Tbilisi

Tbilisi (Georgian: [tbilisi]),[3] formerly

known as Tiis, is the capital and the largest city
of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mtkvari River
with a population of roughly 1.5 million inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century by the monarch of Georgias ancient precursor Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has
since served, with intermissions, as the Georgian capital. Formerly, the city had also served as the seat of
the Imperial administration of the Caucasus during the
Russian rule from 1801 to 1917, the capital of the shortlived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in
1918, of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918
to 1921, of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from
1921 to 1991, and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic from 1922 to 1936.

King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs

that he decided to cut down the forest and build a city on
the location. The name Tbilisi derives from the Old Georgian word Tbili (), meaning warm. The name
'Tbili' or 'Tbilisi' ('warm location') was therefore given
to the city because of the areas numerous sulphuric hot
springs that came out of the ground. Archaeological studies of the region have indicated human settlement in the
territory of Tbilisi as early as the 4th millennium BCE.
King Dachi I Ujarmeli, who was the successor of
Vakhtang I Gorgasali, moved the capital from Mtskheta
to Tbilisi according to the will left by his father. Tbilisi
was not the capital of a unied Georgian state at that time
and did not include the territory of Colchis. It was, however, the capital city of Eastern Georgia/Iberia. During
his reign, King Dachi I oversaw the construction of the
fortress wall that lined the citys new boundaries. From
the 6th century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the regions favourable and strategic location which placed the
city along important trade and travel routes between Europe and Asia.

Located on the southeastern edge of Europe, Tbilisis

proximity to lucrative east-west trade routes often made
the city a point of contention between various rival empires throughout history and the citys location to this day
ensures its position as an important transit route for global
energy and trade projects. Tbilisis varied history is reected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval,
classical, and Soviet structures.
Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of diverse
cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though it is
overwhelmingly Eastern Orthodox Christian. Notable
tourist destinations include cathedrals like Sameba and
Sioni, classical Freedom Square and Rustaveli Avenue,
medieval Narikala Fortress, pseudo-Moorish Opera Theater, and the Georgian National Museum.

1.2 Foreign domination

Tbilisis favourable and strategic location did not necessarily bode well for its existence as Eastern Georgias/Iberias capital. Located strategically in the heart of
the Caucasus between Europe and Asia, Tbilisi became
an object of rivalry between the regions various powers such as the Roman Empire, Parthia, Sassanid Persia,
Arabs, Byzantine Empire, and the Seljuk Turks. The cultural development of the city was somewhat dependent on
who ruled the city at various times, although Tbilisi (and
Georgia in general) was able to maintain a considerable
autonomy from its conquerors

History

Main articles: History of Tbilisi and Timeline of Tbilisi

1.1

From 570580, the Persians took over Tbilisi and ruled

it for about a decade. In the year 627, Tbilisi was sacked
by the Byzantine/Khazar armies and later, in 736738,
Arab armies entered the town under Marwan II IbnMuhammad. After this point, the Arabs established an
emirate centered in Tbilisi. In 764, Tbilisi, still under
Arab control was once again sacked by the Khazars. In
853, the armies of Arab leader Bugha Al-Turki (Bugha
the Turk) invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to
Abbasid allegiance. The Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1068, the city was once again
sacked, only this time by the Seljuk Turks under Sultan
Alp Arslan.

Early history

According to an old legend, the present-day territory of

Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely
accepted variant of the legend of Tbilisis founding states
that King Vakhtang I Gorgasali of Georgia went hunting
in the heavily wooded region with a falcon (sometimes the
falcon is replaced with either a hawk or other small birds
of prey in the legend). The Kings falcon allegedly caught
or injured a pheasant during the hunt, after which both
birds fell into a nearby hot spring and died from burns.
1

HISTORY

View of Tbilisi by French traveler Jean Chardin, 1671.

Detail from the Nautical chart by Angelino Dulcert, depicting

Georgian Black Sea coast and Tiis, 1339.

1.3

Capital of a unied Georgian state

the ground. In 1386, Tbilisi was invaded by the armies

of Tamerlane (Timur). In 1444, the city was invaded and
destroyed by Jahan Shah (the Shah of the town of Tabriz
in Persia). From 1477 to 1478 the city was held by the
Ak Koyunlu tribesmen of Uzun Hassan.

1.5 Iranian control

In 1122, after heavy ghting with the Seljuks that inSee also: Capture of Tbilisi and Gke war and Battle of
volved at least 60,000 Georgians and up to 300,000
Krtsanisi
Turks, the troops of the King of Georgia David the
In 1503, Tblisi came alongside wider Kartli and Kakheti
Builder entered Tbilisi. After the battles for Tbilisi concluded, David moved his residence from Kutaisi (Western Georgia) to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unied Georgian State and thus inaugurating the Georgian
Golden Age. From 1213th centuries, Tbilisi became
a dominant regional power with a thriving economy
(with well-developed trade and skilled labour) and a
well-established social system/structure. By the end of
the 12th century, the population of Tbilisi had reached
100,000. The city also became an important literary and
a cultural center not only for Georgia but for the Eastern
Orthodox world of the time. During Queen Tamar's
reign, Shota Rustaveli worked in Tbilisi while writing his
legendary epic poem, The Knight in the Panthers Skin.
This period is often referred to as Georgias Golden
Age[4] or the Georgian Renaissance.[5]

1.4

Mongol domination and the following

period of instability

Tbilisis Golden Age did not last for more than a

century. In 1226 Tbilisi was captured by the refugee
Khwarezmian Empire Shah Mingburnu and its defences
severely devastated and prone to Mongol armies. In 1236,
after suering crushing defeats to the Mongols, Georgia
came under Mongol domination. The nation itself maintained a form of semi-independence and did not lose its
statehood, but Tbilisi was strongly inuenced by the Mongols for the next century both politically and culturally.
In the 1320s, the Mongols were forcefully expelled from
Georgia and Tbilisi became the capital of an independent
Georgian state once again. An outbreak of the plague
struck the city in 1366.

The capture of Tbilisi by Agha Mohammad Khan. A Qajar-era

miniature from the British Library.

under Safavid Iranian vassalship.[6] In 1522, Tbilisi came

for the rst time under nominal Iranian control but was
From the late 14th until the end of the 18th century, Tbil- later freed in 1524 by King David X of Georgia.[7] During
isi came under the rule of various foreign invaders once this period, many parts of Tbilisi were reconstructed and
again and on several occasions was completely burnt to rebuilt. Beginning with the 1555 Treaty of Amasya, and

1.7

Independence

more rmly from 1614 to 1747, with brief intermissions,

Tbilisi was garrisoned by the Iranian forces and functioned as a seat of the Iranian vassal kings of Kartli, whom
the shah conferred with the title of wali.[8] Under the
later rules of Teimuraz II and Erekle II, Tbilisi became
a vibrant political and cultural center free of foreign rule,
but the city was captured and devastated in 1795 by the
Iranian Qajar ruler Agha Mohammad Khan, who sought
to reassert Iranian suzerainty over Georgia.[9][10] At this
point, sensing that Georgia could not hold up against Iran
alone, Erekle sought the help of Russia.

1.6

Russian control

3
the object of aection of Alexander Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Lermontov, the Romanov Family and others. The Romanov Family established their residence
(in Transcaucasia) on Golovin Street (Present-day Rustaveli Avenue). Throughout the century, the political,
economic and cultural role of Tbilisi with its ethnic, confessional and cultural diversity was signicant not only for
Georgia but for the whole Caucasus. Hence, Tbilisi took
on a dierent look. It acquired dierent architectural
monuments and the attributes of an international city, as
well as its own urban folklore and language, and the specic Tbilisuri (literally, belonging to Tbilisi) culture.

1.7 Independence

See also: Georgia within the Russian Empire

In 1801, after the Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the city served
as a location of the Transcaucasus interim government
which established, in the spring of 1918, the short-lived
independent Transcaucasian Federation with the capital
in Tbilisi. At this time, Tbilisi had roughly the same
number of Armenians as Georgians, with Russians being
the third largest ethnic group.[13] It was here, in the former Caucasus Vice royal Palace, where the independence
of three Transcaucasus nations Georgia, Armenia and
Azerbaijan was declared on 26 to 28 May 1918. After
this, Tbilisi functioned as the capital of the Democratic
Republic of Georgia until 25 February 1921. From 1918
to 1919 the city was also consecutively home to a German
and British military headquarters.
Under the national government, Tbilisi turned into the
rst Caucasian University City after the Tbilisi State University was founded in 1918, a long-time dream of the
Mikhail Lermontov, Tiis, 1837.
Georgians banned by the Imperial Russian authorities for
several decades.[14] On 25 February 1921, the Bolshevist
of which Tbilisi was the capital was annexed by the Russian 11th Red Army invaded [15][16] Tbilisi after bitRussian Empire, Iran ocially lost control over the city ter ghting at the outskirts of the city and declared Soviet
and the wider Georgian lands it had been ruling for rule.
centuries.[11] Under Russian rule, the city subsequently
became the center of the Tbilisi Governorate (Gubernia). In the course of the 19th century, the largest 1.8 Communist government
ethnic group of Tbilisi were Armenians, who, at some
point, formed 74.3% of the population.[12] From the
beginning of the 19th century Tbilisi started to grow
economically and politically. New buildings mainly
of European style were erected throughout the town.
New roads and railroads were built to connect Tbilisi
to other important cities in Russia and other parts of
the Transcaucasus (locally) such as Batumi, Poti, Baku,
and Yerevan. By the 1850s Tbilisi once again emerged
as a major trade and a cultural center. The likes of
Ilia Chavchavadze, Iakob Gogebashvili, Aleksandr Griboyedov, Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Nar-Dos, Pertch
Proshian, Ra, Gabriel Sundukyan, Hovhannes Tumanyan, Akaki Tsereteli, Simon Zavarian and many
other statesmen, poets, and artists all found their home
The Red Army entered Tbilisi on 25 February 1921.
in Tbilisi.
Tbilisi was visited on numerous occasions by and was In 1921, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was

2 POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION

occupied by the Soviet Bolshevik forces from Russia,

and until 1936 Tbilisi functioned rst as the capital city
of the Transcaucasian SFSR (which included Armenia,
Azerbaijan, and Georgia), and afterwards until 1991 as
the capital of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the Soviet rule, Tbilisis population grew significantly, the city became more industrialised and came
to be an important political, social, and cultural centre
of the Soviet Union. In 1980 the city housed the rst
state-sanctioned rock festival in the USSR. In the 1970s
and the 1980s the old part of the city was considerably
reconstructed.[17]
Tbilisi witnessed mass anti-Russian demonstrations during 1956 in the 9 March Massacre, in protest against City Council of Tbilisi
the anti-Stalin policies of Nikita Khrushchev. Peaceful
protests occurred in 1978, and in 1989 the April 9 tragedy and the Law on Georgias Capital Tbilisi (20 February
was a peaceful protest that turned violent.
1998).[23]
Tbilisi is governed by the Tbilisi City Assembly (Sakre-

1.9

After the break-up of the Soviet Union bulo) and the Tbilisi City Hall (Meria). The City Assem-

Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has experienced periods of signicant instability and turmoil.
After a brief civil war, which the city endured for two
weeks from December 1991 to January 1992 (when proGamsakhurdia and Opposition forces clashed with each
other), Tbilisi became the scene of frequent armed confrontations between various maa clans and illegal business entrepreneurs. Even during the Shevardnadze Era
(19932003), crime and corruption became rampant at
most levels of society. Many segments of society became
impoverished because of unemployment caused by the
crumbling economy. Average citizens of Tbilisi started to
become increasingly disillusioned with the existing quality of life in the city (and in the nation in general). Mass
protests took place in November 2003 after falsied parliamentary elections forced more than 100,000 people
into the streets and concluded with the Rose Revolution.
Since 2003, Tbilisi has experienced considerably more
stability with decreasing crime rates, an improved economy and a real estate boom.[18] During the 2008 South
Ossetia war the Tbilisi area was hit by multiple Russian
air attacks.
After the war, several large-scale projects were started,
including a streetcar system,[19] a railway bypass and
a relocation of the central station[20] and new urban
highways.[21] In June 2015, a ood killed at least twelve
people and caused animals from the citys zoo to be released into the streets.[22]

Politics and administration

See also: List of mayors of Tbilisi

bly is elected once every four years. The mayor is elected

once every four years by direct elections. The Mayor of
Tbilisi is David (Davit) Narmania and the Chairman of
the Tbilisi city Assembly is Giorgi Alibegashvili.

Administratively, the city is divided into raions (districts),

which have their own units of central and local government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of aairs.
This subdivision was established under Soviet rule in the
1930s, following the general subdivision of the Soviet
Union. Since Georgia regained independence, the raion
system was modied and reshued. According to the
latest revision, Tbilisi raions include:
Old Tbilisi ( )
Vake-Saburtalo (-)
Didube-Chugureti (-)
Gldani-Nadzaladevi (-)
Isani-Samgori (-)
Didgori ()
Most of the raions are named after respective historical neighbourhoods of the city. The citizens of Tbilisi
widely recognise a system of the smaller non-formal historical neighbourhoods. Such neighbourhoods are several, however, constituting a kind of hierarchy, because
most of them have lost their distinctive topographic limits. The natural rst level of subdivision of the city is into
the Right Bank and the Left Bank of the Mt'k'vari. The
names of the oldest neighbourhoods go back to the early
Middle Ages and sometimes pose a great linguistic interest. The newest whole-built developments bear chiey
residential marketing names.

In pre-Revolution Tiis, the Georgian quarter was conThe status of Tbilisi, as the nations capital, is dened ned to the southeastern part of the city; Baedeker deby the Article 10 in the Constitution of Georgia (1995) scribes the layout succinctly:

5
In the north part of the town, on the left
bank of the Kur and to the south of the
railway station, stretches the clean German
Quarter, formerly occupied by German immigrants from Wrttemberg (1818). To the
south is the Gruzinian or Georgian Quarter
(Avlabr). On the right bank of the Kur is the
Russian Quarter, the seat of the ocials and
of the larger business rms. This is adjoined
on the south by the Armenian and Persian
Bazaars.
Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for
Travelers[24]
Turtle Lake (Kus Tba) in January.

Avlabari is considered the integral component of the socalled 'old Tbilisi'" and is currently the object of planning
both by dry (Central Asian/Siberian) air masses from the
and cultural heritage preservation.[25]
east and oceanic (Atlantic/Black Sea) air masses from the
west. Because the city is bounded on most sides by mountain ranges, the close proximity to large bodies of water
3 Geography
(Black and Caspian Seas) and the fact that the Greater
Caucasus Mountains Range (further to the north) blocks
the intrusion of cold air masses from Russia, Tbilisi has
3.1 Location
a relatively mild microclimate compared to other cities
Tbilisi is located in the South Caucasus at 41 43' North that possess a similar continental climate along the same
Latitude and 44 47' East Longitude. The city lies in latitudes.
Eastern Georgia on both banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The average annual temperature in Tbilisi is 12.7 C
The elevation of the city ranges from 380770 metres (54.9 F). January is the coldest month with an average
above sea level (1,2502,530 ft) and has the shape of temperature of 0.9 C (33.6 F). July is the hottest
an amphitheatre surrounded by mountains on three sides. month with an average temperature of 24.4 C (75.9
To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the Saguramo Range, F). The absolute minimum recorded temperature is
to the east and south-east by the Iori Plain, to the south 24 C (11 F) and the absolute maximum is 40 C
and west by various endings (sub-ranges) of the Trialeti (104 F). Average annual precipitation is 568 mm (22.4
Range.
in). May and June are the wettest months (averaging 84
The relief of Tbilisi is complex. The part of the city
which lies on the left bank of the Mt'k'vari (Kura) River
extends for more than 30 km (19 mi) from the Avchala
District to River Lochini. The part of the city which lies
on the right side of the Mt'k'vari River on the other hand
is built along the foothills of the Trialeti Range, the slopes
of which in many cases descend all the way to the edges
of the river Mt'k'vari. The mountains, therefore, are a signicant barrier to urban development on the right bank
of the Mt'k'vari River. This type of a geographic environment creates pockets of very densely developed areas
while other parts of the city are left undeveloped due to
the complex topographic relief.

mm (3.3 in) of precipitation each) while January is the

driest (averaging 20 mm (0.8 in) of precipitation). Snow
falls on average 1525 days per year. The surrounding
mountains often trap the clouds within and around the
city, mainly during the Spring and Autumn months,
resulting in prolonged rainy and/or cloudy weather.
Northwesterly winds dominate in most parts of Tbilisi
throughout the year. Southeasterly winds are common as
well.

4 People and culture

To the north of the city, there is a large reservoir (commonly known as the Tbilisi Sea) fed by irrigation canals. See also: Tbilisoba

3.2

Climate

4.1 Demographics

Tbilisi has a humid subtropical climate (Kppen climate

classication Cfa) with warm to hot summers and cold As a multicultural city, Tbilisi is home to more than 100
winters. The city receives enough rainfall to avoid the ethnic groups. Around 89% of the population consists
semi-arid classication. The citys climate is inuenced of ethnic Georgians, with signicant populations of other

4 PEOPLE AND CULTURE

ethnic groups such as Armenians, Russians, and Azeris.

Along with the above-mentioned groups, Tbilisi is home
to other ethnic groups including Ossetians, Abkhazians,
Ukrainians, Greeks, Germans, Jews, Estonians, Kurds,
Assyrians, and others.

4.2

Religion

Photo of a mosque in Tbilisi from the early 20th century.

4.3 Sports
Tbilisi has a fairly rich sports history. Like many other
towns of the Near East with strong Asian cultural inuences, Tbilisi historically had a special area of town that
was designated for sports competitions. The present-day
districts of Saburtalo and Didube were the most common
areas where such competitions were held. Up until the
beginning of the 19th century, sports such as horse-riding
(polo in particular), wrestling, boxing, and marksmanship
were the most popular city sports. As Tbilisi started to develop socially and economically and integrate more with
the West, new sports from Europe were introduced.
The Soviet period brought an increased popularization of
sports that were common in Europe and to a certain extent, the United States. At the same time, Tbilisi developed the necessary sports infrastructure for professional
sports. By 1978, the city had around 250 large and small
sports facilities, including among others, four indoor and
six outdoor Olympic sized pools, 185 basketball courts
and halls, 192 volleyball facilities, 82 handball arenas, 19
tennis courts, 31 football elds, and ve stadiums. The
largest stadium in Tbilisi is the Dinamo Arena (55,000
seats) and the second largest is the Mikheil Meskhi Stadium (24,680 seats). The Sports Palace which usually
hosts basketball games with high attendance and tennis
tournaments can seat approximately 11,000 people.
Vere Basketball Hall is a smaller indoor sports arena with
a 2,500 seating capacity.
The most popular sports in Tbilisi today are football,
rugby union, basketball, and wrestling. Also popular
sports include tennis, swimming and water polo. There
are several professional football and rugby teams as well
as wrestling clubs. U.S. National Basketball Association
players Zaza Pachulia and Nikoloz Tskitishvili are Tbilisi natives. Outside of professional sports, the city has a
number of inter-collegiate and amateur sports teams and
clubs.

Tbilisis signature football team, Dinamo Tbilisi, has not

won a major European championship since 1981, when
it won the European Cup Winners Cup and became the
Sameba Cathedral
easternmost team in Europe to achieve the feat. The basketball club Dinamo Tbilisi won the Euroleague in 1962
More than 95% of the residents of Tbilisi practise forms
but also never repeated any such feat.
of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the
Georgian Orthodox Church). The Russian Orthodox
Church, which is in Full communion with the Georgian,
4.4 Media
and the Armenian Apostolic Church have signicant following within the city as well. A large minority of the The large majority of Georgias media companies (inpopulation (around 4%) practises Islam (mainly Shia Is- cluding television, newspaper and radio) are headquarlam). About 2% of Tbilisis population practises Judaism, tered in Tbilisi. The city is home to the popular Rustavi
there is also Roman Catholic church.
2 television channel which gained considerable fame after
Tbilisi has been historically known for religious tolerance.
This is especially evident in the citys Old Town, where a
mosque, synagogue, and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox
churches can be found less than 500 metres (1,600 ft)
from each other.

its coverage of the Rose Revolution. In addition to Rustavi 2, the remaining three out of the four major public
television channels of Georgia (including Imedi TV Mze
and the Public Broadcasting Channel) are based in the
city. Tbilisis television market has experienced notable

4.5

Architecture

7
pean/Russian (neo-classical), and Middle Eastern styles.
The oldest parts of town, including the Abanot-Ubani,
Avlabari, and to a certain extent the Sololaki districts
clearly have a traditional Georgian architectural look
with Middle Eastern inuences. The areas of Tbilisi
which were built up mainly in the 19th century (Rustaveli Avenue, Vera district, etc.) have a contrasting European/Russian (neoclassical) look.

Mikheil Meskhi Stadium

The start of the 20th century was marked with an architectural revival, notably, with an art nouveau style.
With the establishment of the communist government
this style was decreed as bourgeois and largely neglected.
An example of Stalinist architecture in Georgia was the
1938 Institute of Marx, Engels, Lenin (- ) building, also referred to
by the abbreviation IMELI () in Georgian.

changes since the second half of 2005 when Rustavi 2

successfully bought out the Mze TV company and Rupert
Murdoch's News Corporation became a shareholder of
Imedi Media Holding at the beginning of 2006. By taking over the Imedi Media Holding Group, News Corporation entered the Post-Soviet media market for the rst
time in the companys history.
Tbilisi has a number of newspaper publishing houses.
Some of the most noteworthy newspapers include the
daily 24 Saati (24 Hours), Rezonansi (Resonance),
Alia, the English-language daily The Messenger, weekly
FINANCIAL, Georgia Today, and the English-language
weekly The Georgian Times. Out of the citys radio stations Imedi Radio (105.9 FM), Fortuna, and Radio 105
are some of the more inuential competitors with large
national audiences.
Radio stations in Tbilisi include 5 Lines Radio (93.8 FM), 1938 Institute of Marx Engels Lenin Building on Rustaveli
Europe +Tbilisi (99.6 FM), and Georgian Patriarchy Ra- Boulavard
dio (105.4 FM).[33]

4.5

Architecture

. Following privatization, this building was supposed to

be converted from 2006 to 2009 into a ve-star luxury
Kempinski hotel by the UAE-based Dhabi Group.[34] As
of 2013, no refurbishment had been achieved.
Architecture of the later 20th century can mainly be identied with the building style that was common during the
Soviet era throughout the Soviet Union and the countries
under Soviet occupation.

This included building large, concrete apartment blocks

as well as social, cultural, and oce facilities, like for
example the Tbilisi Roads Ministry Building. Since
the break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has been
the site of uncontrolled/unsanctioned building projects.
Since 2004, the city government has taken new initiatives to curb uncontrolled construction projects with
mixed success. In the near future, Tbilisi will have
three skyscraper complexes. The Axis Towers, Redix
Rustaveli Theatre
Chavchavadze 64, and the new Ajara Hotel/Business
The architecture in the city is a mixture of local Complex, which is currently under construction will be
(Georgian), with strong inuences of Byzantine, Euro- the tallest buildings/skyscrapers in the Caucasus.

4.6

5 TRANSPORT

Main sights

5.2 Metro

Tbilisi has important landmarks and sightseeing loca- Main article: Tbilisi Metro
tions. The Parliament and the government (State Chan- The Tbilisi Metro serves the city with rapid transit subcellery) buildings of Georgia, as well as the Supreme
Court of Georgia, are in Tbilisi. The city has important cultural landmarks such as the Georgian National
Museum, Tbilisi State Conservatoire, Tbilisi Opera and
Ballet Theatre, Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre, Marjanishvili State Academic Theatre, the Sameba
Cathedral, the Vorontsov's Palace (also known as the
Childrens Palace today), many state museums, the
National Public Library of the Parliament of Georgia, the
National Bank of Georgia, Tbilisi Circus, and other important institutions. During the Soviet times, Tbilisi continuously ranked in the top four cities in the Soviet Union
for the number of museums.
Out of the citys historic landmarks, the most notable
are the Narikala fortress (4th17th century), Anchiskhati
Church (6th century, built up in the 16th century), Sioni
Cathedral (8th century, later rebuilt), Church of Metekhi
(13th century), etc.

Transport

Tbilisi Metro, known for its underground depth, transports nearly

9 million commuters per month

way services. It was the Soviet Unions fourth metro system. Construction began in 1952, and was nished in
1966. The system operates two lines, the AkhmeteliVarketili Line and the Saburtalo Line. It has 22 stations
and 186 metro cars. Most stations, like those on other
Soviet-built metro systems, are extravagantly decorated.
Trains run from 6:00 am to midnight. Due to the uneven
ground, the rail lines run above ground level in some areas. Two of the stations are above ground.
The Tbilisi Metro underwent a campaign of modernization. Stations were reconstructed, and trains and facilities were modernized. In 2005, President Mikheil
Saakashvili charged Director General Zurab Kikalishvili
with bringing the station up to European standards by
2007. In 2006, the citys budget allocated 16 million Lari
for the project. A third line is being planned, which will
encompass the Vake District. The three lines will form a
triangle, and intersect in the city center.

Tbilisi International Airport

5.1

Airport

Main article: Tbilisi Airport

Tbilisi airport, (Georgian:
, Tbilisis saertasoriso aeroporti) located 17
kilometres (11 miles) southeast of the city. Direct trains
cover the route between Tbilisi central station and the airport in 35 minutes. Tbilisi Airport trac increased 29%
in 2011, reaching 1.1 million passengers[35] (the capacity of the new terminal building is 2.8 million passengers per year).[36] Georgian Airways has its head oce
in Tbilisi.[37]

5.3 Tram
Tbilisi had a tram network, since 1883 starting from
horse driven trams and from 25 December 1904 electric
tramway. When the Soviet Union disintegrated, electric
transport went to a degradation state within the years and
nally the only tram line left was closed on 4 December 2006 together with two trolleybus lines which were
left.[38][39] There are plans to construct a modern tram
network.[40][41]

5.4 Minibus
The most dominant form of transportation is the
marshrutka. An elaborate marshrutka system has grown
in Tbilisi over the recent years. In addition to the city,
several lines also serve the surrounding countryside of

9
ber of faculty and sta (collaborators) is approximately
5,000. Tbilisi is also home to the largest medical university in Caucasus region Tbilisi State Medical University, which was founded as Tbilisi Medical Institute
in 1918 and became the Faculty of Medicine within the
Tbilisi State University (TSU) in 1930. Tbilisi State
Medical Institute was renamed to Medical University in
1992. Since that university operates as an independent
educational institution, TSMU became one of the highranking state-supported institutions of higher education
in the Caucasus region. Currently there are almost 5000
undergraduate and 203 postgraduate students at the university of whom 10% come from foreign countries.
Aerial tramway with Presidential Palace in background

Tbilisi. Throughout the city a xed price is paid regardless of the distance (80 tetri in 2014). For longer trips
outside the city, higher fares are common. There are no
predened stops for the marshrutka lines, they are hailed
from the streets like taxis and each passenger can exit
whenever he likes.

5.5

Aerial lift

Since 2012, Tbilisi has a modern, high capacity cable car[42] which operates between Europe Square and
Narikala. Historically, the city had another aerial lift
but, due to mismanagement at the hands of Soviet authorities, it experienced a major malfunction, causing the
1990 Tbilisi Cable car accident and remaining closed ever
since.[43]

Education

Georgias main and largest technical university, Georgian

Technical University, is in Tbilisi. Georgian Technical
University was founded in 1922 as a polytechnic faculty of the Tbilisi State University. The rst lecture was
read by the world famous Georgian mathematician Professor Andria Razmadze. It achieved University status
by 1990. The three most popular private higher educational institution in Georgia The University of Georgia (Tbilisi), Caucasus University and Free University of
Tbilisi are in Tbilisi. The University of Georgia (Tbilisi) is the largest private University in Georgia, with more
than 3500 international and local students. It was established in 2005 and soon became a market leader within
Georgian educational sector. In 2010, the UG received
nancing from OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation)for development of the Universitys infrastructure and technical equipment. The University of Georgia has various undergraduate and graduate programs and
its the rst company in Georgia which oers international certicate programs of the Oracle Corporation,
Microsoft,Zend technologies and Cisco Academy. Caucasus University was established in 2004 as an expansion of the Caucasus School of Business (CSB) (established in 1998) by a consortium consisting of Tbilisi State
University and Georgian Technical University in partnership with Georgia State University (Atlanta, USA).
Free University of Tbilisi was established in 2007 through
the merger of two higher education schools: European
School of Management (ESM-Tbilisi) and Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa (TIAA). Today Free University
comprises three schools Business School (ESM), Institute of Asia and Africa and Law School delivering
academic programs at undergraduate, graduate and doctorate levels. In addition, Free University conducts a wide
array of short-term courses and runs several research centers and summer school programs.
Higher educational institutions in Tbilisi:

Tbilisi State University

Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education: The biggest Georgian university is Tbilisi State
University which was established on 8 February 1918.
TSU is the oldest university in the whole Caucasus region. Over 35,000 students are enrolled and the num-

Tbilisi State University

The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)
Georgian Technical University
Ilia Chavchavadze State University

10

10

Tbilisi State Conservatory

Tbilisi State Medical University
Caucasus University
Free University of Tbilisi
Grigol Robakidze University Alma Mater

REFERENCES

9 Bibliography
Georgian State (Soviet) Encyclopedia. 1983. Book
4. pp. 595604.
Minorsky, V., Tiis in Encyclopaedia of Islam
ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2001/2002: Georgia,
Tbilisi Historic District

Georgian American University

International Black Sea University
Georgian Institute of Public Aairs
Georgian Agrarian University
International School of Economics (ISET)

International relations

10 References
10.1 Notations
Giorgi Lomsadze (13 June 2008). In Tbilisi, a
Battle Over Buildings Fires Investment Debate.
Eurasianet.org.
Tara Bahrampour (29 July 2008). Push to Rebuild
Brings Protest in Georgias Capital. The Washington Post.

10.2 Footnotes
[1] Tbilisis new Mayor: David Narmania. agenda.ge. 14 July
2014
[2] Preliminary Results of 2014 General Population Census
of Georgia (PDF). NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE
OF GEORGIA. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
[3] http://pt.forvo.com/word/tbilisi/
Tbilisi Platz in Saarbrcken, Germany

[4] The Golden Age Of Georgia. Dictionary of Georgian

National Biography. Retrieved 2 February 2008.

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia

[5] Country Overview. Invest in Georgia. Archived from

the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2 February
2008. This early Georgian renaissance ... preceded its
European analogue by several hundred years

7.1

Twin towns and sister cities

[44]

Tbilisi is twinned with:

[6] Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Retrieved 15

December 2014.
[7] Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Retrieved 22
December 2014.

7.2

Partnerships

See also
Abo Tbileli, the patron saint of Tbilisi
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
List of Tbilisians
National Botanical Garden of Georgia
Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower
Tbilisi Zoo

[8] Soudavar-Farmanfarmian article Georgia and Iran Part

2. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
[9] Suny, pp. 5859
[10] Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1797-2014.
Retrieved 15 December 2014.
[11] Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar
Iran. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
[12] Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). The making of the Georgian
nation. Indiana University Press. pp. 116. ISBN 978-0253-20915-3. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
[13] (Russian) Ethno-Caucasus,

10.2

Footnotes

11

[14] Marshall, David (1962). History of Modern Georgia. p.

211.
[15] Jones, Stephen F. (2005). Socialism in Georgian Colors.
London.
[16] Marshall, David (1962). History of Modern Georgia.
[17] , (October 1983). ... . Vokrug Sveta (in Russian) 1983 (10 (2517)).
Retrieved 19 August 2012.
[18] Rukhadze, Vasili; Tobias Moerschen (2007). Analysis of
Tbilisis Real Estate Boom (PDF). Retrieved 22 November 2009.
[19] Rustavi 2. Rustavi 2. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[33] Tbilisi Municipal Portal Radio

[34] Kempinski to Manage Hotel in Tbilisi. Civil Georgia,
Tbilisi, 9 December 2006
[35] Georgia Airport Prole. tbilisiairport.com
[36] tbilisiairport.com Terminal features
[37] "Head oce. (direct image link) Georgian Airways. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
[38] Subways and Trams In Georgia: Tbilisi. 24 December
2010. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
[39] georgiandaily.com Nostalgic Tbilisi residents want
their tramway back. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 24
December 2010. -

[20] Sergey Gevenov. Tbilisi railway project to start : Story

by Nino Edilashvili : Georgia Today on the Web. Georgiatoday.ge. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[40] Railway Gazette: Tbilisi tram design contract signed.

24 December 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2010.

[21] Issue 1, 2010 Tbilisi 2010. Investor.ge. Retrieved 3

June 2011.

[41] Trams to return? : by Salome Kobalava : Georgia Today

on the Web. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2010.

[22] Georgia ood: Tbilisi residents warned over zoo animals

after devastating ood. BBC News. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[42] Tbilisi Ropeways. Civil Georgia. Retrieved 17 March

2013.

[23] (Georgian)
. The Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 22 May
2007.
[24] Karl Baedeker, Russia: A Handbook for Travelers (Arno
Press, 1971, reprint of 1914 ed.), p. 467.
[25] JSC IBERIA Realty Architectural Competition.
[26] " ". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
[27] Climatological Information for Tbilisi, Georgia Hong
Kong Observatory
[28] Tbilisi, Georgia Travel Weather Averages.
erbase. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

Weath-

[29] (Russian) // -
.St. Petersburg, 1885, p.
133 (Note: this is a 'one-day census of unknown scope
and methodology).
[30] Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). The making of the Georgian
nation. Indiana University Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0253-20915-3. Retrieved 29 December 2011. (one-day
census of Tiis)
[31] (Russian)
1897 .. . . .
: . St. Petersburg, 1905, pp. 7475.(Note: The census did not
contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from
data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation)
[32] Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units
(PDF). Web.archive.org. 14 November 2009. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009. Retrieved
19 December 2012.

[43] Major worldwide cable car accidents since 1976. CNN.

Retrieved 19 December 2012.
[44] Tbilisi Sister Cities. Tbilisi City Hall. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013.
Retrieved 5 August 2013.
[45] Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje. Mestna obina
Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 27
July 2013.
[46] Bristol City Town twinning. 2009 Bristol City Council. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
[47] Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities. Yerevan Municipality Ocial Website. 20052013 www.yerevan.am.
Retrieved 4 November 2013.
[48]
[Yerevan expanding its international relations]
(in Armenian). . Archived from the original on 12 May
2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
[49] Orae nfrite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primria Municipiului
Chiinu. Archived from the original on 3 November
2012. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
[50] Tbilisi-Tehran direct ights will start next month.
Agenda.ge. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
[51] Krakw Miasta Partnerskie [Krakw -Partnership
Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Krakw
(in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013.
Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[52] Partnersk msta HMP [Prague Twin Cities HMP].
Portl Zahranin vztahy [Portal Foreign Aairs"] (in
Czech). 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25
June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.

12

11

11

External links

Ocial website of the City of Tbilisi

EXTERNAL LINKS

13

12

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Tbilisi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi?oldid=668212693 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, AxelBoldt, The Cunctator, Brion
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Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, RickK, Lfh, N-true, WhisperToMe, Radiojon, Tpbradbury, Grendelkhan, Jose Ramos, Joy, Adam Carr,
Carbuncle, AlexPlank, Robbot, Moncrief, Altenmann, Psychonaut, Postdlf, Nach0king, Gidonb, Brw12, Levzur, Mushroom, Marc Venot,
Smjg, DocWatson42, RScheiber, DO'Neil, Guanaco, Avala, Wmahan, R. end, Knutux, Quadell, Antandrus, Lesgles, Gene s, Balcer,
Picapica, The stuart, RevRagnarok, Nika~enwiki, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vsmith, Mani1, Bender235, Mashford, JoeSmack,
*drew, Sfahey, El C, Kwamikagami, Art LaPella, Army1987, John Vandenberg, Cmdrjameson, .:Ajvol:., Malafaya, Nesnad, Red Winged
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VKokielov, Ground Zero, Kmorozov, Hottentot, Atitarev, Chobot, Hmonroe, Gdrbot, 334a, WriterHound, Tone, Roboto de Ajvol, Daduzi,
The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Noclador, Sceptre, Levanrami, RussBot, John Quincy Adding Machine, Chris Capoccia, Lord Voldemort, Shell Kinney, Gaius Cornelius, Alex Bakharev, Shanel, Phil Bastian, Nick, Melly42, Zwobot, Bota47, ColinFine, Wknight94,
System Halted, AjaxSmack, Deville, Maphisto86, Imperial avis, ChrisGriswold, Chanheigeorge, Mlle, Nixer, Thomas Blomberg, Attilios, Myrabella, SmackBot, Kuban kazak, David Kernow, Bjelleklang, Unyoyega, KocjoBot~enwiki, Morieli68, Aivazovsky, Alsandro, Giandrea, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Squiddy, Wookipedian, Chris the speller, TimBentley, TDS,
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Georgia, GioMac, Cydebot, Achangeisasgoodasa, Georgi333, Languagehat, Kilhan, Studerby, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Daven200520,
Sosomk, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, LeeG, Dogaroon, Tamokk, Memty Bot, Marek69, Bobblehead, Futurebird, 11tas, Gegelia, Revolutionary92, Dr. Blofeld, Tigeroo, Yellowdesk, Myanw, Yalens, JAnDbot, Husond, Barek, Arch dude, Coreydragon, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, MartinDK, BanRay, The Anomebot2, Reece Llwyd, Bakanidze, Achiko2006, MetsBot, Anthony190, MartinBot, Narrasawa,
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Jevansen, Red Thrush, Idioma-bot, Black Kite, Chinneeb, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, Ericdn, AlnoktaBOT, Bloodchalker, ArnoldPettybone, TXiKiBoT, Mchedeli, Rossiver, Andreas Kaganov, Seb az86556, Gia Gvilava, GuggiePrg, 123al~enwiki, AlleborgoBot, Logan,
Rastrelli f, Aaron.linderman, Davisvenot, Udzo~enwiki, SieBot, g er Almar, YonaBot, Gerakibot, Typritc, Targeman, Lightmouse,
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New4325, Redthoreau, Polly, Jellysh dave, MelonBot, Johnuniq, Lisenn, XLinkBot, BodhisattvaBot, Stickee, Jnegan, Pushera, JinJian,
MystBot, Polscience, Garogack~enwiki, Jhendin, Addbot, Blanche of Kings Lynn, Betterusername, Gio760, UltioUltionis, TutterMouse,
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Hovik95, Izzedine, M2545, Daxure3, Politologia, AstaBOTh15, Winterst, Biker Biker, Gvilava, Pinethicket, Elockid, Spidey104, BRUTE,
MastiBot, Tahir mq, Pantherskin, Tim1357, Elekhh, TobeBot, 777sms, Alejandritinho, Melber, Globalnexus, Vrubels Demons, Mainemce,
EGroup, Etienneavril, CalicoCatLover, Gnikoladze, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Ruska12, Polgraf, Dixtosa, GoingBatty, Ninninnin, ,
Kristinatina, Kmoksy, 1brettsnyder, ZroBot, Elionai.ruiz, Subtropical-man, Soccersoxfan3, H3llBot, Wayne Slam, Anastasia.Bukh, Jj98,
Alborzagros, ElockidAlternate, Corgame3, BabbaQ, Imorthodox23, KipJacob, ClueBot NG, Kmerkmer, Peter James, Edmund West, Vahowian, Guyiatt, ComtesseDeMingrelie, LukaszKatlewa, SimonG597, Preacher lad, 1iviko, DrumbBOT, BG19bot, TGilmour, Ymblanter,
Vagobot, Kaupeens, Ypolignac, Chrisolli101st, Tolea93, Bars77, Ritsin, VonVorontz, NikaPilot, Tremer11, PaintedCarpet, TbilisiTours,
Yerevantsi, L'escarpolette, The Almightey Drill, Doniasis, Obitauri, Rast5, Jaqeli, Andron35, Andriabenia, Dj777cool, Ali1370, Fiorite, Wikiboer, Branschwedt, Choy4311, Gaamagre, Spetsnaz1991, Kystein, Vhpoet, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Isamegrelo, Cerabot~enwiki,
, Faisal.Tasleem, Artist05, 069952497a, Ooggs00995, Wartes, Giorgi Balakhadze, , Lekoren, UOG, Dendrite1, Wobuainile, DimonF, EvergreenFir, Petri2000, LouisAragon, Permaveli, SJ Defender, Bruno.montebianco, Malinkimuk, Bladesmulti, Meganesia, ElGuaje Villa, Miller3030, Second Skin, Ethically Yours, Jl2047a, Monkbot, Nika Kashibadze, Filedelinkerbot,
Gigi.okropiridze, SantiLak, Cresnftapg, Riloratdrenf, Jayakumar RG, L8stDav1d, Jamitucker, Tbilisigeorgia01, Turcoman turk, SpiritWrior888 and Anonymous: 434

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: From Jean Chardins Voyages du Chevalier Chardin en Perse, et autres lieux de l'orient, enrichis d'un
grand nombre de belles gures en taille-douce, reprsentant les antiquits et les choses remarquables du pays. Nouvelle edition, Le Normant,
Paris 1811.
The rst version found in ceroi.net
Original artist: Jean Chardin
File:1938-InstituteMarxEngelsLenin_Building.jpg
1938-InstituteMarxEngelsLenin_Building.jpg License:
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Source:
CC0 Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/
Communist Party of Georgian SSR Original artist:

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