BENDING MOMENT-Bending moment is the bending force- a load perpendicular to the section being

analyzed times the distance to the load.

Usually max bending moment refers to the highest bending moment in a structure for a given load
condition.

The possible bending of a beam are:

Sagging-When the beam bends in such a way that it forms concavity

downwards its called sagging.
Hogging-When the beam bend in such a way that it forms convexity upwards
its called hogging.

Moment of inertia of beam sectionThe Area Moment Of Inertia of a beams cross-sectional area measures the beams ability to
resist bending. The larger the Moment of Inertia the less the beam will bend.
The moment of inertia is a geometrical property of a beam and depends on a reference axis.
The smallest Moment of Inertia about any axis passes throught the centroid.
The following are the mathematical equations to calculate the Moment of Inertia:
Ix

equ. (1)

Iy

equ. (2)

y is the distance from the x axis to an infinetsimal area dA.

x is the distance from the y axis to an infinetsimal area dA

Youngs modulus also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of
the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as
the ratio of the stress along an axis over the strain along that axis in the range of stress in
which Hooke's law holds.[1] In solid mechanics, the slope of the stress-strain curve at any point is
called the tangent modulus. The tangent modulus of the initial, linear portion of a stress-strain
curve is called Young's modulus.

Its denoted by E.
Its given by

Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength,[dubious discuss] a
mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The
transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circular or
rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture using athree point flexural test technique. The flexural strength
represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. It is measured in terms of
stress, here given the symbol .
When an object formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bent (Fig. 1), it experiences a
range of stresses across its depth (Fig. 2). At the edge of the object on the inside of the bend (concave face) the
stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value. At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be
at its maximum tensile value. These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme fibers'.
Most materials fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress, so the maximum tensile stress
value that can be sustained before the beam or rod fails is its flexural strength.

*The three point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending

, flexural
stress
, flexural strain
and the flexural stress-strain response of the material. The main advantage of a three
point flexural test is the ease of the specimen preparation and testing. However, this method has also some
disadvantages: the results of the testing method are sensitive to specimen and loading geometry and strain rate.