NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Lecture -3

Muhammad Rafiq
Assistant Professor
University of Central Punjab
Lahore Pakistan

ERROR IN MULTIPLICATION

Suppose exact value of a number be= x1

Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
Suppose approximate value of a number be= x1
Suppose approximate value of another number be= x2
Error in first number:e1=x1-x1
Error in first number:e2=x2-x2
Let Z be the product of two numbers=Z=x1.x2
Let Z be the product of approximate values=Z=x1.x2
Error=ez=Z-Z

= (x1.x2 )- (x1.x2)
= x1.x2- (x1- e1)(x2-e2)
=x1x2-( x1 x2- e1x2-e2x1-e1e2)
=

x1x2-( x1x2- e1x2-e2x1)

Neglecting e1e2 as it is very small

=x1x2-x1x2+e1x2+e2x1
So
ez

=e1x2+e2x1

Absolute error=|ez|=|e1x2+e2x1||e1x2|+|e2x1|
And

=|ez||e1x2|+|e2x1|

Relative error= R.E=Absolute Error/|Z|

=|e1x2+e2x1|/|x1x2|
=| e1x2 +e2x1/x1x2 |
=| e1x2/x1x2 + e2x1/x1x2 |
R.E=| e1/x1 + e2/x2|| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
So
R.E| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
ERROR IN QUOTIENT
Suppose exact value of a number be= x1
Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
Suppose approximate value of 1st number be= x1
Suppose approximate value of 2nd number be= x2

Error in first number = e1=x1-x1

Error in second number=e2=x2-x2
Let Z be the quotient of two numbers=Z=x1/x2
Let Z be the quotient of approximate values: Z=x1/x2
Error=ez=Z-Z
=x1/x2-x1/x2
=x1/x2 - x1-e1/x2-e2
=

x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1)/x2(1-e2/x2)

= x1/x2 -x1(1-e1/x1) x2(1-e2/x2)-1

= x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1) x2(1- (-1 )e2/x2)
[As (1+x)n=1+nx+]

= x1/x2-x1(1-e1/x1)x2(1+e2/x2)
= x1/x2-x1x2 (1-e1/x1+e2/x2)
= x1/x2-x1/x2+e1/x2-x1/x2e2
= e1/x2 - x1/x22 e2
R.E=A.E/|Z|
| e1/x2-x1/x22. e2|/|x1/x2|
|(e1/x2-x1/x22. e2 )/ x1/x2|
|e1/x1 - e2/x2||e1/x1| + |e2/x2|
| |

| |

| |

ERROR IN POWER
Let a number be=x
Such that Z=xn
Appraximate Value of x=x

Error in x: e=x-x
Error in Z: e=Z-Z
=xn-(x)n
=xn-(x-e)n
=xn-xn(1 - e/x)n
=xn-xn(1+n(-e/x))
=xn-xn+nexn-1

So
ez = nexn-1
R.E=|nexn-1|/|xn|
=| nexn-1/xn|
=|ne/x|
=|n||e/x|
EXAMPLE # 1
Given the data

then estimate the relative error, maximum

absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.

Solution:
Let x1=4.0643

e1=1/210-4

Let x2=37.487

e=1/210-3

Z=x1/x2
= 4.0643/37.487
= 0.1084.
R.E e1/x1 + e2/x2
1/210-3/4.0643 + 1/210-3/37.487
2.5640 10-5
A.E R.E Z
0.10842.564010-5

 2.77937610-6
Max. Absolute Error=2.77937610-6
The range in which true answer lies
Z-A.E Z Z+A.E
0.1084-2.779410-6Z0.1084+2.779410-6
0.108397 Z 0.108402
(Correct to 3 d.p)
EXAMPLE # 2
Given the data
the estimate the relative error ,
maximum Absolute error and the range in which answer lies.

Solution:
Z=(48.425)1/2
=6.9588.
LET x=48.425
R.E=n |

e=1/210-3
|

=1/2(110/248.425)
= 5.162610-6
Maximum Absolute error = R.E Z
=5.1626106.9588
= 3.592510-5

The range in which true answers lie:

Z-A.E Z Z+A.E
6.9588- 3.5925 10-5 Z 6.9588- 3.5925 10-5
6.9518 Z 6.9588
(Correct to 2 d.p)
EXAMPLE # 3
If given numbers are rounded estimate the relative error and
absolute error in the product 4.06430.37487
Solution:
Let x1=4.0643

e1=1/210-4

Let x2=0.37487

e2=1/210-5

Let Z= x1 x2
= 4.06430.377487
= 1.52358.
A.E : ez x1 . e2 + x2 . e1
(4.06431/210-3)+(0.374871/210-4)
3.906510-5
R.E e1/x1 + e2/x2 |

110-4 / 24.0643 + 110-5 / 20.37487

2.5640 10-5

EXAMPLE # 4
Given

find relative error, absolute error and the

range in which true answer lies.

Solution:
Z=
=

= (1.8778)1/2
Z = 1.37034
R.E1/21/210-4/1.8778

n=1/2

e=1/210-4

A.E 1.3313410-5
R.E|Z |
1.3313410-5 1.37034
1.8243810-5
Z-A.E Z Z+A.E
1.37034-1.8243810-5Z 1.37034+1.8243810-5
1.37032 Z 1.370358
(correct to 4 d.p)
EXAMPLE # 5.Let 65.43 and 17.0591 be correctly rounded to
the number of digits shown. What is the smallest interval in
which the exact sum of numbers lie.

SOL:

x1=65.43

e1=1/210-2

x2=17.0591

e2= 1/210-4

Let Z=x1+x2
=65.43+17.0591
=82.4891.
A.Eeze1+e2
510-3+510-5
510-3
R.E A.E/|Z|
510-3/|82.4891|
6.0610-5

Z-A.E Z Z+A.E
82.4891-510-3 Z 82.4891+510-3
82.4841 Z 82.4941

Exercise
Q # 1:Given the data
.Then estimate the
relative error, maximum absolute error, the range in which true
answers lies.
Q #2:Given the data

then estimate the relative error,

maximum absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.

Q # 3:Given

find relative error, absolute error

and the range in which true answer lies.

Q #4:Given

find relative error, absolute error

and the range in which true answer lies.