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Locational Effects of Variability of Power Generation and Loads On Total Cost of Power Systems
Locational Effects of Variability of Power Generation and Loads On Total Cost of Power Systems
on Total Cost
Saman Cyrus
Bernard Lesieutre
I.
I NTRODUCTION
(1)
EPG B = PL
(2)
PGmin PG PGmax
(3)
subject to
Pijmax
1
(i j ) Pijmax , ij
xij
slack = 0
(4)
(5)
1
(i j ) +
xij
"
Prob PG,g +
NG
X
NG
X
#
GFij,G PG,G Pijmax 0
G =1
1
(6)
max
Dg,G PG,G PG,g
1
(7)
If we model the variations by a Gaussian random distribution we can express (6) and (7) as
v
u NG
uX
1
2 2
GFij,G
(i j ) Pijmax 1 (1 )t
G (12)
xij
G =1
PG,g
v
u NG
uX
max
1
2 2
PG,g (1 )t
Dg,G
G
(13)
G =1
G =1
Dg,l = PNG
j=1,j6=l
max
PG,j
(8)
III.
S ENSITIVITY A NALYSIS
Using the probabilistic DC-OPF formulas, the KKT conditions can be written. Define
v
u NG
uX
2 2 ,
=t
GFij,G
i, j
(14)
G
G =1
max
+ TR PLine
+ 1 (1 ) x
(15)
where eij is a row vector which all of its entries are zero except
ith column which is +1 and jth column which is 1. Also
xij is the reactance of line which connects buses i and j, and
X is the bus reactance matrix. rl describes the changes which
happen in other buses when power generation at generator l
varies. For example, consider a generator l located at bus k;
then for k-th row of rl we can write equation (10) and for
other rows which correspond to buses which generator k is
not located on them equation (11) could be written
P
max
gbus#k,g6=l PG,g
1
(10)
rl (k) = PNG
max
m=1,m6=l PG,m
P
max
gbus#i PG,g
rl (i) = PNG
(11)
max
j=1,j6=l PG,j
L
= 0 CG + E T G + M m = 0
PG
L
= 0 B T G + T x
T S T x
T R = 0
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
PG PGmin
(20)
G =1
1
(i j ) Pijmax
xij
v
u NG
uX
1
(1 )t
GF 2 2 , ij
ij,G
G =1
(21)
Complementary Slackness:
Sij
v
u NG
uX
max
1
2 2
Pij + (1 )t
GFij,G
G
G =1
!
1
+
(i j ) = 0 ij
xij
Rij
(22)
v
u NG
uX
max
1
2 2
GFij,G
Pij + (1 )t
G
G =1
!
1
(i j ) = 0 ij
xij
(23)
Fig. 1.
Mi (PGi
PGmax
)
i
= 0,
(24)
TABLE I.
mi (PGmin
i
PGi ) = 0,
(25)
Dual Feasibility:
R
S
M
m
IV.
0
0
0
0
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Calculate a regulation price as the sensitivity of production cost to uncertain wind generation.
2.3252
Cost/G2 [$]
2.9238
S3.
Cost/G1 [$]
Cost = CG PG
E T G + M m = 0
B T G + T x
T S T x
T R = 0
EPG B = 0
Mi = 0, i
/E
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(1 )2 2
2
2 ) = 0
(Dg,G1 1 1 + Dg,G
2 2
i E
PGi +
while
TABLE II.
(35)
v
u NG
uX
1
2 2
Dg,G
= (1 )t
G
G =1
Rij
Sij
(36)
2
2
GFij,G
(1 )1 + GFij,G
(2 )2
2
q1
2
2
GFij,G
2 + GFij,G
2
1 1
2 2
!
1
(i j ) = 0, ij = 23
xij
(37)
q
2
2
2
2
+ GFij,G
Pijmax +1 (1 ) GFij,G
2 2
1 1
1
( j )
xij i
Pijmax
!
= 0,
ij 6= 23 (38)
q
2
2
2
2
+ GFij,G
(1 ) GFij,G
2 2
1 1
!
1
+
( j ) = 0
xij i
(39)
Cost
L
[$]
Bus
Load on
Number
bus (MW)
Scenario I
Scenario II
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
108
97
180
74
71
136
125
46
175
195
0
0
265
194
142
100
0
333
181
128
0
0
0
0
0.5558
0.5018
0.81162
0.387
0.3788
0.7438
0.677
0.2491
0.9233
1.0834
0
0
1.3849
2.0219
0.7106
0.5165
0
1.6972
0.8427
0.5705
0
0
0
0
0.1279
0.1174
0.1088
0.0936
0.0969
0.2028
0.1801
4.7043
0.2289
0.3068
0
0
0.3340
1.2010
10.5878
0.1203
0
0.3789
0.1302
0.0679
0
0
0
0
Rij = 0, ij 6= 23
Sij = 0, ij {1, ..., 24}
(40)
(41)
[1]
The results for the loads are presented in Table II. The
value are presented in units of $/per-unit power per hour.
[2]
[3]
V.
C ONCLUSION
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]