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Exterior Algebra With Differential Forms On Manifolds: Md. Showkat Ali, K. M. Ahmed, M. R Khan and Md. Mirazul Islam
Exterior Algebra With Differential Forms On Manifolds: Md. Showkat Ali, K. M. Ahmed, M. R Khan and Md. Mirazul Islam
Abstract
The concept of an exterior algebra was originally introduced by H. Grassman for the purpose of studying linear spaces. Subsequently Elie
Cartan developed the theory of exterior differentiation and successfully applied it to the study of differential geometry [8], [9] or differential
equations. More recently, exterior algebra has become powerful and irreplaceable tools in the study of differential manifolds with
differential forms and we develop theorems on exterior algebra with examples.
I. Introduction
,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
( ),
( ). Then we have
Distributive Law
( + )
=
+
( +
)=
+
Anti-commutative Law
= (1)
Associative Law
(
)
=
(
).
Remark 1. Suppose ,
commutative law implies
=
is an exterior
-vector and
( )
where
is the alternating mapping that defined in [4].
Then
is an exterior ( + )-vector, called the
exterior (wedge) product of and .
Theorem 2.1. [4] The exterior product satisfies the
( ),
following rules. Suppose , ,
=
=
= 0.
where
( ),
product of and
by
1
f ab dx a dx b , where f ab are
2
( ).
.
,
248
( )
and ( ) . Then
<
>)
Thus
{
,1 < < }
and
{
, 1 < < }, the basis of ( )
and
( ) respectively satisfy the following
relationship:
<
{ }={
{ }{
1,
=
0,
Conversely, if
,,
are linearly independent, then they
can be extended to a basis { ,
, , } of .
Then
Therefore
theorem.
0.
0. This completes the proof of the
>)
= 0.
(1)
If
,,
are linearly independent, then
expressed as linear combination of :
}
}
;1
with
can be
,,
)( , ,
1
( + )!
)=
( )
,,
.
(
)) =
), ,
(
)=
Therefore
proof of the theorem.
,,
))
( )
(
( ), ,
Then
) = 0.
( )
( ,,
(2)
( ), is that
= 0.
(3)
Proof. When + > (2) and (3) are trivially true. In the
following we assume that + . Necessity is obvious, so
we need only show sufficiency. Extend
,,
to a basis
{ ,, ,
, , } of . Then can be expressed as
+ +
,,
).
.
=
where
Proof. If
, , are linearly dependent, then we may
assume without loss of generality that can be expressed
as a linear combination of
,,
:
++
,,
= 0.
+ +
where
( ( ), , (
.
(
1
=
( + )!
(
. Then
)=
+ +
=0
(4)
( +1
<<
i.e.,
=
of the theorem.
=0 ; +1
+ +
<<
,
,
;
,
; 1 are two
, 1 } is linearly
249
Suppose
= !(
!(
,,
and
times to get
).
)
(6)
Since { ,
; 1 } is linearly independent, the
left hand side of (6) is not equal to zero, that is,
{ ,
; 1 } is also linearly independent
(Theorem 2.3).We can also obtain from (6) that
( )=
(5)
then
,
are linear combinations of
,,
are also linearly independent.
Proof: Wedge-multiply (5) by itself
= 0,
which means
{ , ,, ,
, } is linearly
dependent. Therefore
can be expressed as a linear
combination of
,, , ,,
.The above
conclusion is also true for
. This completes the proof
of the theorem.
Suppose
is an -dimensional smooth manifold. The
bundle of exterior -forms on
)
( ) is a
( )-module. The elements of
( ) are
called exterior differential -forms on . Therefore, an
exterior differential -form on
is a smooth skewsymmetric covariant tensor field of order on .
( ) =
Similarly, the exterior form bundle
(7)
( )
( ),
( )
( ),
.
( ),
)=
is an exterior differential -
form. Then
(
)=
i.e.,
, let
where
(iii) If
( )=
( )
(ii) Suppose
( ). For any
+ (1)
is a smooth function on
( ) then,
.
,
is precisely the
differential of .
(iv) If
The map
( ), then
) = 0.
)=0.
250
d ( X 1 , , X k 1 )
1 k 1
{ ( 1) i 1 X i ( ( X 1 , ,
k 1 i 1
1) If
Here the symbol X i means X i omitted. In particular, the
often-used case of k = 1 is
1
d ( X , Y ) { X (Y ) Y ( X ) ([ X , Y ])}.
2
Then
we
df
Let
) is the
2) Suppose =
+
+
smooth functions on . Then
=
where
=
, ,
are
+
=
=
,
is just the
+
,
of the vector
. Then
have
=
i1 ik
gradient of , denoted by
i j
, X j ,, Xk1)}.
k 1
1
{ (1) s1
f j j j }.
(k 1)! s1
x j 1 s k1
d ( X1,, X k 1 )
dxi1 dxik .
(8)
where
means the divergence of the vector field
= ( , , ).
i1ik
i1 ik
Xi
such
that
Xi
(i 1, , k 1)
x j
neighborhood of P. Then [ X i , X j ] 0
in
near P.
(
(
) = 0,
) = 0.
<
>
<
> <
<
>
<
> <
(9)
; where
=
L.H.S: <
and
,
=
<
<
> =<
,
,
, we
> <
> <
=
,
,
.
>
>
>
R.H.S:
< , > < , > <[ , ], >= <
,
>
< ,
> <[ , ],
=
(
) (
) [ , ] =
.
+
.
+
=
.
.
Therefore L.H.S = R.H.S. This completes the proof of the
theorem.
Example 2. Let
( ) be a differential 1-form on
251
a natural differential operator that is depending only on the
differential structure of M. This operator gives information on
the topology of the manifolds.
Remark 4. Using Theorem 3.5 the Frobenius condition for dimensional distributions method can be rephrased in its dual
form. Suppose
= { , , } is a smooth -dimensional
distributions on . Then for any point , ( ) is an dimensional linear subspace of . Let
( ( )) =
<
>=0
( ).
+1
<
={
[
if and only if <
1 .
>
<
= <
,,
,
>
1 ,
> = 0, 1 ,
252
Suppose :
is a smooth map from a smooth
manifold
to a smooth manifold . Then it induces a
linear map between the spaces of exterior differential
forms: : ( ) ( ).
In fact,
induces a tangent mapping ( )
(
)
at
every
point
and the definition of the
( )
map
: ( ) ( ) for each homogeneous part of
( ) and ( ) as follows:
If
( ), 1, then
(10)
> =<
>
( )
)=
)=
= ( )
: ( ) ( ).
( )
( )
( )
Therefore
Next suppose
on . Then
)= (
=
).
)
(
)= (
)
) = (
).
..
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
( )
) =
) = (
where
is a differential 1-form on and
is an exterior
differential ( 1) form on
. Then by the induction
hypothesis we have
< ,
(
induced map
: ( ) ( ) commutes with the
exterior derivative , that is,
=
(11)
( ) =
).
, where
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