Engineering Thermodynamics

Introduction and
Definitions

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is defined as the study of
energy, its forms and transformations, and the
interactions of energy with matter.

The structure of engineering Thermodynamics

Definitions
Thermodynamics ~ study of the equilibrium
properties of large scale systems in which
temperature is an important variable.
System ~ A prescribed and identified quantity
of matter .
State ~ the overall condition of a system at a
given time.
Thermodynamic state ~

Definitions
Property ~ any characteristic of a system
which can be used to define its state i.e. which
depends only on the state of the system.
Extensive property ~ depends upon the
amount of matter e.g. volume
Intensive property ~ independent on the
amount of matter. These are the potential
properties e.g. temperature, pressure, electric
potential etc.

Definitions
Specific property ~ an extensive property
expressed per unit mass. Therefore, the
property becomes independent of the mass
and may be regarded as intensive property.
For example; v = V/m.
Equilibrium state ~ A system is in equilibrium if
its properties do not change in value when the
system is isolated from its surroundings.

Definitions
Thermodynamic equation of state ~ PV=nRT
Simple or pure substance ~ water
For a system composed
entirely of a pure
substance, it may be
completely defined by
two independent
intensive properties.

Homogeneous in
chemical composition
Homogeneous in
chemical aggregation
Invariable in chemical
aggregation

Definitions

Process ~ a change of state of a system

Cycle ~ A process with identical initial and final
states.
Phase of a substance ~ phase means the
molecular regime of a substance e.g. ice,
water, and steam are respectively solid, liquid,
and vapor phases of water.
Internal energy ~ energy possessed by a
system due to the motion and arrangement of
its molecules and the vibration within the
molecules.

 Work ~ work is energy transferred across a

system boundary owing to a potential
property difference, other than temperature,
across the boundary.
Heat ~
Summary

Path function & point Function

Path function: Their magnitudes depend on the path
followed during a process as well as the end states.
Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
Process A: WA = 10 kJ
Process b: WB = 7 kJ
Point Function: it depends on the state only, and not
on how a system reaches that state. All properties
are point functions.
Process A: V2 - V1 = 3 m3
Process B: V2 - V1 = 3 m3

Path Function and Point Function

Heat
Heat is energy transferred from one system to
another solely by reason of a temperature
difference between the systems. Heat exists
only as it crosses the boundary of a system
and the direction of heat transfer is from
higher temperature to lower temperature.
For thermodynamics sign convention, heat
transferred to a system is positive; Heat
transferred from a system is negative

 The heat needed to raise a object's

temperature from T1 to T2 is:
Q = cp m (T2 - T1)

Heat Transfer Direction

Work
Work is the energy transfer associated with a
force acting through a distance.
W = F . X where F:force; X: distance
Like heat, Work is an energy interaction
between a system and its surroundings and
associated with a process.
In thermodynamics sign convention, work
transferred out of a system is positive with
respect to that system. Work transferred in is
negative

Thermal power plant