Twilight Over Burma မႈံရီဆိုင္း တိုင္းျမန္မာ

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10
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jynf Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm; pdwfrat;bG,f tvm;tvmrsm;om
jzpfayrnf/

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Ekdif&ef 1885 ESifh 1890 cktwGif; &Srf;jynfol taotaysmuf tenf;i,fESifhtwl jzpf
ajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhMuonf/ jyifopfwkdYtm; rJacgifjrpf\ta&SUbufjcrf;wGif
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rsm;ESifhtjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;udk e,fjcm;a'orsm;\wzufwcsufwkdY ,aeYawGYjrifMu&
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wkdYrSmyif awGY&SdMu&onf/
11

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&kdufpDrHrIatmufwGif xm;&SdcJhonf/ &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;onf e,fajrumuG,folrsm;jzpfMu
um olwkdY\MoZmtmPmudk NAdwdoQrsm;u todtrSwfjyKay;NyD; tdEd,rSapmfbGm;rsm;uJh
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ydkifcGifh &Muonf/

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olrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;ESifhaqmufvkyfa&;tydkif;rsm;udk udkifwG,fvkyf
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Nidrf&SdcJh&mrS Nidrf;csrf;wnfNidrfrIudk yxrOD;pGm &&SdcHpm;Mu&onf/

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trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,frsm;odkY oufa&mufxdawGYrI r&SdcJhacs/ xkdt
csdefu 'dkYArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifhtjcm;EkdifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;
ukd xda&mufpGm pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;aecsdefrsm; jzpfonf/

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a&;A[kdXmejzpfaom awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif NAdwdoQaumfr&SifemcsKyf &kH;xkdifNyD; ta&;BuD;
aomapmfbGm;e,ftcsKdUwGifom EkdifiHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; xm;&Sdonf/ wzufvnf; a'o
qkdif&m o,HZmwESifhywfouf tenf;i,fom &SmazGazmfxkwfNyD; pD;yGm;a&;udk jrifhwif
ay;cJhonf/ NAdwdoQwkdY BudKwif&nf&G,fowfrSwfxm;&SdcsufrSm jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;rSpyg;
pdkufysKd;a&;a'orsm;udk wGifus,fatmif aqmif&GufNyD; tdEd,jynfodkY pyg;rsm; xdxd
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at;csrf;aevQif awmfavmufNyD[k ,lqxm;onf/

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eefjynfe,ftwGif; 1930 ckESpfaemufydkif;wkdY ppfbk&ifrsm;tcsif;csif; tmPme,f ajr
vk,uf&if;? tusKd;tjrwf BuD;rm;aom bdef;aps;uGufvkyf&if;? wkdufckdufMuum rif;rJht
12
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ckESpf *syefwkdY ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'orsm;udk wkdufcdkufodrf;,lvmrIrsm;ESifhtwl NyD;qkH;
oGm;onf/ &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfrsm;ESifhNAdwdoQwkdYu zdwf
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rsm; tBuD;tus,f&ifqkdifwkdufcdkufcJhMuonf/ r[mrdwfrsm;ua&m *syefrsm;uyg &Srf;
jynfe,fNrdKUjyaus;vufwkdYudk AkH;usJwkdufckdufcJhMu&m awmifwef;a'otrsm;tjym; pkwf
jywfysufpD; usef&pfcJhonf/

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vufatmufcHjyKvkdufonf/ usKdif;wkHESifhrkdif;(rdef;)yefe,fwkdYudk ol\&kyfao;xkdif;tpdk;&
tm; vTJajymif;ay;vkdufonf/

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axmifzGJYpnf;onf/ jynfArmjynfESifhe,fjcm;a'o qufqHa&;\tajccHtajymif;tvJ
aMumifh EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhonf/ xkdtcsdef xkdumvrSp &Srf;
jynfe,frS jynfoltrsm; x<uEkd;Mum;vmrIudk awGY&SdEkdifonf/

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orS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;taeESifh,cifuxuf EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rIrsm; &SdvmcJhNyDrSef
aomfvnf; yifrjrefrmEkdifiHa&; a&pD;aMumif;\t&Sdeft[kefESifhum; rsm;pGmuGm[vsuf
&Sdao;onf/ 1946 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv &Srf;? ucsifESifhcsif;acgif;aqmifwkdYonf vGKdifvif
\ajrmufbuf&Sd aps;NrdKUuav;jzpfaom yifvkHwGif nDvmcHjyKvkyfMu&ef tpysKd;cJhMu
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jzpf qkH;jzwfMuonf/ wkd;jznfh nDnTwfaomawmifwef;a'ovlrsKd;pkrsm;\A[dktMuH
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13
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jrefrmtmPmykdifrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;\aomhcsufjzpfaom pm&Gufpmwrf; rSwfwrf;
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tem; yGJvrf;obifrsm; tpOfwpkduf usif;ycJhMuonf/ &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;u jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif twlyl;wGJyg0ifMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; aemif 10 ESpfMumjrifh aus
eyfrI r&SdcJhvQif cGJxGufydkifcGifh&Sd&ef awmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ uGefz&ifh oabmwlnDrIudk &&SdcJh
Muonf/ xkdodkYjyKvkyfEkdifcGifh&SdaomESpfrSm 1958 ckESpfjzpfonf/ xkdtcGifhta&;udk jrefrm
EkdifiH\yxrzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' xnfhoGif;a&;qGJcJhonf/

pm&Gufay: 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv av;&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyf
a&;ay;&ef aMujimcsufudk jyifqifcJhMuonf/ xkdpOfrSmyif tvGefaMuuGJbG,f&maumif;
aom jzpf&yfqkd;wpfckESifhMuHKMu&onf/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 19 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwrsKd;
om;vkH; BuD;pGmwkefvIyfajcmufcsm;rIjzpfMu&aom owif;wpf&yf xGufay:vmonf/ Akdvf
csKyfatmifqef;tm; vkyfMuHowfjzwfjcif;cHvkdufMu&aom owif;yifjzpfonf/ olESifht
wl tjcm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;vnf; vkyfMuHjcif; cHMu&NyD; rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;p0fpH
xGef;wkdYvnf; tygt0if jzpfayonf/

vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdaom 1948 ckESpfrSm jrefrmjynf\tajctaeonf tqkd;&Gm;
qkH;jzpfcJhonf/

'kwd,urmppftwGif;u AkH;BuJcH&rIudk wpfjynfvkH; jyif;xefpGm cHpm;cJhMu&onf/
aus;vufawm&GmwkdYrSm pkwfjywfaeNyD; EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm;rSmvnf; ysufpD;,kd,Gif;
vsuf &Sdonf/

jrefrmjynf\t&nftaoG;jynfh0aom twGif;pnf; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKdU
onfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;r&rDrSmyif vkyfMuHcHvkdufMu&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\yxrqkH;0efBuD;
csKyfjzpfol EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifopf OD;Ekonf yg&rD&Sdaom ynmwwfEkdifiHa&;orm;wpf
a,mufjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&p ,ckvkdcufcJonfhc&D;Murf;rsm;udk jzwfoef;Mu&
rnfhtcsdef? MuHhckdifjywfom;aomacgif;aqmifrsKd;vkdtyfaecsdefwGif aysmhnHhvGef;onf[k
jyif;xefpGm a0zefjcif;cHae&onf/ A[kdtpkd;&udk aysmhnHhonf[kjrifvmMuNyD; wyfrawmf
rStcsKdUtpdwftykdif;udk ykefuefjcm;em;ukefMuonf/ u&if? u&ifeDESifhrGefwkdYuvnf; vuf
eufudkif ykefuefMuonf/ tiftm; BuD;rm;aom Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ajr
14
atmufodkY 0ifa&mufawmckdoGm;um aysmufMum;wyfrsm; pwifpnf;&kH;onf/

trsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;udk xdef;odrf;Ekdif&ef yxrqkH; jrefrmEkdifiH\*kPfxl;aqmif
orwae&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol apmfbGm;BuD;p0fa&Todkuftm; wif
ajrmufcJhMuonf/ twkduftcH vkyfolrsm;udk BudK;pm;azsmif;zsae&csdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd
w&kwfe,fpyfa'owavQmuf jzpf&yftcsKdU ay:aygufvmonfhtwGuf OD;aESmufajcmuf
p&mrsm; ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmonf/ 1949 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif awmifydkif;,leefjynfe,frSul
rifwefwyfrsm;onf qufwkdufatmifyGJcHaeonfhuGefjrLepfwyfrsm;\vkdufvHwkdufckdufrI
rsm;udk rckcHEkdifawmh EkdifiHwume,fpyfa'oudk ausmfjzwfum &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;odkY
0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/

ppfBuD;twGif;u ol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfcJhaom AkdvfcsKyfBuD;vDrDacgif;aqmif ul
rifwefwyfrsm;u usKdif;wkHe,fxJodkY usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmMuum &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;
ckdatmif;aeMuonf/

autifrfwDppfom;rsm;tjyif olwkdYpkaqmif;odrf;oGif;aom ppfom;tiftm;
onf 1950 ckapmapmykdif; 1700 cefY&Sdae&mrS 1951 ckESpf {NyDv tiftm; 4000 xd
BuD;xGm;vmonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fodkY jrefrmppfwyfrsm;udk ydkYvTwfNyD; rzdwfac:bJ 0ifa&muf
vmonfhusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ESifxkwfapaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/ xkdYaMumifh OD;Eku
ukvor*odkY jyemudk wifjycJhonf/ 1953 ck? {NyDv 22 &ufaeY usif;yaomukv
or*taxGaxGnDvmcHrS autifrfwDrsm;tm; vufeufrsm;udk pGefYypfNyD; wkdif;jynfrSxGuf
cGmoGm;Mu&ef qkH;jzwfawmif;qkdvkdufonf/ odkYaomf autifrfwDwkdYu ukvor*qkH;jzwf
csufudk vspfvsL&INyD; 1953 ckESpf? ESpfukefykdif; autifrfwDtiftm; 12000 txd wkd;
csJUvmcJhonf/

&Srf;jynfe,frsm; jynfwGif;ppf awmufavmifaeawmhonf/ acwfopfjrefrmo
rkdif; xkduJhodkY tMuyftwnf; jzpfcsdef\ta&;tBuD;qkH; umvwGifrS tif*gESifholr\&Srf;
trsKd;om;cifyGef;onfwkdY jrefrmjynfodkYjyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ oDayg
e,fonf autifrfwDusL;ausmfrI\qkd;usKd;udk wkduf&kdufxdckdufcHpm;&aome,fajrr[kwf
ay/ odkYaomf &Srf;jynfe,f\tjcm;tpdwftykdif;wkdYrl tajctaersm;rSm wif;rmvsuf&Sd
Muonf/ tpOftvmtm;jzifh at;at;csrf;csrf; aexkdifwwfMuaom &Srf;awmifMum;
a'orsm;ESifha0;vHaom,leefe,fpyfa'owavQmufrS rNidrfroufjzpfrIrsm;aMumifh t
ajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfvmae&onf/

autifrfwDwkdYonf &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif ajcukyf,lxm;MuNyD; tMurf;
zuf&ufpufrIrsm;ESifhtkyfcsKyfvIyf&Sm;vsuf &SdMuonf/ wzufrSmvnf; 1955 ckESpftxd
15
&Srf;jynfe,fodkY rzdwfbJ a&muf&SdvmMuaom usL;ausmfolrsm;tm; wGef;vSefESifxkwf&ef

jrefrmppfwyftajrmuftrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,fodkY tvkH;t&if;ESifh0ifa&mufvmMuonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif autifrfwDwkdY\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEkdif&ef awmifykdif;&Srf;jynfudk
ppfwyftkyfcsKyfrIatmufodkY xnfhoGif;cJhonf/ odkYaomf &Srf;rsm;url olwkdY\udk,fydkiftkyf
csKyfa&;udk ao;odrfaponf[kcHpm;Mu&onf/

&Srf;awmifolv,form;tajrmuftrsm;tzkdY orkdif;wavQmuf yxrqkH;t
Budrf Armrsm;ESifhawGYqkHMuHBudKufMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ olwkdYtawGYtMuHKtm;jzifh jrefrmppf
wyfonf aMumufp&maumif;NyD; &Hzef&Hcg touftE&m,frsm;yif &Sdvmwwfonf/

autifrfwDusL;ausmfrIrsm;udk tpdk;&wyfrsm;uvnf; xdxda&mufa&mufwGef;
vSefESifxkwfrI rjyKEkdifMuonfhtwGuf &Srf;jynfolwkdYrSm tiftm;BuD;ESpfcktMum; nyfydwf
jcif;om cHaeMu&onf/

ESpftkyfpkpvkH;rSmvnf; &Srf;rsm;twGuf olpdrf;rsm;csnf;om jzpfaeMuonf/ xdkY
aMumifh jyif;xefaom&Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ay:aygufvmonf/ odkYjzpfay:
vmrIaMumifh A[kdtpkd;&tzkdY tvGefpdwfroufrom jzpf&onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf zGJY
pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif 1958 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkrScGJxGufEkdifonfqkdaomt
csufyg0ifaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;u &Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
ppfwyftiftm;rsm;okH;if;? ppfpkHprf;axmufvSrf;a&;udk okH;if;? zdESdyfNzdKzsufwm;
qD;&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf; tajctaeom ydkqkd;ukefonf/ ratmifjrifcJhacs/ vli,ftkyf
pkrsm; awmckdukefMuNyD; jcHKckdwkdufckduf&ef wyfpkrsm; pnf;&kH;avhusifhukefMuonf/

1959 ckESpfavmufodkY a&mufaomtcg &Srf;aysmufusm;rsm;u jrefrmppfwyfudk
jcHKckdwkdufckdufjcif;? vlaea0;aom t&yfa'orS wyfpcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;
ponfrsm;udk jyKvkyfMuNyD; vufeuftiftm; jznfhwif;Muonf/ aysmufusm;rsm;u ppf
wyftajcpkdufNrdKUjzpfaom wefY,ef;ukdyif wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufNyD; &uftenf;i,fcefY xdef;
csKyfxm;cJhMuonf/

uJhodkY a0;vHaome,fjcm;a'owkdY tMurf;enf;rsm;jzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMucsdef
wGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDtzGJY0ifrsm;u &efukefNrdKU z,f'&,fvfrludk ydkrkdckdifrmpGm usifhokH;
udkifwG,faomjynfaxmifpktpdk;&jzpfvmap&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;zdtm;ay;BudK;yrf;vsuf
&Sd Muonf/ 1959 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;apmfbGm;okH;q,fhav;a,mufpvkH;?
olwkdY\tBuD;tuJapmfbGm;rsm;tjzpfrS pepfwus &kyfodrf;MuaMumif; awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif
tcrf;tem;jzifh aMujimcJhMuonf/ jynfe,fi,ftm;vkH; &Srf;jynfe,fBuD;wckwnf;tjzpf
odkY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD; jynfolu a&G;aumufwifajrmufaomtpkd;&tzGJYjzifh tkyfcsKyfMu&ef
16
jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKU ppfwyftdrfapmifhtpkd;&u tkyfcsKyfvsuf&SdNyD; &Srf;

apmfbGm;wkdY\tmPmpGefYvTwfyGJudk olwkdYtwGuf atmifyGJwpf&yf[kjrifMuonf/ &Srf;apmf
bGm;rsm;url olwkdYudk,fwkdif BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muaom qkH;jzwfcsufudk ykHrSefvkyfaqmif
Mujcif;om jzpfNyD; olwkdYonf olwkdY\tmPmudk &efukeftpkd;&xHodkY tyfESHMujcif;r[kwfbJ
jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajrmufonfh&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJYodkYom tyfESHMujcif;jzpfonf[k
cH,lMuonf/ ydkacwfrDaom apmfbGm;rsm;(p0fMumqkdiftygt0if)wkdYonf EkdifiHa&;udk
qufvufvkyfaqmifMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vTwfawmfwGifif;? txufvTwfawmfwGifif;?
xkdpOfu vTwfawmfESpf&yfjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;aom jrefrmygvDrefwGif qufvufwm0ef,lMu
onf/

autifrfwD usL;ausmfrIonfif;? jrefrmtpkd;&ppfwyfrsm;tvkH;t&if;ESifh0if
a&muftajccsvmMuonfudkif;? wkdufyGJrsm;onfif;? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; 'Drkdua&pD
pepf wnfaqmufzGHYNzdK;vmEkdifapa&;twGuf wkduf&kdufxdckdufwm;qD;vsuf &Sdonf/ &Srf;
olykefrsm;onf tiftm;ao;i,fNyD; xda&mufrI r&Sdao;aomfvnf; jyemw&yftjzpf
pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmonfrSmum; xif&Sm;vmonf/ vufatmufcH&Srf;jynfolwkdYu &efukef
A[kdtpdk;&tm; vufeufukdif awmfvSefwkdufckdufrIrsm; jyKvmMuaomtcg &Srf;acgif;
aqmiftajrmuftrsm;rSm pdwfESpfcG jzpfMu&NyD; tBuD;tus,f OD;aESmufajcmufMu&onf/
oDayge,frS &Srf;olykeftzGJYtpnf;tqifhqifhodkY wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifolrsm;ESifhpnf;&kH;a&;rSL;t
ajrmuftrsm; axmufyHhEkdifcJhonf/ xkdolwkdYteuf trsm;pkonf cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;jzpf
Muonf/

apmpD;pGm ykefuefcJhol &Srf;acgif;aqmifaqxJefonf oDayge,f ZmwdyifjzpfNyD;
1961 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY vQKdU0SufpGm 0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD; p0fMumqkdifESifhawGYqkHcJhonf
[kajymMuonf/ NrdKUawmf Mum;cHvltjzpf aqmif&Guf&ol &Srf;ausmif;om;u p0fMum
qkdiftm; olykefrsm;\ukd,fpm;vS,fESifhawGYvkdrI &Sd r&Sd ar;jref;cJhonf/ p0fMumqkdifu zGJY
pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk xkwfjyNyD; olonf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vTwfawmftrwf
wpfOD;jzpfonfESifhtnD zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk opm&Sdygrnf[k uwdopmusdefqkdxm;yg
aMumif; ajymjyvkdufonf/

p0fa&Todkuf? p0fMumqkdifESifhtjcm;&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;us,f
jyefYvmaeaom &Srf;vufeufudkifykefuefrIrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef BudKwifnd
EIdif;jyifqifrIrsm; pnf;&kH;jyifqifvsuf &SdcJhMuonf/ olwkdYu z,f'&,fvfpepfudk jyKjyif
ajymif;vJjcif;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkBuD;qufvuf&SifoefapNyD; aomif;usef;ykefuefrIrsm;
udkvnf; oufomoGm;apEkdifonf[k qifjcifpOf;pm; ,kHMunfMuonf/
17

1960 ckESpfwGif 'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJBuD; jyefvnfusif;yvsuf OD;
Ekacgif;aqmifaom tzGJYuyif ta&G;cs,fcH&um OD;Ekyif &efukef tmPmjyefvnf&&SdcJh
jyefonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfonf p0fa&TodkufESifhp0fMumqkdifwkdY\wifjycsufrsm;udk tm;ay;vkdol
jzpfonf/

1961 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; aemufxyfykefuefx<urIwpfck xyfrHjzpf
ay:jyefonf/ Ak'bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmom jyKvkyfa&;qkH;jzwfcsufudk uefYuGufaom
tm;jzifh c&pf,mefucsifrsm;u vufeufudkif awmfvSefMujcif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;pdwf"mwf
usbG,frsm; &SdaeonfhtMum;rS tMurf;zufrIrsm; ydkrkdjzpfay:vmaeonfhtwGuf 1962
ckESpfwGif OD;Eku &efukefNrdKU trsKd;om;nDvmcH ac:,lcJhonf/ xkdnDvmcHrS e,fjcm;a'o
jyemrsm;? jynfe,fjyemrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;Mu&efjzpfonf/ vkdtyfvQif tajccHzGJYpnf;
ykHOya' yg0ifaom z,f'&,fvfzGJYpnf;rIudk avQmhcs&ef jzpfonf/ tpkd;&tzGJY0efBuD;rsm;
tm;vkH;? ygvDrefvTwfawmftrwftm;vkH;? jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vkH;ESifhjynfe,f
0efBuD;tm;vkH;? if;nDvmcHudk wufa&mufMuonf/

rnfonfhqkH;jzwfcsufudkrS rcsEkdifao;rD 1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmh
wyfrawmf\ppfaoemywdcsKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u ppfwyftmPmodrf;rIjzifh wkdif;jynf
tmPmudk &,lvkdufNyD; nDvmcHwufa&mufoltm;vkH;udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;vkdufonf/
p0fa&Tokdufvnf; tzrf;cH&onf/ 17 ESpft&G,fom&Sdao;aom p0fa&Todkuf\om;rSm ppf
wyftmPmodrf;,laomnu (ppftmPmydkifwkdY\tajym)jyefvnfckcHonf[kqkdNyD; ao
ewfESifhypfowfcHvkduf&onf/ orwa[mif;BuD;udk,fwkdifrSmvnf; 8 vcefYMumaomtcg
axmiftwGif;yif uG,fvGefoGm;&&Smonf/ rw&m; Oya'rJh tjypfay;vkdufonf[k,lq
Muonf/

ppfwyfu jynfaxmifpkBuD; NydKuGJawmhrnfhta&;udk umuG,f&ef 0ifa&mufpGuf
zuf&jcif;jzpfonf[k taMumif;jyonf/ tjcm;a0zefydkif;jcm;olrsm;url ppfwyfonf
jynfwGif;ppfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; tqrwef BuD;xGm;vmcGifh &cJhonf/ autifrfwD
wGef;vSefwkdufckdufa&; vkdtyfvmaomtcg omvGefBuD;xGm;cGifh &jyef&m tpdk;&udk,fwkdif
u rxdef;csKyfEkdifawmhbJ tpkd;&twGif; tpkd;&wck ay:aygufvmcJhNyD; aemufqkH;Akdvf
csKyfae0if;\ppftpkd;& jzpfoGm;&awmhonf[k aumufcsufqGJMuonf/

p0fMumqkdifonf ppfwyftmPmodrf;rIrjyKrD wpf&ufu trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
wufa&mufcJhNyD; tmPmodrf;rIrnfhaeYwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU tonf;toefzsm;emvsuf&Sd
aom tpfrawmfwpfa,muftm; oGm;a&mufawGYqkH&ef av,mOfjzifh xGufcGmcJhonf/ &ef
ukefNrdKUwGif rnfodkYjzpfaeonfudk rodbJ tmPmodrf;onfheHeufu oDaygodkYjyef&ef vm;&Id;
18
odkYoGm;rnfhav,mOfuGif;odkY qif;cJhonf/ odkYaomf av,mOfuGif;&Sd&m [J[kd;odkYtoGm;

awmifBuD;*dwfrSmyif ppfwyfu vrf;udkydwfNyD; p0fMumqkdiftm; &yfwefYppfaq;onf/ olY
tm; ppfwyfu zrf;qD;oGm;onf[k aemufqkH;awGYjrifvkdufMu&onf/

tif*gonf oDayg wpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhNyD; &IyfaxG;vSaom jrefrmjynfEkdif
iHa&;tajctaersm;ESifh&ifqkdif&&Smonf/ olru p0fMumqkdif\uHMurmudk od&SdEkdif&ef t
jyif;txef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ odkYaomf &efukefppftpkd;&ESifholwkdY\awmifBuD;udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;u &IyfaxG;NyD; a&SUaemufrnDaomtajzrsm;? w0ufwysufom rSefonf[kxif&aom
vkH;0vdrfnmxm;aom tajztrsKd;rsKd;ukdom ay;cJhMuonf/ aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfrsm;
aMumifh tif*gESifhorD;ESpfa,mufjzpfMuaom rm,m&DESifhudE&DwkdYonf 1946 ckESpf? arv
wGif rdcife,fajrudkpGefY wkdif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;Mu&&Smonf/ olwkdYonf MopBwD;,m;odkY
jyefMu&onf/ AD,ifemNrdKUawmf&Sd xkdif;oH&kH;wGif tvkyf&&SdEkdif&ef BudK;pm; trIxrf;ae
&if; cifyGef;onfjzpfol\owif;tptersm;udk &&SdEkdif&ef tjyif;txef qufvufBudK;
pm;cJhonf/

1966 ckESpf? ZGefv? &Savmhpfavmf'efwGif upfwDboef;ESifhacwawGYqkH&pOfu
vnf; olr\cifyGef;onfudk &efukefNrdKUyif xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; aumif;rGefpGm jyKpkxm;yg
aMumif;avmufom od&onf/ odkYaomf ,cif ppftmPmydkifrsm;udk,fwkdif p0fMumqkdifudk
rnfonfhtcgurS zrf;qD;jcif; r&SdcJhygaMumif; ajymjycJhMuonf/ tif*g &efukefNrdKUrSrxGuf
cGmrD 1964 ckESpfuwnf;u xkdodkYa&SUaemuf rnDaomtajzrsm;udk tBudrfBudrfod&NyD;jzpf
onf/ AkdvfpMumu ajymonfrSmrl p0fMumqkdiftm; ppfwyfu zrf;qD;cJhNyD; rMumrDtwGif;
rSmyif awmifBuD;NrdKU\ajrmufbufwGif&Sdaom Axl;ppfwyfNrdKUwGif owfypfvkdufMuonf
[l jzpfonf/ AkdvfpMumonf &JabmfokH;usdyf0if 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;BuD;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; t
vGefckdifcefYaom tquftoG,faumif;rsm; &Sdoljzpf\/

1966 ckESpfwGif tif*g? rm,m&DESifhudE&DwkdYonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkYxGuf
cJhMuNyD; omrefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tjzpf cH,l aexkdifcJhMuonf/ aMuuGJbG,frdom;pkb0 Mu
rmrsm;ESifhywfoufppftmPm&Sif\vufatmuf &SdaeaomjrefrmjynfwGif tajrmuf
trsm; jzpfysufcJhonf/ vGefcJhaomtESpf 30 twGif; vltajrmuftrsm;onf bmt
aMumif;rSef;rodvkduf&bJ Muufaysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufuG,f aoqkH;oGm;Mu&onf/
tif*gudk,fwkdif pDumywfukH; a&;om;ajymjyaomoDaygapmfbGm;\uHMurmtaMumif;rSm
rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;jzifh ckdifcHhwdusaom orkdif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm;yif jzpfayawmhonf/

pmpkonf vlom;wkdY\&J&ifhwnfMunfrIESifhZGJowd? ZGJvkHYvwkdYtaMumif; jzpfay
onf/ xkdYjyif &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom ppftmPm&Siftpdk;&wpfck taMumif;udkvnf; ajym
19
jyaeonf/ olwkdYtm; qefYusifcJhMuolrsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? nOf;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;?

azsmufzsufowfjzwfjcif;wkdYudk tajrmuftrsm; usL;vGefcJhMuonfhwkdif xda&mufrIr&Sd
aMumif;? vlxku qufvufrkef;wD;&GH&Smvsufyif&SdaMumif; rodbJ jzpfaeMuaMumif;rsm;udk
azmfxkwfxm;onf/ ppftmPmodrf;rI jyKNyD;aemuf 1947 ckESpf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH
Oya'udk zsufodrf;vkdufNyD; xkdOya'ygtcsuftvufrsm;rSm vkH;0t&mra&mufEkdifawmh
aMumif; aMujimcJhMuonf/

trsm;u arQmfvifhxm;Muonfhtwkdif; tajctaersm; ydkqkd;ukefonf/ &Srf;jynf
e,fESifhucsifjynfe,fwkdY awmckdykefuefrIrsm; ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmonf/ oDayge,fonfvnf;
1962 ckESpf ppfwyftmPmodrf;onfhtcsdefrSpNyD; &Srf;aomif;usef;vufeufudkifawmfvSef
a&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf vli,fwkdufckdufa&; tiftm;opfrsm; ay;ydkYulnDvsuf&Sdonf/

tif*gonf ,ckxufwkdif cg;xd&Snfvsm;aom olr\qHyifrsm;udk &Srf;&kd;&mxkH;pH
twkdif; xkH;zGJYxdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfvsuf ajrmufydkif;&Srf;jynfrS ajrMoZmaumif;rGef om
,mvSyaom awmifMum;a'o aexkdifcJh&onhfESpfumvrsm;udk owdw&&SdaeqJjzpfay
onf/ xkdumva'owkdYudk orD;av;rsm;tm; ajymjy&if; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmudk ukefvGefvm
apvsuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk orD;av;rsm; BuD;jyif;vlvm;ajrmufcJhMuonf/ ESpf
pOfESpfwkdif; rm,m&DESifhudE&DwkdYu &efukefNrdKU&Sd ppftmPmydkifrsm;tm; wkduf&kdufpma&;NyD;
olwkdYzcif\uHMurmtaMumif;udk trSeftwkdif; od&SdEkdifMu&ef ar;jref;Mu&Smonf/ rnf
onfhtcgurS jyefMum;jcif; r&SdchJyg/
20
tcef; 1

tylykdif;a'oeHeufcif;\qdwfNidrfrIudk NzdKcGJvkdufaom xl;qef;onfhtoHrsm;udk
Mum;vkduf&onfESifhyif okpED csufcsif;odvkdufonf/ tdyfrufwkdY NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD[kwcsdefvkH;
wxifhxifhESifhBudKwifarQmfvifhxm;cJhonfrsm; aemufqkH; jzpfvmNyD[k/ 0&efwmbufrS
oHZumwyfjyLwif;wHcg;udk owdESifhzGifhvkdufonf/ tdyf&mxuf zcifjzpfol\buf tdyf
aysmfaeMuaomorD;av;rsm; Ekd;roGm;atmifvnf; *&kpkduf&ao;onf/

0&efwmrS vSrf;jrif&onf/ olwkdYaexkdif&m 0if;jcHtwGif; ta&SUa[mfeef;wpf
ckvkH;udk &mESifhcsDaom vufeufudkifjrefrmppfom;rsm;u 0dkif;xm;Muonf/ a[mfeef;&Sd&m
0if;udk um&Hxm;onfhxlxJaom ausmuftkwfwHwkdif;BuD;onf ouf&Sdow0gBuD;waumif
uJhodkY xif&onf/ xkdausmufwHwkdif;BuD;\aemufuG,frS tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;? tpdrf;
a&mifoHcarmufrsm;ESifhppfom;rsm; twef;vkduf? twef;vkduf wkd;0ifvmMuonf/ qdwf
NidrfaomeHeufcif; jrufacsmufrsm;ay: ysm,mcwfaeMuaom ppfajceif;wkdY\&Syfwkduf
jrnfoHwkdYonf wkdawmif;wdjywfaom trdefYrsm;udk emcHvkdufemaeMu&ouJhodkY &Sdonf/
okpEDonf puefYtenf;i,frQ r,kHMunfEkdifatmif jzpfoGm;NyD; ckdukd;&mrJhovkd cHpm;vkduf
&onf/ olr\ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifht&ifqkH; awGY&eftwGufif;? &efolwkdYESifh&ifqkdif&eft
wGufif; olr\cEmudk,fudk rwfrwfxm;vkdufNyD; okH;av;csufrQ toufjyif;jyif;&SLvkduf
onf/ okpEDonf ,kHMunfrItjynfh &Sdae&ef vkdtyfonf/ &J&ifhMuHhckdif&ef vkdtyfvSonf/
olrcifyGef;\toufudk umuG,f&rnf/ olwkdYESpfOD;\vlrr,f orD;uav;ESpfa,mufudk
apmifha&Smuf&rnf/ olwkdY\&Srf;jynfolrsm;udk ulnD&OD;rnf jzpfonf/

olr atmufxyfodkY qif;cJhaomtcg txl;,kHMunftm;udk;&aom oufawmf
apmifhylacgifESifhaemufvkduf ESpfq,fhav;a,mufwkYdudk cef;rus,ftwGif; awGY&onf/
olrtvkdvkd odNyD;jzpfaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udkyif olu twnfjyKajymjyonf/
jrefrmppfwyfu jrefrmjynf\tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk odrf;ydkufvkdufNyD/ ta&SUa[mfeef;udk
&SmazGcGifhjyK&ef olrtm; ppfwyfu awmif;qkdvsuf &Sdonf/ ta>ct&Hrsm;onf olr\t
qkH;tjzwfudk apmifhqkdif;vsuf &SdMuonf/ olwkdY\olrtay:xm;&Sdaom ,kHMunfrItwGuf
pdwftm;wufrdonf/ puefYtenf;i,frQtwGif; pdwfoPmef "m;"m;csif;? vSHvSHcsif;
,SOfvkduf&ef pdwfvkdufrmefyg MuHpnfrdao;onf/ odkYaomf olrcifyGef;\pdwf"mwftwkdif;
21
odum&Sd&Sd jyKrl&rnf[kqkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ &Sif;aeygNyD/ ,cktcsdefrSp oDayge,fole,f

om;wkdYtwGuf cGeftm;ukdif;? ulnDyHhykd;rIudkif;? ajzodrfhrIudkif;? okpEDwpfudk,fwnf;?
EkdifiHjcm;ol &Srf;rif;orD;uav; wpfyg;wnf; BudK;pm;aqmif&Guf&ayawmhrnf/

xkdYtjyif vlrr,f orD;uav;rsm;udk apmifha&SmufumuG,f&rnf/ olwkdY\zcif
jyefvmrnfhtcsdefudk apmifh&rnf/ olr\pdwf jyif;jyif;xefxef arQmfvifhrdonf/ ol a0;
&mt&yfodkY xGufoGm;ygap/ ol tdrfodkYta&mufjyef&ef tcsdefapmNyD; &efukefrSxGufvm
aumif; xGufvmEkdifonf/ okpEDu jrefrmAkdvfrSL;BuD;ESifhaemufygppfwyfukd &ifqkdif&ef t
oifhjyifvkdufonf/ olr\aemufyg ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifhtwl ta&SUa[mfeef;rSxGuf &if
qkdifonf/ ppf0wfpkHtpdrf;a&mifrsm;ESifhppfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf AkdvfrSL;BuD;\ab;
if;? aemufif; 0ef;&Hvsuf&SdMuonf/ if;wkdY\taetxm;rsm;onf aMumufvefYzG,f
&mrsm;jzpfNyD; olwkdYvufwGif;rS pwif;*ef;aoewfrsm;udk tcsdefra&G; ypfcwfawmhrnfh[ef
rsm;&SdaeMuonf/ rdrd\tcGifhtmPmudk pGJudkifvsuf usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmMujcif;\
taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;jy&ef awmif;qkdvkdufonf/ olrtm; wpkHw&m &Sif;jyjcif;r&Sdaom
tcg olru ppfAkdvfrsm;tm; rdef;rom;ESifhvlrr,fuav;rsm;om &Sdaeonfudk ,ckuJhodkY
ppfwyftiftm;tokH;jyKNyD; qufqHjcif;rSm vkH;0oifhjrwfrI r&SdaMumif; ajymjyvkdufonf/
AkdvfrSL;BuD;ESifholYvlrsm;rSm bmrSjyefrajymEkdifatmif jzpfaeMuonf/ olwkdYu EkdifiHjcm;
olonf xdwfvefYwMum; idka<u;jrnfwrf;vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcJhMuayvdrfhrnf/ tvGefyD
oaom Armpum;udk tokH;jyKNyD; jypfwifarmif;rJvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcJhMu[ef rwl/

cav;rsm;udk cav;xdef;rsm;vufodkYtyfNyD; ted|m&kHrsm;ESifha0;&modkY ydkYvTwf
vkduf&onf/ aemufqkH; a[mfeef;wpfckvkH; &SmazGcGifhudk jrefrmppft&m&Sdrsm;tm; ay;
vkduf&efom &Sdawmhonf/ &SmazGMu&mwGif olrudk,fwkdif rsufajcrjywf? wpfcef;0ifwpf
cef;xGuf vkdufvHapmifhMunfh&onf/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm Mumjrifhvmaomtcg pdwfwkdvm
onf/ olwkdYonf 'kwd,xyf&Sd tdyfcef;us,fBuD;udk txl;tm&kHpdkuf &SmazGMuonf/ yef;yk
vuf&mrsm;ESifhpDcs,fxm;aom t0wfbD&kdudk twGif;&Sdypnf;tm;vkH;xkwfNyD; &SmazGMu
onf/ ydk;aumfaZmrsm;udk vdyfwifvSefavSm &SmMuonf/ Murf;cif;uRef;om;ygau;rsm;
ay:wGif av;bufaxmuf a&SUwkd; aemufiif jyKNyD; wpfckcsif; wD;acgufMuonf/
ausmufjym;wpfcsyfpDudk acsmifaejcif;? uRwfaejcif; &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;Munfh&IMuonf/ olwkdY
onf bmudkawGYrnfxifNyD; &SmazGaeMuoenf;/ ylacgifu aoewfrsm;ESifhusnfqHrsm;ukd
olwkdYvufodkY tyfESHvkdufonf/ olwkdYu tdrfwGif;&kH;cef;&Sd ypnf;yp,rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;
jcif; r&dSMu/ olwkdYu tdyf&matmuf? ypnf;bD&kdrsm;? opfom;pifrsm;? pmtkyfpifaemuf
ydkif;rsm;ESifharGY,mrsm;udkyif &SmazGMuonf/ tawmfvGefuJaom wyfMuyfwpfa,mufu
22
qkdvQif av;aycefY&Snfaom oHacsmif;wpfacsmif;jzifh arGY,mwkdif;udk xkd;xkd; &SmazG

onf/ cav;rsm;tcef;wGif; opfom;pifrsm;ay:rS *Grf;xkd;xm;aomiSuf&kyfrsm;udk xkdol
u oHacsmif;ESifhxkd; &SmazGjyefonf/ 0uf0H&kyfBuD;udk xkd;cGJvkdufaomtcg twGif;rS vJh
rIdYrsm; vGifhxGufukefNyD; tjcm;pkwfNyJaeaomwd&pmef&kyfuav;rsm;ay:odkY jyefYusJus
a&mufoGm;onf/ ol\&Jabmfppfom;rsm;u w0g;0g; &,farmMuonf/

olwkdYbmaMumifh vma&muf&SmazGaeMuaMumif;ukd aemufqkH; okpED od&SdoGm;
onf/ yxr&SpfBudrfwdwd &SmazGNyD;pD;aomtcg AkdvfrSL;BuD;\ar;cGef;aMumifh olrtae
ESifh rarQmfvifh&Jaom arQmfvifhcsufudk &&Sdvkdufonf/

]]apmfbGm;p0fMumqkdif b,frSm&dSaew,fqkdwm cifAsm; ajymEkdifovm;}}

okpEDu vufudkydkufvkdufNyD; AkdvfrSL;BuD;udk wnfhwnfhMunfhvkdufonf/ jyefvnf
ajzMum;jcif;rjyKrD wpfrSwpfq,ftxd jznf;nif;pGm pdwfjzifh &Gwfqkdaevkdufonf/

]]uRefr cifyGef;[m &efukefNrdKUu vTwfawmfrSm wufaeygw,f}}

]]ol tJ'DrSm r&Sdawmhbl;? usKyfwkdYppfwyfu olYudk &SmvkdYrawGYbl;}}[k AkdvfrSL;BuD;
u a'goESifhajymonf/

]]ol 'DrSmvnf; r&Sdbl;qkdawmh &SifwkdYvnf; ckavmufqkd&if ,kHavmufygNyDaemf}}
[kajymajymqkdqkdESifh xGufvmcJhonf/ pdwfoufom&m&jcif;ESifhtwl tm;vnf;wufvm
onf/

okpEDu cav;rsm;udk &Smonf/ olr Mum;cJh&onfrsm;udk cav;rsm;tm; ajymjy
NyD; pdwfcsrf;omrI rQa0csifonf/ ol vGwfaeonf/ olYudk &efjyKrnfhAkdvfcsKyfae0if;\
vufwGif;odkY usa&mufoGm;jcif; r&Sd/ ol touf&Sifvsuf &Sdaeonf/ odkYqkdvQif tm;vkH;t
qifajyoGm;Ekdifonf/ olwkdYtwl BudK;pm;&kef;uef&if; twl&SifoefEkdifMuonf/ avmavm
q,ftm;jzifh p0ftaeESifhwm0ef&Sdonfrsm;udk olr jzwfueJpOf;pm;rdvkdufonf/ (&Srf;)wkdif;
owKwl;azmfa&;ukrPDu yxrqkH; a&muf&Sdvmrnfhpufypnf;rsm;udk arQmfvifhaeMuNyD;
vGKdifaumf prf;oyfaumfzDjcHvkyfief;udk wkd;csJU&ef vkdtyfaeonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;azmifa';
&Sif;rS EkdifiHjcm;odkY ynmoifvTwf&ef ausmif;om;OD;a& wkd;ay;&OD;rnf/ okpEDukd,fwkdifu
okH;bmomoifMum;a&; azmifa';&Sif;ausmif;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyf&rnf/ oDaygom;zGm;aq;&kH
ESifhrdcifESifhcav;rsm;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm ESpfaygif;tawmfMum vkyfaqmifcJh
NyD;jzpfonf/ olrtaeESifh oDayge,f &Srf;jynfvlxkwpf&yfvkH; aumif;pm;a&;? wkd;wufzGHY
NzdK;a&;wkdYtwGuf tvGeftm&kHpkdufcJhonf/ csrSwfxm;aom pDrHudef;tm;vkH;udkvnf;quf
vuf&Sifoef atmifjrifapcsifvSonf/ pifppf olronf oDayge,f wpfe,fvkH;\r,fawmf
BuD;]]p0frJh}}yif jzpfaeNyD/ orD;i,fESpfa,muf\rdcif&if;vnf; jzpfayonf/
23

eHeuf 8 em&Dom &Sdao;onf/ odkYaomf 1962 ckESpf rwfv\&ufwpf&ufonf
&SnfMumvGef;vSonf/ t&kPfOD;u pdwfrcsrf;rajrhzG,fwkdY ausmfvGefoGm;cJhNyD/ t&m&monf
Nidrf;at;oGm;NyD; vkH;0eD;yg; ykHrSeftajctaeodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onf/ jcH\*dwf0
,cif &Srf;0efxrf;wkdY apmifhMuyfonfhae&m ta&;ay: jrefrmppfom;rsm; tpm;xkd;
apmifhMuyfvsuf&Sdonf/ umuDa&mif ,leDazmif;rsm;rS oHvGifpdrf;a&mif ,leDazmif;rsm;odkY
ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ vlopfrsm;\tom;a&mifonf ESpfqcefY ydkndKrJMuonf/ xrif;
csufonf pufbD;ESifhaps;rSjyefvmonf/ *dwf0 aps;jcif;awmif;udk tppfaq;cH&onfht
jyif ta&SUa[mfeef;rS tdrfoltdrfom;rsm; tjyifodkY rxGufMuap&ef owday;ajymMum;
jcif;cH&onf/ odkYaom tajctaersm;odkY a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf okpEDtaeESifht
xdwfwvefY jzpfraebJ a'gojzpfaeonf/ a&'D,kdudk zGifhvkdufonf/ xkH;pHtwkdif; eHeuf
cif;rsm; vTifhxkwfaeus jrefrmwD;vkH;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ txl;owif; xkwfjyefaMujim
csuf ponfhtpDtpOfrsm; r&Sd/ owif;pmrsm;uvnf; ra&mufvmao;/ okpEDu zkef;
qufMunfhonf/ quf&onf/ atmfya&wmu p0f vTwfawmfwuf&ef &efukefodkYoGm;
wkdif; wnf;cdkaeus &efukefrS rdwfaqGrsm;tdrfodkY vkdif;xdk;ay;vkdufonf/ olwkdY\rdwfaqG
*sifrD\toHudk wkd;nif;pGm Mum;&onf/ ol\ajzMum;oHrSmvnf; uwkefu,if jzpfae
[ef&Sdonf/

]]'DaeYreuf uRefawmfwkdYtdrfudk tjyif;txef &SmazGMuw,fAsm? Armppfom;awG
u p0fudk &SmMuwmwJh? wpftdrfvkH;udk ajAmif;qefoGm;wmyJ}}

]]*sifrDu olwkdYudk bmajymvkdufvJ[if}}

zkef;\tajctaerSm tawmfqkd;0g;vmojzifh okpEDu zkef;pum;ajymcGufxJodkY
atmfajym&onf/

]]p0f[m raeYuwnf;u jyefoGm;ygNyDvkdY uRefawmfajymjyayr,fh olwkdY uRefawmfh
udk r,kHMubl;As}}

xkdYaemuf tquftoG,f jywfoGm;onf/

okpED odvkdonfrSmvnf; rQom jzpfayonf/ p0fonf tdrftjyefwGif rMumrD
uG,fvGefawmhrnfhtajctaeodkY a&mufaeaom awmifBuD;NrdKUrS ol\tpfrawmfwpf
a,mufudk 0ifa&mufMunfh&IrnfhtaMumif; okpEDodygonf/ olonf rkdifaygif;av;&mausmf
uGma0;aom t&yf &Sdaeonf/ ,ckavmufqkdvQif tpfudkawmf\tdrf eHeufpmpm;
aomufaeayvdrfhrnf/ &Srf;jynfe,frsm;\NrdKUawmfawmifBuD;NrdKUodkY zkef;quf r&Ekdif
ay/ xkdYaMumifh vm;&Id;odkY um;ESifh oGm;NyD;BudK&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ t*FgaeYwkdif; av
,mOfonf &efukef? awmifBuD;? rEav;wkdYrSwqifh vm;&Id;odkY ysHoef;onf/ olukd,fwkdifyif
24
jzpfjzpf? olYtaMumif; ajymjyEkdifolwpfa,mufjzpfjzpf? odkYr[kwf jzpfEkdifonfu ol\udk,f

a&;twGif;0efyif av,mOfyif ygvmEkdifonf/ olronf av,mOfuGif;odkY aemufxyf
okH;em&DtwGif; a&muf&SdaeESifh&ef rvkday/ ESpfywfwpfcg ysHoef;aomav,mOfonf aeY
v,fwpfem&Dtxd a&mufvmOD;rnf r[kwfay/

okpED eHeufpmpm;zdkY jyifqifonf/ cav;rsm;udk vrf;avQmuf&if; ausmif;odkY
vkdufydkYvkdufrnf/ ausmif; tcsdeftenf;i,f aevkdufEkdifao;onf/ cav;rsm;onf eH
eufapmapmydkif;u tjzpftysufrsm;udk arharhaysmufaysmufyif jzpfoGm;MuayNyD/ olr
jyHK;rdonf/ wpfreufvkH; ckrS cav;rsm;udk aoaocsmcsm Munfhrdonf/ qHyifuav;awG
u teufa&mifESifhvIyf&Sm;aeMuykHav;awGu tvGefcspfp&maumif;Muonf/ &,faeMu
aomrsufvkH;eufuav;rsm;udk MunfhvQif olwkdYzcifudk owdw&jzpfaponf/ olrESifhwl
aomaMumifhvnf; tom;ta& jzL0if;MuNyD; udk,fvkH;uav;rsm;rSm Oa&myqefMuonf/
uav;rsm;rSm tyltyifuif;NyD; aysmfaeMu&Smonf/ refusnf;yifBuD;rsm;tMum; acG;u
av;rsm;aemufrS ajy;vkdufMu&if; tvkyf&IyfaeMuonf/ *dwf0rS tapmifhwkdY\,leDazmif;
ta&mifrsm; ajymif;oGm;NyDudk owdrjyKrdMu&Smay/

p0fwpfa,muf ta0;odkYa&mufaeojzifh ykHrSefxrif;pm;cef; eHeufpmpm;&onf
rSm txD;usefEkdifvSonf/ jyifopfjyLwif;wHcg;rsm;rS wkd;0ifvmaomaea&mifjcnfwkdYonf
vlESpfq,fpmrQ wpfcsdefwnf; wpf0dkif;wnf; pm;aomufEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;NyD;
ajymifvufatmif ta&mifwifyGwfwkdufxm;aom pm;yGJBuD;ay:okdY usa&muf uckefae
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25
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26

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27
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28

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29
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30
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31
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32

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33
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34
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36
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38

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39
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40
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41

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42
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43
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53
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54

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55

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56

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ol oabmusESpfNcdKufonf/

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57
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58

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[kwfw,f? armif atmifjrifcJhNyD}}

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59
acs/ olr\rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;udk pGefYcGmNyD; a0;vHaom ol\ae&yfa'oodkY vkdufygcJh&ef tif

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,lxm;bdonfhtvm; &Sdonf/

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60

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61
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63
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awGudk b,fvkd Munfh&Iapmifha&SmufMuovJqkdonfrsm;udk odcsifonf/

olBuD;tdrfa&SUodkY olwkdYpD;vmaom vifh&kdAmum;udk &yfvkdufaomtcg &GmrSvlBuD;
vli,ftajrmuftrsm; 0dkif;tkHvsuf &SdMuawmhonf/

]]uRefru &Sifhrdef;reJYpum;ajymcsifvkdY vmcJhwmyg/ NyD;awmh tm;vyfwJh&Gmu t
rsKd;orD;awGeJYvnf; awGYcsifygw,f}}
128

okpEDu EIwfcrf;arT;ESifhvlBuD;tm; ajymonf/ vlBuD;onf olra&SU 'l;wkyfvsuf
&Sdonf/

]]rdef;rcsif; ajymMuzkdYav/ &Sifodw,f r[kwfvm;}}

xkdYaemuf olBuD;\ZeD; yghvif;ESifhtwl ajcwH&SnfESifh0g;wJay:odkYwufNyD; tdrfa&SU
cef;xJodkY a&mufoGm;Muonf/ tcef;rSus,f0ef;NyD; avaumif;aumif;&onf/ oifjzL;
zsmtacsmrsm;udk cif;xm;onf/ tndKa&mifckHrsm;ESifhteDa&mif,Gef;pm;yGJtedrfhuav;
ESpfckvnf; &Sdonf/ tdrf&Sifru orD;av;ESpfa,muftm; {nfhonfrsm;twGuf rD;zkdacsmif
xJrS vuf&nfMurf;oGm; cyf&ef ckdif;vkdufonf/ rD;zkdacsmifonf tdrfrBuD;ESifhoD;jcm;jzpf
onf/ tcef;xJwGif rdef;ri,fav;rsm;? rdef;rBuD;rsm;ESifhjynfhvmonf/ aeYvnfydkif;wGif
pum;ajymMu&ef jzpfonf/ pum;ajymMupOf rMumcP cav;ikdoHaMumifh taESmifht
,Suf jzpf&onf/ odkYaomf ratvkyfolu csufcsif; EkdYvSefNyD; wkdufvkdufaomtcg cav;rSm
NidrfoGm;awmhonf/

olwkdYu olwkdYcav;rsm;udk b,fvkdarG;Mu&aMumif;? rnfodkYBuD;jyif;vmapMu&
aMumif; ponfwkdYudk odEkdifap&ef olwkdY\b0? olwkdY\aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;vkyfudkifoGm;vmMu&
ykHrsm;udk okpEDtm; ajymjyMuonf/

orD;rdef;uav;rsm;onf toufav;ESpfig;ESpft&G,fuwnf;u olwkdYxuft
i,f EkdYpkdYuav;rsm;udk xdef;ausmif;Mu&onf/ odkYrSom xkdtcsdefwGif olwkdYrdcifu csuf
jyKwfavQmfzGwf vkyfudkifEkdifayrnf/ tpm;tpm &SmazGEkdifrnfjzpfayonf/ tcsKdUaom
rdef;rBuD;rsm;ESifhcav;rsm;yg &GmrSt"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tvkyfvkyfMuonf/ Oy
rm awmif;,ufaomvkyfief;? puLvkyfaomvkyfief;? tpm;taomufvkyfief;? v,f,m
vkyfief;pojzifh jzpfMuonf/ &Gmolrsm;onf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifhtdrfaxmifjyKMuNyD; rdb
rsm;ESifhtwl qufvufaexkdifavh r&SdMuacs/

yghvif;rSm vifygorD;ESpfa,muf &Sdonf/ wpfa,mufrSm udk,f0efESifhjzpfNyD; usef
wpfa,mufu uav;wpfa,mufudk vufwpfzufESifhayGYxm;NyD; aygufpwpfa,mufudk
aemufvufwpfzufjzifhqGJxm;onf/ olr\q,fausmfouforD;ESpfa,mufrSmtdrfaxmif
rjyKMuao;ay/ yghvif;onf cav;udk;a,mufarG;cJhNyD; av;a,muf tzwfwifojzifh
0rf;omaeonf/ wpfa,mufrSm arG;NyD;rMumcif qkH;&SmNyD; usefav;a,mufrSmvnf; i,f
&G,fpOfrSmyif qkH;oGm;&SmMuonf[kqkdonf/

q,fhudk;ESpft&G,f&Sd yghvif;\vifygorD; tJaemifhrSm xkd&GmrS rdef;rtrsm;pkuJhodkY
wpfykHpHwnf;yif jzpfonf/ olronf toufq,fhajcmufESpfwGif tdrfaxmifuscJhNyD; udk,f
0ef&SdcJhonf/ q,fvMumaomtcg cav;rsufESmjrifonf/ yghvif;ESifhpepfwus oifMum;
129
xm;jcif;r&Sdaom &GmvufonfwkdY ulnDNyD; arG;ay;Mu&onf/ xkdtcsdefrSp ratESifhc

av;wkdY vkyf&kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; BuD;jyif;vmchJMuonf/ cav;idkvQif EkdYwkdufrnf/ aeYpOf c
av;udk a&csKd;ay;rnf/ rsufaphatmufrS taysmufrcHbJ Munfh&Iapmifha&Smufxm;rnf/
cav;udk bmumuG,faq;rS rxkd;Edkif/ aq;ppfjcif; vkH;0r&Sd/ rathEkdYrSvGJNyD; bmrSrpm;/
bmrSraomuf&acs/ odkYjzifh xkdcav; BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ odkYaomf xkdcav; &Spfvt&G,f
at;aemifhwGif aemufxyf udk,f0ef &Sdvmonf/

EkdY&nf cef;oGm;aomaMumifh yxrcav;twGuf tm[m&rSm &kwfw&ufajymif;
oGm;onf/ rdcifEkdY&nftpm; xrif;jzLaysmhaysmhESifhtjcm;tpmtenf;i,fwkdYudk ajymif;
pm;&onf/ EGm;EkdYr&acs/ &Srf;rsm;onf EGm;EkdYESifhEGm;EkdYxGuf ypnf;rsm;udk rsm;aomtm;
jzifh rBudKufMuacs/ opfoD;0vHrsm;ESifh[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;onf 0rf;udk ysufaponf[k
if;? tjcm;a&m*grsm;vnf; &apEkdifonf[kif; ,lq,kHMunfMuNyD; cav;rsm;tm; r
auR;wwfMuacs/ [if;oD;[if;&Guftenf;i,fom a&G;NyD; auR;Muonf[kqkdonf/ uef
pGef;&GufESifha&Tz&kHoD;tenf;tyg;udk xrif;ESifha&m auR;wwfonf/ cav;rSm tm[m
&rjynfhpkHaom'Pfudk cH&onf/ usef;rma&; raumif;awmhacs/ rMumrD aemufcav;arG;
vmaomtcgwGifrS rdcifEkdY jyefxGufvmNyD; cav;tBuD;u EkdY<uif;EkdYusefudk aomuf&pkdY&&Sm
onf/ at;aemifh\cav;rsm; aemifa&;rSm &ifav;p&m aumif;vSonf/ odkYaomf olr
nfurl aemufxyf cav;rsm; quf arG;tkH;rnfrSm aocsmvSonf/

okpEDtaeESifhA[kokwrsm;pGm &&Sdonf/ olru om;zGm;cef;udk rdcifESifhcav;
apmifha&Smufa&;Xmetjzpf wkd;csJUNyD; acwfrDypnf;rsm;ESifhaq;0g;rsm;&Sdatmif aqmif
&Guf&ef oEd|mefcsvkdufonf/

r*Dtygt0if tjcm;toif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl okpEDu olr\cifyGef;ESifhNrdKUrSjynfh
pkHcsrf;omaomyk*Kdvfrsm;xHrS &HykHaiG xnhf0ifMuyg&ef tultnD awmif;cHonf/ apmfbGm;
udk,fwkdifESifhvufajcmufukefonfBuD;? qefpufydkif&SifBuD;? trJvkdifpif&vkyfief;&SifESifht
jcm;ukefonfrsm;u pdwfygvufyg ulnD0dkif;0ef;Muygonf/

toif;BuD;onf wpfNrdKUvkH;\pdwf0ifpm;rIudk &,lvsuf &kyf&Sif? abmvkH;? tm;u
pm;? *DwNydKifyGJpaom&HykHaiG&SmMuHa&; enf;vrf;jzifh 0ifaiG&&Sdatmif trsKd;rsKd; pnf;&kH;vIHY
aqmfMu&ayonf/

om;zGm;cef;wGif vQyfppfrD;ESifha&ydkufrsm; wyfqifNyD;pD;rI txdrf;trSwfzJjym;
jzwfzGifhyGJ jyKvkyf&m vlxky&dowftajrmuftrsm; wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ om;zGm;cef;okH;
cGJpdwf"m;rsm;ESifha&aEG;a&at;rsm;? a<ua&uefxJodkY pwifpD;qif;vmaomtcg vlt
rsm; txl;aysmf&Tif0rf;ajrmufMuonf/
130

okpED\BuD;MuyfnTefMum;rIjzifh xlaxmifrwnfcJhaomrdcifESifhcav;rsm;apmifh
a&Smufa&;toif;onf om;zGm;cef;twGuf 0efxrf;vpmrsm;ESifhtjcm;ukefusp&dwfrsm;
udk wm0ef,lpdkufxkwfuscHEkdifcJhonf/ tdEd,vlrsKd;q&m0efBuD;uvnf; ta&;BuD;vQif
BuD;ovkd vma&mufulnDcJhygonf/ oluvnf; om;zGm;cef;twGuf wm0efavsmhoGm;o
jzifh tawmfpdwfcsrf;omoGm;onf/ olYtaeESifhtcsdefvnf; ray;Ekdifyg/ pdwf0ifpm;rIvnf;
odyfr&SdEkdifcJhay/ olYtwGuf omrefrD;zGm;rIonf trsKd;orD;rsm;\wm0efomjzpfapcsifNyD;
aetdrfrsm; aqmif&Gufapcsifonf/ okpEDu om;zGm;cef; ydkrkdxda&mufpGm aqmif&Guf
Ekdifa&;twGuf a'gufwmqD;*a&Uzf\erfhcrf;aq;&kH avhusifhxm;aom om;zGm;q&mr
ESpfa,mufudk xyfrHcefYtyfvkdufNyD; tjyifvlemrsm;twGuf aq;&kHtaqmuftOD;wpfck
vnf; wkd;csJUaqmufvkyfcJhonf/ rdcifESifhcav;rsm;udk ydkrkd*&kpkdufEkdif&efESifhtpDtpOfrsm;
udk ydkrkdvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef jzpfonf/ tokH;taqmifypnf;rsm; wkd;csJUwyfqifay;rIaMumifh
csufcsif;wkd;wufrIrsm; &Sdrvmao;ay/ yxrNrdKUay:rS trsKd;orD;rsm;u pdwf0ifwpm;
jzpfvmMuonf/ awm&Gmol awm&Gmom;wkdYrSm or&kd;us qefMuNyD; &SufwwfaMumufwwf
MuaomaMumifh om;zGm;cef;udk rvmMuacs/ xkdYaMumifh rdcifESifhcav;apmifha&Smufa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk awm&Gmrsm;odkY uGif;qif;vkyfaqmifMu&ef okpEDu qkH;jzwfcJhonf/

wpfckaom eHeufapmapm rdcifESifhcav;apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJY0ifrsm;ESifhom;zGm;
q&mrrsm; *spfum;rsm;ESifhvifh&kdAmum;wkdYwGif cav;0wftxnfrsm;? EkdYrIefrsm;? ADwmrif
rsm;ESifhtjcm;vufaqmifypnf;rsm; wifaqmifMuvsuf erwljrpf\wpfbufurf;&Sd
aom0def;aumifaus;&GmodkY oGm;a&mufcJhMuonf/ aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;wpf&mausmfu
r&GHUr&JESifhapmifhBudKaeMuonf/ &GmolBuD;vkyfolESifhawGYqkHNyD;aomtcg okpEDu pum;
enf;enf;ajym &Sif;vif;jyonf/ xkdYaemuf udk,f0efaqmif trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhcav;rdcif
rsm; olBuD;tdrfodkY vma&mufNyD; tppfaq;cHMu&ef rSmMum;vkdufonf/ yxrwGif tenf;
i,f wkefYqkdif;aeMuao;onf/ odkYaomf yxrwpfa,muf 0ifNyD;oGm;aomtcg tjcm;t
rsKd;orD;rsm;vnf; woDwwef;BuD; jzpfvmMuawmhonf/

olBuD;\tdrftwGif; vkHjcHKrI&Sd&mtcef;wGif om;zGm;q&mrrsm; cav;rarG;rD
*&kpkdufjyKpkrIrsm;taMumif;ESifharG;NyD;csdef cav;a&m rdcifudkyg *&kpdkufjyKpkykH? jyKpkenf;
rsm;udk &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;Muonf/ okpEDESifhr*DwkdYu um;ay:yif &SdaeMuum EkdYjzwf&NyD
jzpfaom cav;rsm;tm; ADwmrifaq; wkdufauR;enf;? EkdYrIefYwkdufauR;enf;rsm;udk &Sif;
vif;a[majymjyoay;Muonf/ &Srf;trsKd;om;wkdYonf aomufa&udk usKdcsufavhr&SdMu
aomaMumifh EkYdrIefYudk a&ESifha&m azsmfpyf&mwGif tE&m,frsm;avonf/ rEav;rSaMuuGJ
zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;udk okpEDMum;zl;NyD; xkdtaMumif;udk jyefvnfowd&aerdonf/ vlrIa&;t
131
zGJYtpnf;wpfcku cav;rdcifwpfpktm; EkdYrIefYrsm; ay;vSLcJhMuonf/ cav;rsm; tm;tif

jynfhNzdK; usef;rmap&ef jzpfayonf/

odkYaomf usef;rmjynfhNzdK;jcif;rsm; jzpfrvm&kHomru cav;tajrmuftrsm;rSm
0rf;udkufjcif;? 0rf;avQmjcif;? wkdufzGKdufjzpfjcif;ESifhtjcm;tpmtdrftE&m,fjzpfrIaygif;
rsm;pGm cHpm;Mu&NyD; zsm;emaoqkH;ukefMuonf/

roefY&Sif;aom a&rsm;aMumifh jzpf&onf[kawGY&Sd&onf/ xdkYaMumifh okpEDwkdYtzGJY
u EkdYrIefYudk xrif;ylylay: jzL; auR;Muyg&ef wkdufwGef;nTefMum;Mu&onf/ okpEDu xkd
okdYpm;onhftwGuf t&om&SdvSaMumif; udk,fwkdifpm;jy&m Munfh&IaeMuaom aus;&Gmol
aus;&Gmom;wkdYrSm w0g;0g; yGJusauseyfvsuf &SdMuonf/

vkyfp&m &Sdonfrsm;udk aqmif&GufNyD;pD;MuNyD; vufaqmifypnf;rsm;udkvnf; a0
iSNyD;qkH; okpEDwkdYtzGJY jyefMuawmhrnfqkdaomtcg aus;&GmoltrsKd;orD;rsm;u rjyef
apcsifMubJ jzpfaeMuonf/ txl;ojzifh i,f&G,faomrdcifESifhrdcifavmif;rsm;rSm vkyf
enf;udkifenf;topfrsm;ESifhywfouf oabmaygufem;vnfoGm;Muum vkdufem&efvG,f
ulaMumif; ,kHMunfoGm;Muonf/ olwkdYu toif;BuD;\aq;cef;&Sd&mokdYvma&mufNyD; rSef
rSefaqG;aEG;ygrnf[kif;? ADwmrifESifhEkdYrIefYrsm; ukefoGm;vQifvnf; vma&mufxkwf,lyg
rnf[kif; tcgcguwday;ajymMum;Muygawmhonf/ touft&G,fBuD;&ifhNyDjzpfaom rd
cifrsm;url olwkdYwpfoufvkH; vkyf&kd;vkyfpOf vkyfcJhMuonfxuf xl;ydk vkyfaqmif&rnfh
enf;vrf;opfrsm;twGuf trSefvkdtyfrI &Sd r&Sd oHo,&SdMuonf/ odkYaomf r[ma'0Dukd,f
wkdif aus;&Gmrsm;txdqif; olwkdYtm; ta&;w,l *&kpdkufonfhtwGuf tvGefauseyf
0rf;ajrmufMuonf/

0def;aumifaus;&Gmc&D;owif;rSm wpfe,fvkH;odkY awmrD;ysHUovkd vsifjrefpGm ysHU
ESHYoGm;onf/ tjcm;&Gmtajrmuftrsm;uvnf; okpEDwkdYtzGJYtm; vma&mufMuyg&ef olY
xufigOD;atmif zdwfMum;Muawmhonf/

aemufajcmufvtwGif; om;zGm;cef;odkY wufa&mufarG;zGm;MuaomEIef;rSm ESpf
qodkYwufvmonf/ &mESifhcsDaom cav;rsm;udk umuG,faq;rsm; xkd;ay;EkdifcJhonf/ oD
aygrdcifESifhcav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;\tultnDudk &,lMuaom rdcifESifhcav;rsm;
onf ,cifuxuf ydkaumif;rGefaomusef;rma&;rsm; &&SdcHpm;Mu&NyD; cav;i,frsm;
tzdwftpifEIef; ododomom usqif;oGm;cJhonf/

cav;rsufESmjrifjcif;? arG;pcav;rsm;udk jyKpkjcif;paom udp&yfrsm;udk okpED
u pdwf0ifpm;cJh&m tcsdefumvtm;jzifh tvGeftH0if*Gifus jzpfcJh&ayonf/

okpED udk,f0ef&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk arGu tjcm;olrsm;xuf rsm;pGmapm oH
132
o, &SdcJhonf/ olru a[mfeef;twGif;&Sd 0efxrf;tm;vkH;udk wkd;wdk;wdwfwdwf usdwfNyD;

today;cJhonf/

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usef;rmrm &Tif&TifjyHK;jyHK;av; arG;vmrSm}}

olru tm;vkH;udk ajymjyonf/

pm;awmfcsuftm; arGu txl;nTefMum;csufrsm; xkwfawmhonf/ b,fvkd [if;
rsKd;udkcsuf? b,fvkd[mrsKd;udk rcsufESifhrwnfhbl; pojzifh jzpfonf/ vufokyfrsm;? vuf
vkyfcsOfrsm; rwnfh[kqdkonf/ iSufaysmoD;qkdvQifvnf; wpfrsKd;wnf;om oifhjrwfonf/
xrif;ESifhMuufom;onf pdwfcs&onf/ uefpGef;&Gufvnf; aumif;onfqkd\/

erwlrS 'def;epf&SfvlrsKd;q&m0efu okpEDwGif udk,f0ef&SdaeNyDrSm rSefuefaMumif;
twnfjyKajymqkdaomtcg arGu usefvltm;vkH;tm; trsm;wumxufapm olod
cJhaMumif; ajymqkd<um;0gaeawmhonf/

naecif;rsm;wGif cav;taz? cav;tar jzpfvmMuawmhrnfhZeD;armifESHonf
0&efwmodkYxGufum arG;vmrnfhcav;twGuf arQmfvifhcsufrsm;? tdyfrufrsm;udk ajym
rukefEkdif rqkH;Ekdifatmif &SdMuavawmhonf/ olwkdYonf tHhMo0rf;omjzpfaeMuonf/
urmay:wGif olwkdYavmuf rnfolrQaysmf&TifaeEkdifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kxifMuonf/

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rmrm&SdzkdYyJ ta&;BuD;ygw,f}}

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rsm;u a,musfm;om; tarGcHudkom vkdvm;wwfMuonfr[kwfavm/
]]tJ'Dvkdqkd&ifvm;uGm}}

p0fu oabmuspGm ajymonf/

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awGuvnf; om;awGvkdyJ t&nftaoG;&SdMuwmygyJ/ armifwkdYtdrfeD;csif;e,f rkdif;&,f
apmfbGm;vnf; 'DvkdyJ ,kHMunfw,fav/ olYorD;awmf&Spfa,mufteuf tBuD;qkH;orD;u
olYt&kduft&mudk cH,lap&r,fvkdY trdefYxkwfxm;w,fav}}

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uwnf;u pNyD;MumcJhNyDyJ}}
133

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vGefpdwfxufoefaeaMumif; olr em;vnfygonf/ odkYaomf wkdif;jynf a'owkdYwGif
tcsdefudk wpfrsKd;wrnf wGufcsufMu&\/ p0f\tdrfrufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap
&ef q,fpkESpftawmfrsm;rsm; vkdtyfEkdifayonf/ wpfaeYwGif p0fu ajymonf/

]]armifawmh twGif;0efudk ajymvkdufNyD/ armifwkdY&ifaoG;av;twGuf oifhawmf
r,fhcav;xdef; &Smxm;zkdY}}

]]armif enf;enf; pdwfapmaew,fxifw,f}}

okpEDu ajymonf/

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onfzat jzpfvm&awmhrnfqkdaomtcg BudKwifylyif&onfrsm;? umuG,f&onfrsm;
pojzifh ododomom ajymif;vJaeonfudk okpED awGYae&onf/ ol\tMuHPftwGuf
olru MunfMunfEl;El;ESifhyDwdjzpfvSonf/

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armif xifw,fuGm}}

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224

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256
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257

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