sidi Abdelli):
o
Sand 0/4
o
Class of aggregates 4/8, 8/16 and 16/25 (G/S) optimised = 1,68.

Natural Pozzolan "P" (carrer of Bouhmidi Bni saf)

(used after crushing and sieving 80 ).

comparative
pozzolanic

replacement

are

approach,

the

referenced

concretes

CPZ

of

(5%,

to

qualify

with

and

15%

10%

cement

mass)

and compared to control concrete BO which is derived from

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the optimized formulation research of Boukli and al. (April 2009).

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Concretes studied
OC

CPZ5

CPZ10

CPZ15

Aggregate 16/25

533

533

533

533

Aggregate 8/16

432

432

432

432

Aggregate 4/8

144

144

144

144

Sand 0/4

660

660

660

660

Cement CEM II/A 42.5

350

332.5

315

297.5

17.5

35

52.5

Water

192.5

192.5

192.5

192.5

W/L

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

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Mix ingredients(Kg/m3)

Pozzolan (Bni saf)

k : Factor taking the activity of the addition is equal to zero.

(table NA.3 of coefficient k, norm NF EN 206-1)

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

DS

Prparation of samples : according AFREM

Disc of concrete

Cutting discs

Lateral sealing (2 coats epoxy resin)

(planes faces and parallel)

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Rectification

DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

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Saturation of the samples according to the modified procedure

AFPC-AFREM, evaluation of the open porosity

Desiccator + vacuum pump

Realization of vacuum dry samples for 24 h

Saturation at half height of samples for 24 h
Total saturation of the samples in a solution for 24 h.

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Permeability test
Test realized after 28 days, drying at
85 C, and stabilization of the mass.

With :
Q: Gas flow
A: sample section area
L: thickness
: the dynamic viscosity of gas

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Pressure used : 3 , 2.5 , 2 , 1.5 et 1 bars

of nitrogen gas.

CEMBUREAU permeameter

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P1 and P2: absolute pressure at the gas entrance and

outlet

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results Conclusions

Evaluation of diffusion coefficient of ions Cl-

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Transport des ions chlorure

Steady state : application of Nernst-Plank
equation

Bton satur

Principle of migration test

Application of electric field > 12 V

(Andrade, & 1993)

Migration Cell

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

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TGA : Content of portlandite Ca (OH)2

The TGA were made on powders (50 mg) obtained after crushing and
sieving the concrete (less than 80m).

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the loss mass recorded between 400 et 600 C, allowed us to evaluate

content of Ca(OH)2.

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Open porosity :

Comparaison between the porosity of

concretes after 28 days

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Conclusions

Concretes

OC

CPZ 5

CPZ10

CPZ 15

34,10

38,0

40.20

39,5

Dry bulk density (kg/m3)

2237

2237

2383

2490

Porosity accessible to water (%)

16,08

13,06

13,79

13,77

Average

Average

Compressive strength at 28 days

(Mpa)

Durability class
(AFGC, 2004)

Very low

Average

The open porosity of concrete is influenced by the composition of

concrete.

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Permeability test : Effect of pozzolan on permeabilities

1,4

CPZ5

1,2
Ka (10-16 m2)

1,0

KV = 1.6 10-16 m

y = 0,092x + 0,6204
R = 0,9987

0,8

KV = 6.2

0,6

10-17

0,4
0,2
0,0

0,8

CPZ10

1,0

4
6
1/Pm (10-6 Mpa-1)

CPZ15

0,7

0,8
0,6

KV = 5.5 10-17 m

0,4
0,2

y = 0,067x + 0,3863
R = 0,9962

0,6

y = 0,0626x + 0,5499
R = 0,9875

Ka (10-16 m)

Ka ( 10-16 m)

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0,9

1,2

0,5
0,4

KV = 3.9 10-17 m

0,3
0,2
0,1
0

0,0
0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

0,0

7,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

1/Pm (10-6 MPa-1)

1/Pm( 10-6 MPa-1)

The CPZ have permeabilities low compared to OC. This behavior

is related to the pozzolanic reaction.

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It is also due to the densification of porous media.

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Coefficient of diffusion of chlorides:

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Effect of pozzolan on chlorides diffusion

Chloride concentration (g/l)

3,5

CPZ5 Dmig = 3,96 e-12

CPZ15 Dmig = 3.75 e-12

2,5

CPZ10 Dmig = 3,57 e-12

OC

1,5

Dmig = 5,13 e-12

0,5
0

100

200

300

400

Time (h)

The reactivity of the pozzolan reinforces the effects of

hydration (decrease of pores) and prevents the penetration of
chlorides.

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Content of portlandite Ca (OH)2 :

Concrete

DS

Effect of pozzolan on concrete tested

Content of Ca(OH)2 (mg/g of concrete)

OC

CPZ 5

CPZ 10

CPZ 15

3,29

2,45

1,48

1,24

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The partial replacement of cement by pozzolan causes a decrease in

portlandite of concrete .

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DURABLE STRUCTURES

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Introduction Objectives Materials, Procedure Results

Conclusions

Conclusions

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The substitution of part of cement by natural pozzolan even in small

proportions 5, 10 and 15%, has an impact on porosity of ordinary
concrete and largely determines the transport mechanisms in concrete.
In terms of sustainability, it is systematically confirmed by recording a
reduction of permeability coefficient and coefficient of diffusion when
passes from ordinary concrete OC to a pozzolanic concrete CPZ.
In the long term these properties increases significantly, in terms of
kinetics on the pozzolanic activity with time.

In the concretes containing pozzolan (CPZ), the quantity of Ca(OH)2

was lower, due to the dilution of cement and to the pozzolanic reaction.
However, this does not necessarily mean that the potential durability also
decreases. It depends on the permeability or diffusion coefficients, major
indicators of sustainability.
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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

DURABLE STRUCTURES

12

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNE
C

IC

DS

Thank you for your

attention

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