Professional Documents
Culture Documents
General Safety Awareness
General Safety Awareness
AWARENESS
The History of Workplace
Health & Safety in USA
1900-1920 Progressive Era
Reforms - A coalition of
journalists,
businessmen,
unions and politicians used
the power of the government
to mitigate the worst effects
of rapid industrialization.
In 1911 New Yorks Triangle Shirtwaist Co. caught fire, and 146 of 300 employees died. Managers
had locked the exit doors, claiming employees would steal from the company and could be
permitted to leave only under supervision. The tragedy became a rallying point for reformers.
1910 The Rise of Workers Compensation Law - New York was the first state to pass a
OSHA Controversy
Since its inception, OSHA has inspired 1974 - Philippine Government issued/
promulgated PD 442 (Labor Code of the
controversy along political lines. Politically
Philippines)
liberal critics assert OSHA takes too long to
act on new information requiring a revision 1975 - The then Ministry of Labor started the
program on accreditation recognizing/
of safety standards and poorly enforces the
accrediting safety training organization.
standards it has enacted.
Political conservatives argue OSHA is overly
cautious, imposing costly and unnecessary
regulations on industry. As a result, politicians
on both sides of the aisle have repeatedly
called for the reform of OSHA.
What is Safety?
safety/sft/ noun
Costs of Accident
Direct Cost (Insured) ccompensations, property
damaged & medical expenses.
Indirect Cost (Uninsured) All additional costs
associated with the accident.
Human tragedy
Injury
Death
Morale
Reputation
7. Managers and supervisors set an example of good safety practices, e.g., wearing
personal protective equipment.
8. Managers and supervisors are held accountable for safety performance, e.g., pay/
promotions are partially dependent on safety.
9. Top managers receive and respond to safety committee recommendations.
10. Supervisors and managers personally conduct safety audits and inspections.
11. There are specific procedures for ensuring that accident investigations result in
identification and timely implementation of corrective actions, and procedures are
reviewed by management.
12. Managers attend safety meetings.
13. Management representatives are members of the safety committee.
14. Managers regularly attend safety activities outside the company.
But, if you think your company does not have that level of
Workshop
Problem: The guard rail in the warehouse has deteriorated to a point that it is unable to
support any weight on it.
History: We had an incident on 6/13/99 where Jose Reyes almost fell down the 10 steps
because the guard rail did not support his weight. He fortunately caught himself before
falling. We had a second near miss incident on 9/18/99 when Jane Sison tripped going up
the stairs and grabbed for the rail which did not support her. Again, fortunately she caught
herself before falling.
Options to Correct Problem: We have attempted to tighten and brace the rail but it continues
to work itself loose. We took bids to replace the rail and the bids ranged from a high of P3,200
to a low bid of P1,500. We believe the XYZ brand for P2,000 will prove to be the best material
for our facility. The disadvantage to the lowest bid of P1,500 was it would not be guaranteed
for outside weather conditions.
We budgeted x for off-site training classes.
Cost/Benefit: ROI. Average cost of a severe injury in Philippines is P9,700 which is very possible
if one of our employees should fall from the second story of the warehouse to the concrete
pad below. The estimated indirect cost is P17,500. Total accident cost is estimated to be
P27,200. ROI will be approximately 1,360 %!
Payback Period: I estimate that the probability of an accident occurring within the next two
years as a result of this hazard is very high. Therefore, the payback period is based on 24
months. Our cost for corrective action is P2,000 and the payback period would, therefore,
be less than 2 months (P1,133/month) .
Standard
By virtue of the powers vested in the Department of Labor and Employment under Article
162 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, this Occupational Safety and Health Standards
is hereby promulgated for the guidance and compliance of all concerned. This body of
standards, rules and regulations shall hereafter be referred to as STANDARDS.
Condition 3%
Behavior 95%
Uncontrollable Acts 2%
Conclusion: Management has some degree of control over 98% of the causes for all
accidents in the workplace!
Control Measures
Hierarchy of Hazard Control Strategies
Engineering Control
Substitution
Change the process
Isolation
Ventilation
Work assignmen
Job rotation
Reduce work hours
Increase breaks
Hard hat
Earplugs
Spectacles
Safety Shoes
No equipment available
Wrong equipment use
Incorrect use of the equipment
Bad condition of the equipment
Do not use personal protection
equipment
What is a hazard?
If they are not involved in developing the JHA, they will not be as likely to own the safe job
procedures. As a result, they may not want to use safe procedures and practices that they
believe have been imposed on them.
Review Incident/Accident History
Review your worksites history of accidents and illnesses. Its also important to look at near
miss events in which an injury did not occur, but could have.
These events are indicators that existing hazard controls (if any) may not be adequate and
deserve more scrutiny.
Look for Hazardous Conditions and Unsafe
Behaviors
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
Experienced workers
Accident and incident reports
First aid statistical records
Behavior Based Safety (BBS) reports
Safety committee meeting minutes
Safety inspection reports
Previous JHAs
Existing work procedures
Equipment manuals
Preventive/corrective
maintenance
records
Risk = Probability x Severity
Risk is a function of two variables: probability and severity. The greater the probability or
severity - the higher the risk.
What is the probability?
If a JHA is required for many tasks in your workplace, priority should go to the following types
of jobs:
Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates;
Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if there is no
history of previous accidents;
Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury;
Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and
procedures;
Jobs complex enough to require written instructions.
Actor. The actor is an individual or object that directly participates or assists in the procedure.
The actor initiates a change by performing or NOT performing a particular action in a step.
Action. An action is the something that is done by an actor. An action may describe a
behavior that is accomplished or not accomplished.
When describing a step in writing, first identify the actor and then tell what the actor is
supposed to do.
For instance, take a look at the step below:
Maintenance team leader: Attach the lockout device to the hasp.
In this example, the actor is identified because a team of maintenance workers is performing
the task. The actor (Maintenance team leader) is identified first and then the action (attach)
is described.
Practice Exercises