Advanced Engineering

Infrastructure
Bredenburg International Airport

Daru Nurisma Pramukti

146060112111002

Manistry of Education and Culture

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering-Magister Program
Brawijaya University
Malang
2014

Airports

Map of Berlin Airports

Berlin is served by two commercial airports. Tegel Airport (TXL) is the largest and located
within Berlin, while smaller Schnefeld Airport (SXF) is situated just outside of Berlin, to the
south-east. Combined, they handled 22.3 million passengers in 2010. In 2011, 88 airlines
served 164 destinations in 54 countries from Berlin airports, with 28 non-European
connections. Tegel Airport is scheduled to close in 2013 and Schnefeld Airport will be
expanded and renamed Berlin Brandenburg Airport, handling all commercial flights to and
from Berlin.
A third, Tempelhof Airport, formerly handled short distance and commuter flights. It was
closed at the end of October 2008. Closure of Tegel and Tempelhof airports is a legal
requirement for the opening of the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport south of the Schnefeld
Airport site, in order to alleviate noise pollution throughout the city.
History
The first airport in Berlin was Johannisthal Air Field which opened on 26 September 1909.
Followed shortly after by Staaken Airport around 1915, known for its two zeppelin halls
and Deutsche Luft Hansa base. Then came Tempelhof Airport in 1923 and Gatow Air Field in
1934. Tegel Airport was built during the Berlin Blockade in 1948.
Tempelhof was the first airport in the world with regular passenger flights, opening in 1923
with flights to Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad). Deutsche Luft Hansa started its operations
from the airport in 1926, while zeppelins also frequented the airport. The airport expanded
rapidly, becoming one of the largest airports in the world in the 1930s, fittingly provided with

enormous halls, which are still visible today, unfinished though they may be. Tempelhof also
had another first: it was the first airport to feature its own underground station.

Berlin Tegel Airport

Following World War II, Tempelhof was used as a U.S. Air Force base, while the Soviet air
force relocated to Schnefeld, outside Berlin, during 1946. The Soviets had reached
Tempelhof before the Western Allies. Gatow Air Field, which was taken over by the RAF in
July 1945, was partially outside Berlin. At the Potsdam Conference it was then decided to
exchange the western half of Staaken, including Staaken Airport, for the needed territory
in Gatow. Staaken Airport was then used by theSoviet air force for some time to come.
In April 1948, as a result of growing tension between the Soviet and the Western Allied
occupying powers, West Berlin was closed off from the surrounding Soviet sector. Supplies
were flown in for over a year; enormous numbers of transport planes flew in and out of
Berlin every day of this period. The capacity of the airports then in the three Western sectors
was not large enough; to relieve pressure on Gatow and Tempelhof, Tegel Airport was built in
the French sector. It was constructed by a labour force mainly consisting of Berlin women
under the supervision of French engineers, within just 90 days. It featured a 2400 m runway the longest in Europe at the time. Because of special Allied bylaws, Lufthansa was not
allowed to use Tegel until after German reunification.
Tempelhof was returned to civil administration in 1951, Schnefeld in 1954 and Tegel in
1960. Gatow Airport remained a military airfield, used by the RAF until 1994 and closed in
1995. Tegel, the newest airport, became the main civilian airport for West Berlin, while
Schnefeld served the population of East Berlin. Since the smaller airport at Tempelhof is
surrounded by urban development, it could not expand.

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is under construction.

Following German reunification in 1990, the inefficiency of operating three separate airports
became increasingly problematic. Berlin's airport authority (the Berliner Flughafen GmbH, a
subsidiary of the Flughafen Berlin-Schnefeld GmbH) will transfer all of Berlin's air traffic
to a greatly expanded airport at Schnefeld, to be renamed Berlin Brandenburg Airport. The
existing airport in Schnefeld will be greatly expanded to the south from its current state to
allow this. In fact, the new airport will only have the current southern runway (the new
designated northern runway) in common with the existing airport.
Berlin Brandenburg Airport is predicted to be Germany's third busiest airport when it opens,
as Berlin's airports served over 22.3 million passengers in 2010. Frankfurt Airport, which
served 54 million passengers in 2007, is the country's busiest airport, followed by Munich
Airport, which served 34 million passengers in 2007. Due to technical difficulties, the
opening has been delayed a couple of times.
Berlin Brandenburg Airport (IATA: BER, ICAO: EDDB) (German: Flughafen Berlin
Brandenburg Willy Brandt) is an International Airport under construction, located adjacent to
the current Berlin Schnefeld Airport in Schnefeld 18 kilometres south of the city centre
of Berlin, the capital of Germany.

Airport type

Public

Operator

Flughafen

Berlin

Brandenburg

GmbH
Serves

Berlin, Germany

Location

Schnefeld, Brandenburg

Elevation AM 157 ft / 48 m
SL
Coordinates

522200N 0133012ECoordin
ates:

Website

Plans for a new Berlin Airport

522200N 0133012E

berlin-airport.de

Map showing the infrastructure of the Schnefeld area and the relationship between the new
and old airports
Following the German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the German federal
capital and leaders made plans to recognise the city's increased importance by constructing a
large commercial airport, as Tegel Airport, Schnefeld Airport and Tempelhof Airport were
aging and becoming increasingly congested due to rising passenger numbers. To ensure the
economical viability of the project, they pursued the single airport concept, which meant that
the new airport would become the sole commercial airport for Berlin and Brandenburg. As a
consequence, they planned to close Tegel, Schnefeld and Tempelhof upon opening the new
airport, and to ban commercial aviation from any other airport in Brandenburg.

Airport overview

Planned layout of the airport 2012

Runways
Berlin Brandenburg Airport will have two parallel runways. With a spacing of 1,900 metres
(6,200 ft), these will allow independent flight operations without interference from wake
turbulence.
The northern runway of BER is the southern runway of the old Schnefeld Airport, and has
been in use since the 1960s. To adapt to the new airport, it has been renovated and lengthened
from 3,000 to 3,600 metres (9,843 to 11,811 ft).
The newly built southern runway has a length of 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) and was officially
commissioned on 31 May 2012. Until the opening of Berlin Brandenburg Airport, it is closed
perNOTAM.

Air traffic control

The air traffic control tower of Berlin Brandenburg Airport (2012).

The Deutsche Flugsicherung is responsible for air traffic control and apron control at Berlin
Brandenburg Airport. At 72 metres (236 ft), the control tower is the third highest in Germany
(only surpassed by Munich Airport and Dsseldorf Airport). On 25 March 2012, the new
tower opened replacing the former facility at Schnefeld.

Passenger terminal

The main pier

Terminal layout (from left to right: level 2, level 1, intermediate level Z and level 0)
The

U-shaped

terminal building of Berlin Brandenburg Airport was

designed

by gmp architects, which previously designed the hexagonal Terminal A at Tegel Airport,

opened in 1974. At BER, the terminal sits between the two runways, creating a so-called
midfield airport above the underground train station. The terminal has four public levels
designated 0, 1, 2 and 3.
The check-in area is located in the public area at Level 1 and houses 118 counters organised
in eight clusters, called check-in isles. Planners anticipate that a significant number of
passengers will use the more than 100 self check-in machines which will be installed.
The airside area will be accessible only to ticketed and screened passengers. Securitas
Germany will staff the 35 screening stations. BER is equipped with 25 jet bridges, with
another 85 aircraft stands on the apron. The boarding and arrival areas are divided into three
piers with the main pier at 715 metres (2,346 ft) long and the north and south piers at 350
metres (1,150 ft) each. The main pier contains 16 jet-bridges; all but one have two levels,
thus separating arriving and departing passengers. Level 1 is intended for Schengen
passengers (gates A01A20, B01B20), while Level 2 (gates C01C19, D01D17) is for
non-Schengen passengers. Eight of the gates can accommodate wide-body aircraft and one
gate has been designed to accommodate the Airbus A380, the largest commercial airliner
currently in use. The apron has sufficient space to allow installation of a dual jetway allowing
a quick boarding and disembarking process. A mezzanine (Level Z) at gates A2122 and B21
allows for additional pre-boarding security checks for high-risk flights to the United States
and Israel. Air Berlin, Lufthansa and Air France/KLM will operate airport lounges in the
main pier, which will also be open for passengers of the respectivealliance partners.

The main hall of the terminal

The south pier is reserved for near-exclusive use of Air Berlin and its Oneworld partners and
contains nine single-storey jet bridges (gates A30A38). The north pier features a more
minimalist design compared to the other two piers, meeting the demands of low-cost
carriers and has no jet-bridges, but walk-boarding-gates (B3045) with direct apron access.
Cargo and general aviation[edit]
The initial module of the midfield cargo facilities has a capacity of 60,000 tonnes (59,000
long tons; 66,000 short tons) of cargo per year. With the completion of all planned
expansions, this could handle up to 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons)
per year. The general aviation terminal is located in the northern part of BER.
Airport tourism facilities
The Infotower is a 32 metres (105 ft) observation tower located adjacent to the northern cargo
terminal. It includes a museum and a gift shop, and is the only portion of the airport currently
open to the public. FBB also offers guided tours of the airport which have grown in
popularity since the delayed opening.

Aircraft maintenance
The two large hangars at BER will be used by Lufthansa and Air Berlin respectively. Both
provide enough space for maintenance work on four to five narrow-body aircraft.
Government use
The air transport wing of the German Defence Ministry (Flugbereitschaft), responsible for
government flights, will move to Berlin Brandenburg Airport from its current base at Cologne
Bonn Airport. It operates a fleet of Bombardier Global Express, Airbus A319, Airbus
A310 and Airbus

A340-300VIP

configured

aircraft. The

Bundesanstalt

fr

Immobilienaufgaben (Federal Agency for Real Estate) is planning to construct a terminal on

the northern edge of the airport for use by government officials and to welcome foreign
dignitaries during state visits. The glass-and-wood building is expected to be completed by
2016. The former Terminal A of Schnefeld Airport is serving as an interim terminal.
Access
See also: Transport in Berlin

Rail

Map of future bus and rail connections into and around Berlin. An express line will serve
the Berlin Hauptbahnhof in 30 minutes.
Main article: Berlin Brandenburg Airport railway station
The terminal connects to a 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) east-west railway tunnel under the apron
and the terminal complex. As the nine tunnel sections were the first structures to be built, they
were constructed by conventional excavations.
A railway station with six tracks forms the lowest level of the terminal. Two tracks serve as a
terminus for the S-Bahn with the S9 serving the northern and the S45 serving the
southern public transit ring, while the other four tracks handle EuroCity,InterCity, IntercityExpress and Regional-Express trains.

Deutsche Bahn confirmed in August 2011 that multiple daily Intercity-Express and InterCity
trains

will

connect

the

airport

to

Bielefeld, Hannover, Hamburg, Dresden, Leipzig, Halle, Wolfsburg, as well as EuroCity

trains

connecting

to Wroclaw and Krakowin Poland, Amsterdam in

the Netherlands and Prague in the Czech Republic.

About half of the passengers are expected to access BER by rail. An express line
(Regionalbahn) will connect the airport with the Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Berlin main station) in
30 minutes. Two more stops, Potsdamer Platz and Berlin Sdkreuz, will be part of the Airport
Express, which is planned to make the distance in just under 20 minutes by 2015, when a new
train track will be inaugurated. Over 10% of passengers are expected to come from Poland,
also thanks to upgraded highways on the Polish side of the border, making the airport
accessible for air travellers from the western regions of that country.
Regional trains

Regional train (Regionalbahn)

Berlin is the centre of a system of regional trains operated by Deutsche Bahn, which operate
to destinations within the Berlin-Brandeburg suburban area beyond the range of the S-Bahn.
There are two kinds of regional trains, the stopping Regionalbahn(RB) and the
faster Regional-Express (RE).
Unlike the S-Bahn, the network of regional trains does not have its own segregated tracks,
but rather shares tracks with longer distance passenger and freight services. Within Berlin,
regional services stop less frequently than S-Bahn services, especially where they run parallel
to U-Bahn or S-Bahn lines.

Regional trains often continue outside the Berlin-Brandenburg suburban area, but within that
suburban area they use the common public transport tariff managed by the Verkehrsverbund
Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB). This covers the city of Berlin and approximately 20 kilometres
(12 mi)

beyond

the

city

boundaries.

These

tickets

are

not

valid

on

DB InterCity trains, Intercity-Express trains and international trains, even within Berlin.
Trams

Berlin trams
Berlin has a tram network comprising 22 tram lines serving 377 tram stops and measuring
293.78 kilometres (182.55 mi) in length. All these services are operated by the Berliner
Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)

and

use

the

common

public

transport

tariff

run

by

the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB).

Of the 22 BVG-operated tram routes, nine are designated as part of the MetroNetz, which
provide a high frequency service in areas poorly served by the U-Bahn and S-Bahn.
These MetroTram tram lines are recognisable by an M prefix to their route number, and are
the only tram routes to operate 24 hours a day.
Berlin's first horse tram opened in 1865, running from Brandenburger Tor toCharlottenburg.
In 1881, the world's first electric tramway was opened by Werner von Siemens in GroLichterfelde, now part of Berlin. By 1910, the horse trams had been entirely replaced by
electric trams.
Prior to the division of Berlin, tram lines existed throughout the city, but all the tram lines in
the former West Berlin had been replaced by bus or U-Bahn services by 1967. However East
Berlin retained its tram lines, and the current network is still predominantly in that area,
although there have been a few extensions back across the old border.

Besides the BVG tram routes, two further tram lines (numbered 87 and 88) cross the Berlin
city boundary in order to connect suburban S-Bahn stations within the city to the
Brandenburg towns of Woltersdorf, Schneiche and Rdersdorf. A similar lineoperates within
the nearby town of Strausberg, whilst the adjacent city of Potsdam has its own sizable tram
network. Whilst none of these lines is operated by the BVG, they all use the VBB common
tariff.

Bus
Public transport connections at the new airport will include numerous bus services. Express
buses X7 and X11 will connect BER and U-Bahn Rudow of underground lineU7, every five
minutes. The X11 bus continues to Lichterfelde-West and to Dahlem. Other bus lines also
stop at a number of stations, providing connections with Berlins public transport network
and destinations in Brandenburg.

A Berlin double-decker bus

Berlin has a network of 149 daytime bus routes serving 2634 bus stops and with a total route
length of 1,675 kilometres (1,041 mi). All these services are operated by the Berliner
Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)

and

use

the

common

the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB).

public

transport

tariff

run

by

Of the BVG-operated bus routes, 17 are designated as part of the MetroNetz, which provides
a high frequency service in areas poorly served by the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. Like
the MetroTram tram routes, these MetroBus routes can be recognised by an M prefix to their
route number. A further 13 BVG-operated bus routes are express routes with an X prefix to
their route number.
At nighttime, Berlin is served by a night bus network of 63 bus routes serving 1508 stops and
a total route length of 795 kilometres (494 mi). One night bus runs parallel to each U-Bahn
line during the weektime closing hours. Most of the MetroNetzbus and tram routes operate 24
hours a day, and form part of both the day and night networks. Again services are operated by
BVG and use the VBB tariff.
BVG bus service is provided by a fleet of 1349 buses, of which no fewer than 407
are double-decker buses. Whilst such buses are common in both Ireland and theUnited
Kingdom, their use elsewhere in Europe is extremely uncommon.
Road

Map of motorways in Berlin

The Berlin Brandenburg Airport is connected by its own exit to the freeway A113, which
carries traffic into Berlin to the city freeway A100 and out to the outer city freeway ring
A10 where it continues south as the freeway A13 in the direction of Dresden. The highway
96a along the north side of the airport is being expanded to four lanes towards Potsdam.
Four car parks and a car rental centre will be completed by the opening of BER. Around
10,000 parking spaces will be available in four multi-storey car parks.
Berlin has developed a highly complex transportation infrastructure providing very diverse
modes of urban mobility. 979 bridges cross 197 kilometers of innercity waterways, 5,334
kilometres (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 73 kilometres (45 mi) are
motorways. Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany
and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to
the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the Baltic Sea.
Road transport

In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles were registered in the city. With 416 vehicles per 1000
inhabitants (587/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city
has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.
Autobahn
Berlin is linked to the rest of Germany and neighbouring countries by the
country's autobahn network, including the:

A2 to Hannover and the Ruhr area, with links to Frankfurt am Main and western
Germany

A9 to Leipzig, Nuremberg and Munich, with links to Frankfurt am Main and southern
Germany

A11 to Szczecin, with links to north-east Germany and Poland

A12 to Frankfurt (Oder), with links to Poland

A13 to Dresden, with links to Poland and the Czech Republic

A24 to Hamburg, with links to Rostock and north-west Germany

All of these autobahn terminate at the A10 Berliner Ring, a 196-kilometre-long (122 mi)
autobahn that encircles the city at some distance from the centre, and largely in the
surrounding state of Brandenburg. Central Berlin is connected to the A10 by several shorter
autobahns:

A111 to the northwest (towards the A24 and Tegel Airport)

A113 to the southeast (towards the A12, A13 and Schnefeld Airport)

A114 to the north (towards the A11)

A115 to the southwest (towards the A2 and A9)

The A111, A113 and A115 connect with the A100 Berliner Stadtring, an autobahn that forms
a half circle to the west of the inner city, and is one of the busiest motorways in
Germany. There are plans to extend this motorway to form a full circle around the inner city.