Biology Notes Chapter 1

Levels of Organization

Molecule- Two or more atoms joined in chemical bonds.

Cell- Smallest unit that can live and reproduce.

Emergent Properties

Each level of organization in nature is emergent.

The properties of an emergent cell are a system that does not appear in any of its

component parts.
1.1 Key concepts
We study the world of life at different levels of organization, which extend from atoms
and molecules to the biosphere.
The quality of life emerges at the level of cells.
Elan Vital- is a light force
1.2 Overview
All living things have similar characteristics.
Continual inputs of energy and the cycling of materials maintained in lifes complex
organization.
Organisms sense and respond to change
DNA inherited from parents is the basis of growth and reproduction in all organisms.

Energy and lifes organization

Energy- the ability to do work

Nutrients- atoms or molecules essential in growth and survival that an organism cannot
make for itself.

Producers and consumers

Producers- acquires energy and raw materials from the environment. (They also make

their own food photosynthesis)

Consumers- cannot make their own food (Homeostasis)

Organisms use receptors to help keep conditions in their internal environment within

ranges that their cells can tolerate.

Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce using information in their DNA, A nucleic acid

inherited from their parents.

Information encoded in DNA is the source of an individuals distinct features (traits).
20 amino acids are the building blocks used to build a great variety of proteins.
All organisms consist of one or more cells, which stay alive through ongoing inputs of

energy and raw materials.

All sense and respond to change; all inherited DNA, a type of molecule that encodes

information necessary for growth, development, and reproduction.

Schleiden and Schwann came up with what is known as "The Theory of Cells" or

"Cell Theory." The main principles of "Cell Theory" are:

1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest units of living things
3. Cells only rise from existing cells.
Of an estimated 100 billion kinds of organisms that have ever lived on earth, as many as

100 million are with us today.

A theory of evolution by natural selection is an explanation of lifes diversity.
Origin of species- Natural Selection
Information encoded in DNA is the basis of traits an organism shares with others of its

species.
Mutation is the original source of variation in traits.
Radiation/ chemicals cause mutation.
Some forms of traits are more adaptive than others, so their bearers are more likely to

survive and reproduce.

Over generations, adaptive traits tend to become more common in a population; less

adaptive forms of traits become less common and are lost.

Evolution is change in a line of descent. (traits that characterize a species can change over

generations of evolving populations.)

Natural selection- is an evolutionary process with differential survival and reproduction
among individuals that vary in the details of their shared, heritable traits.