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Drager - Explosion - Protection
Drager - Explosion - Protection
Explosion Protection
GAS DETECTION
SYSTEMS
02 |
| 03
Air/oxygen
in sufficiently high concentration.
Gas/vapour
in sufficiently high concentration
(above LEL).
ST-1576-2007
Ignition source
e.g. ignition spark with sufficient energy
or sufficiently high temperatures.
04 |
Hazardous
ST-3101-2004
Atmospheres
Alarm range 2
Activation of
compulsory measures
(e.g. shut-down)
Alarm range 1
Activation of
counter measures
(e.g. ventilation)
20 %LEL
Safe
range
0 %LEL
ST-1590-2007
40 %LEL
Alarm thresholds
If the gas concentration rises a
counter measure is activated when
reaching the alarm range 1. If the
counter measure is effective the gas
concentration will decrease (blue
curve). If, however, the counter
measure is not effective the concentration will keep on rising (red
curve). When reaching the alarm
range 2 compulsory measures are
activated. Properly designed gas
detection systems will rarely or never
reach the alarm range 2.
| 05
15.5 % v/v
LEL Scale
The lower the LEL the more dangerous is the substance, as ignitable
concentrations can form more easily.
Ammonia
15.0 % v/v
11.0 % v/v
Carbon monoxide
10.5 % v/v
10.0 % v/v
Formic acid
1.2-Dichloro ethylene
9.5 % v/v
9.0 % v/v
Methyl bromide
8.5 % v/v
8.0 % v/v
1.1.1-Trichloro ethane
Methyl chloride
7.5 % v/v
Acetyl chloride
7.0 % v/v
Formaldehyde
6.5 % v/v
1.1-Dichloro ethylene
6.0% v/v
1.2-Dichloro ethane
Methanol
5.5 % v/v
1.1-Dichloro ethane
Hydrogen cyanide
5.0 % v/v
Methyl amine
Hydrazine
4.5 % v/v
Methane
4.0 % v/v
Hydrogen
Vinylchloride
3.5% v/v
Ethyl amine
3.0 % v/v
Ethanol
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Dimethyl ether
2.5 % v/v
Ethylene
Dimethyl formamide
2.0 % v/v
i-Propanol
Propane
1.5 % v/v
i-Butane
n-Butane
n-Butyl acetate
1.0 % v/v
0.5 % v/v
n-Hexane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
ST-1589-2007
ST-6028-2004
06 |
For flammable substances there is a limit concentration necessary for ignition. Below this limit a
mixture of the substance in air cannot be ignited
because there is a deficiency of fuel. This limit is
called the Lower Explosion Limit or LEL.
The LEL cannot be calculated but is an empirical
characteristic figure which is established by
standardized methods. With some exceptions the
LEL lies between 0.5 and 15 % by volume.
STL-295-2007
| 07
Nitrobenzene
Methyl pyrrolidone
80 C
Tetrahydro naphthalene
70 C
Dimethyl acetamide
60 C
Cyclohexanol
Dimethyl formamide
50 C
Trimethyl benzene
Ethylglycol
40 C
n-Butanol
30 C
Nonane
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
20 C
i-Butyl acetate
Ethanol
10 C
Methanol
Toluene
0 C
Acetonitrile
Ethyl acetate
10 C
Methylethyl ketone
Cyclohexane
20 C
ST-1591-2007
Hexane
Allyl amine
30 C
Flashpoint Scale
The lower the flashpoint the more dangerous
and easier to inflame is the liquid.
Gas / Vapour
Acetone
Acetylene
Acrylonitrile
Ammonia
Benzene
1.3-Butadiene
i-Butane
n-Butane
n-Butanol
n-Butene
n-Butyl acetate
Chlorobenzene
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
Diethylether
Dimethylether
1.4-Dioxane
Epichlorohydrin
Ethanol
Ethylene
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene oxide
n-Hexane
Hydrogen
Methane
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methylethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
n-Nonane
n-Octane
n-Pentane
Propane
i-Propanol
Propylene
Styrene
Toluene
LEL % v/v
2.5
2.3
2.8
15.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.7
1.9
2.3
3.1
2.4
2.0
1.0
2.6
1.0
4.0
4.4
6.0
7.6
1.5
1.7
0.7
0.8
1.4
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.0
1.1
LEL g/m3
60.5
24.9
61.9
109.1
39.1
31.6
36.3
33.9
52.5
28.1
58.1
61.0
35.1
40.9
52.5
51.9
69.7
88.6
59.5
28.1
73.4
44.3
47.8
35.9
3.3
29.3
80.0
159.9
45.1
70.9
37.4
38.1
42.1
31.2
50.1
31.6
43.4
42.2
Flashpoint*
< 20 C
Gas
5 C
Gas
11 C
Gas
Gas
Gas
35 C
Gas
27 C
28 C
18 C
51 C
40 C
Gas
11 C
28 C
12 C
Gas
4 C
23 C
Gas
22 C
Gas
Gas
9 C
Gas
10 C
10 C
31 C
12 C
40 C
Gas
12 C
Gas
32 C
6 C
Vapour
pressure*
246 mbar
Gas
117 mbar
Gas
100 mbar
Gas
Gas
Gas
7 mbar
Gas
11 mbar
12 mbar
104 mbar
346 mbar
586 mbar
Gas
38 mbar
16 mbar
58 mbar
Gas
98 mbar
10 mbar
Gas
160 mbar
Gas
Gas
129 mbar
Gas
105 mbar
40 mbar
5 mbar
14 mbar
562 mbar
Gas
43 mbar
Gas
7 mbar
29 mbar
* Flashpoint is defined for liquids only, vapour pressure at 20 C reasonable for liquids only
Ignition
temperature
535 C
305 C
480 C
630 C
555 C
415 C
460 C
365 C
325 C
360 C
390 C
590 C
260 C
320 C
175 C
240 C
375 C
385 C
400 C
440 C
470 C
430 C
435 C
240 C
560 C
595 C
440 C
625 C
475 C
430 C
205 C
205 C
260 C
470 C
425 C
485 C
490 C
535 C
ST-4940-2004
08 |
STL-296-2007
ST-9025-2005
| 09
ASSIGNMENT OF TEMPERATURE CLASSES AND EXPLOSION GROUPS AND TYPICAL GASES AND VAPOURS
Temperature class
and max. permissible
surface temperature
T1
450 C
T2
300 C
T3
200 C
T4
T5
T6
135 C
100 C
85 C
Explosion group
IIA
ignition energy greater 0.18 mJ
Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene,
Ethyl acetate, Methane, Methanol,
Propane, Toluene
i-Amyl acetate, n-Butane, n-Butanol,
1-Butene, Propyl acetate, i-Propanol,
Vinyl chloride
Amyl alcohol, Gasolines,
Diesel fuel, Fuel oil, n-Hexane
Acetaldehyde
IIB
ignition energy 0.06 to 0.18 mJ
Hydrogen cyanide, Town gas
IIC
ignition energy smaller 0.06 mJ
Hydrogen
1.3-Butadiene, 1.4-Dioxane,
Ethylene, Ethylene oxide
Acetylene
Example: If a potentially explosive atmosphere is caused by Carbon disulfide, an electrical apparatus is only suitable to be operated in this atmosphere if it is marked by
IIC and T6, whereas for n-Hexane atmospheres electrical devices with the marking IIA T3 are sufficiently protected.
Temperature class
Device category
Device category
II 2 GD
II (2) G
Explosion group
Type of protection
Ex dem IIC T4
Explosion protected
Temperature class
Explosion group
Type of protection
Ex ib IIC T4
Explosion protected
ST-297-2007
ST-1580-2007
10 |
| 11
Hazardous
Areas
Gas
Zone
0
Dust
20
21
22
Example: If an apparatus shall be operated in zone 21, the relevant marking must at least be device category II 2D
Minimum requirement
for device category
II 1G
II 2G
II 3G
II 1D
II 2D
II 3D
12 |
Using
ST-1581-2007
Active pellistor
(shown in half cut, schematic)
The penetrating methane molecule reacts
by means of the heated catalytic bead
material with atmospheric oxygen to
form water vapour and carbon dioxide.
The released heat of reaction causes a
measurable resistance increase of the
embedded platinum coil.
ST-725-2002
ST-9068-2005
| 13
INFRARED SENSORS
ST-1582-2007
ST-3719-2003
ST-3919-2004
| 14
Drger Polytron IR Ex
Schematic design (2-beam compensation method).
IR-transmitter
The fact that under normal conditions (no IRabsorbing gas) there is a high measuring signal,
makes it possible to implement self diagnostic
processes: The IR-transmitter is able to detect
if e.g. the IR source fails or the optical system
is blocked. The transmitter is fail-safe in the
context of the IEC/EN 61508 standard and thus is
suitable to be used in SIL2-rated safety chains.
ST-1148-2008
ST-1149-2008
ST-1583-2007
70
n-Hexane
60
Ethyl acetate
n-Octane
50
Toluene
ST-1592-2007
40
n-Nonane
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
%LEL
%LEL
Diethylether
Propane
Acetone
100
Methanol
80
Pellistor sensor
Different sensitivities of a
Propane-calibrated pellistor sensor (schematic):
50 %LEL n-Nonane
cause a measuring value
of only 23 %LEL Propane
while 50 %LEL Ethylene
cause a measuring value
of 62 %LEL.
90
80
70
Propane
Ethoxypropanol
60
50
n-Butyl acetate
40
ST-1593-2007
n-Pentane
Methane
%LEL
90
Ethylene
100
Hydrogen
15 |
Ethyl acetate
30
Cumene
20
Acetone
10
Methane
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
%LEL
Infrared sensor
Different sensitivities of a
Propane-calibrated infrared
sensor (Drger Polytron IR Ex,
schematic): 50 %LEL Ethyl
acetate cause a measuring
value of only 22 %LEL
Propane while 50 %LEL
Methanol cause a measuring
value of 76 %LEL. A Propanecalibrated IR Ex is relative
insensitive to Methane.
Hydrogen cannot be detected
at all by IR-technique.
16 |
Safe area
Audible alarm
II 2G
II 2G
II 2G
II (2) G
Visible alarm
Leak evaporates
Central controller units are installed in the nonhazardous area, and on the one hand they supply
the connected gas detection transmitters with the
necessary voltage, on the other hand they receive
their measuring signals and status-information to
process and indicate them. If pre-adjusted alarm
thresholds are exceeded central controllers are to
trigger alarms reliably. To have a high availability
central controllers often are equipped also with an
emergency power supply.
Central controllers might be small single-channelunits for the connection of only one transmitter
as well as complete cabinets with built-in device
racks for many plug-in modules (channel modules)
connected to many transmitters, and with
customized wired alarm circuits.
The channel modules mostly provide several relays
with voltage-free contacts. Depending on whether
the relays are energized in normal operation or in
case of alarm, the voltage-free contacts can be
configured as NO-contacts (normally open =
closed in case of alarm) or NC-contacts (normally
closed - open in case of alarm).
ST-1594-2007
ST-6056-2004
ST-5003-2004
| 17
Gas detectors
Based on catalytic bead sensor technology as well
as infrared sensor technology Drger offers a wide
range of different gas detectors for the detection of
flammable gases and vapours.
ST-5669-2004
ST-11659-2007
ST-8822-2005
ST-5675-2004
ST-8821-2005
DrgerSensor IR
Explosion protected transmitter
with IR-sensor in flameproof
housing, similar to Drger PIR
3000, but with pellistor-sensoremulation for replacement of
pellistor sensors, with mV-output
to be connected to special
central controllers.
Drger Polytron SE Ex
Sensing head without electronics with pellistor sensor and
mV-measuring signal to be
connected to special central
controllers, measuring range
0 to 100 or 0 to 10 %LEL, also
as high temperature version for
up to 150 C.
ST-5651-2004
ST-1389-2006
Drger Polytron IR Ex
Explosion protected transmitter
with IR-sensor, with intrinsically
safe current circuits (LC-display,
sensor connection, operating
facilities) to be connected to
central controllers with 4 to 20mA-inputs, with open or closed
optical system, different versions.
ST-3833-2003
Drger Polytron Ex
Explosion protected transmitter
for pellistor sensor, with
intrinsically safe current circuits
(LC-display, sensor connection,
operating facilities) to be
connected to central controllers
with 4 to 20-mA-inputs.
ST-3932-2005
ST-5643-2004
GAS DETECTORS
ST-478-2004
ST-7448-2006
| 18
Central controllers
Based on different concepts, on the one hand device
rack with channels modules or DIN-rail mounted controllers both to be installed in wall housings or cabinets,
on the other hand stand-alone controller units in IP65-
ST-340-2004
ST-272-2004
ST-5738-2006
ST-335-2004
Drger REGARD 1
Stand-alone single channel
controller with ABS-enclosure,
with LC display and status
LEDs, configurable for SE Ex
sensing heads as well as
4 to 20-mA-transmitters,
five relays, three alarm
thresholds and battery
back-up.
ST-5647-2006
48658
CENTRAL CONTROLLERS
19 |
Explosion Protection by
Drger Gas Detection Technology
EXPLOSION PROTECTION WITH DRGER
ST-523-98
Drger REGARD
A representative customized gas
detection system.
ST-272-2004
SYSTEM CENTERS:
P. R. CHINA
GERMANY
SINGAPORE
USA
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM
90 46 262 | 09.12-1 | Marketing Communications | GM | PR | DW | Printed in Germany | Chlorine-free environmentally compatible | Subject to modifications | 2009 Drger Safety AG & Co. KGaA
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