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Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
qimia
Tbilisi
2015
Sesavali
krebuli Sedgenilia maTTvis, vinc 2015 wels qimiaSi erTian erovnul
gamocdas abarebs. krebulSi mocemulia:
krebulSi mocemul davalebaTa gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT, damoukideblad moemzadoT qimiis gamocdisaTvis. qimiis sagamocdo testi efuZneba
saskolo kursis im mniSvnelovan nawils, romelic sagamocdo programaSia
warmodgenili.
gamocdisaTvis
mosamzadeblad
SegiZliaT
isargebloT
gamocdebis
erovnuli centris mier gamocemuli krebulebiTa da qimiis saskolo kursis
im saxelmZRvaneloebiT, romlebic damtkicebulia ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros mier. momzadebisas, agreTve, yuradReba miaqcieT saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemul ilustraciebs.
imedi gvaqvs,
gamocdisaTvis.
rom
krebuli
dagexmarebaT
ukeT
moemzadoT
misaRebi
gisurvebT warmatebas!
- ,, -
2015
,,
.
- ,, -
/
, .
, ,
( ,
) - ,,
.
.
sakiTxTa
CamonaTvali
1.
sakiTxTa dazusteba
1.1. nivTiereba.
fizikuri da qimiuri
movlenebi
1.3. nivTierebis
raodenoba.
masisa da
Sedgenilobis
mudmivobis kanonebi
atomis Sedgeniloba.
atombirTvis Sedgeniloba. masuri ricxvis cneba.
izotopebi.
eleqtronuli Rrubeli da eleqtronuli orbitali,
s- da p-orbitalebi.
kvanturi ricxvebi. energetikul doneebze
eleqtronebis ganawileba (umciresi energiis
principi, paulis principi, hundis wesi).
IIII periodis elementTa atomebis eleqtronuli
aRnagoba. eleqtronul-grafikuli formulebi.
1.5. periodulobis
kanoni. elementTa
perioduli sistema
3.1. oqsidebi
oqsidebis klasifikacia.
fuZe da mJava oqsidebis miReba da Tvisebebi.
amfoteruli oqsidebis Tvisebebi.
3.2. hidroqsidebi
hidroqsidebis klasifikacia.
fuZe, tute. miReba, Tvisebebi.
amfoteruli hidroqsidebis Tvisebebi.
3.3. mJavebi
3.4. marilebi
4.2. eleqtrolituri
disociacia
4.3. ionuri
mimocvlis reaqciebi
4.4. eleqtrolizi
5.1. arametalebi:
wyalbadi,
Jangbadi, qlori
da halogenebi
(zogadad),
gogirdi, azoti,
fosfori,
naxSirbadi,
siliciumi
5.2. metalebi:
natriumi da
kaliumi,
kalciumi,
alumini, rkina
6.3. alkenebi
6.4. alkinebi
6.5. aromatuli
naxSirwyalbadebi
6.6. spirtebi
6.7. aldehidebi
6.8. karbonmJavebi
6.9. esterebi da
cximebi
6.10. naxSirwylebi
6.11. aminebi da
aminomJavebi
testur
1
2
3
a
X
g
X
d
X
X
instruqciis
1.
II eleqtromaduRariT wylis
gacxelebisas
2.
mocemulia 4 narevi:
narevi
narevis Sedgeniloba
II
Saqari da qviSa
III
IV
carci da qviSa
10
3.
atomTa raodenobis
mixedviT
a)
b)
g)
d)
4.
a)
b)
g)
d)
11
azoti
5.
gogirdi
fosfori
qlori
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. zemoT
12
11.
12.
13.
14.
13
15.
fenolfTaleinis
xsnari
16.
mocemulia reaqcia:
koncentracia
wT)
wT)
wT)
wT)
14
17.
mocemulia reaqcia:
18.
wonasworobis
19.
mocemulia wyalxsnarebi:
II
III
15
20.
21.
22.
H3C
H2C
CH3
CH
H3C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
H2C
a) ori
23.
H3C
CH3
b) sami
CH2 CH
g) oTxi
CH2
d) xuTi
H3C
CH2 CH2
OH
H3C
I
a) I da II
CH2 CH3
II
b) I da III
CH
CH3
OH
III
g) II da III
16
H3C
d) samive
24.
CH3
CH2 C
CH3
H3C
CH
H3C
CH
C
CH3
CH3
a)
25.
CH2
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3
g)
b)
CH3
d)
26.
C6H10
a) meTanis
b) eTilenis
g) acetilenis
d) benzolis
27.
H2C
HO
O H
H
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
H
H2C
O
H
HO
OH
CH2
OH
OH
II
b) mxolod II
g) orive
17
d) arc erTi
28.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
OH
29.
30.
b) mxolod II
g) mxolod III
18
d) rogorc I, ise II
31.
nivTiereba
agregatuli mdgomareoba
1. qlorwyalbadi
a. myari
2. gogirdwyalbadi
b. Txevadi
3. gogirdmJava
g. airadi
4. siliciummJava
1
2
3
4
19
32.
reaqcia
1. C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
a.
2. 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O
b.
g.
d.
e.
v.
1
2
3
33.
eTanoli miiRes ucnobi A nivTierebisagan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoiqmna eTanis gardaqmniT:
C 2H6
C2H5OH
H2C
CH2
a
H3C
HC
CH
H3C
CH2
Cl
H
b
20
34. ipoveT
a. ionuri
2.
b. kovalenturi
3.
g. metaluri
4.
dasviT niSani X cxrilis Sesabamis ujraSi:
a
1
2
3
4
35.
nawilaki
protoni
neitroni
eleqtroni
22
16
13
14
21
10
36.
saxelwodeba saerTaSoriso
nomenklaturiT
struqturuli formula
CH3
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
CH3
3-aminobutanmJava
37.
X_elementis
hidroqsidis
formula
Y_elementis
wyalbadnaerTis
formula
Z _elementis
umaRlesi
JangbadnaerTis
formula
22
38.
39.
23
40.
CH3
40.3.
24
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis
# 41_44:
41.
natriumis tutis 169 g 10%-ian xsnars daamates 0.5 moli natriumis oqsidi.
41.1.
41.2.
41.3.
42.
25
43.
0.48
0.5
0.39
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.12
0.1
0.01
0
elementi
gamoTvliT daadgineT
saxelwodeba.
am
naerTis
formula
da
dawereT
misi
26
44.
27
10 11 12 13 14 15
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
a
X
X X
X
X
b X
X X
X
g
X X X
d
X
X
X
31.
g
X
32.
v
X
1
X
28
33.
a b
X
d
X
34.
35.
b
X
X
X
36.
18
18
16
18
2,5,5-trimeTilheptani
Sefaseba:
sworad
sworad
CH3 CH
CH2 C
NH2
O
OH
1 qula
29
37.
38.
Ga(OH)3
AsH3
Cs2O
38.1
Sefaseba: dadgenilia gamotovebuli nivTierebis formula - 1 qula
38.2
Sefaseba:
reaqcia warmodgenilia gaTanabrebuli saxiT 2 qula
im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
reaqcia
warmodgenilia
Sesrulebuli davaleba fasdeba mxolod 1 quliT.
gauTanabrebeli
38.3
an
Sefaseba:
reaqcia warmodgenilia gaTanabrebuli saxiT 2 qula
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reaqcia warmodgenilia gauTanabrebeli saxiT,
Sesrulebuli davaleba fasdeba mxolod 1 quliT.
39. maqsimaluri
Sefaseba _ 3 qula
swori pasuxi:
39.1
39.2
Sefasebis sqema:
39.1 sworadaa Sedgenili eleqtronuli balansi 2 qula
30
saxiT,
39.2
40.
40.1
CH3
CH3
Br
Br
3 Br2
3 HBr
Br
Sefaseba: dadgenilia gamotovebuli organuli nivTierebis
struqturuli formula - 1 qula
40.2
Sefaseba: reaqcia warmodgenilia gaTanabrebuli saxiT 1 qula
40.3
CH2 CH
CH2
CH3
CH3
HBr
CH
CH2
CH3
Br
Sefaseba: reaqciis organuli produqtis struqturuli formula
warmodgenilia sworad 1 qula
40.4
HCOOH + CH3
O
CH
H C
CH3
OH
CH3
CH
H2O
CH3
Sefaseba:
sqemis mixedviT sworadaa Sedgenili reaqciis toloba, miRebuli
organuli nivTiereba warmodgenilia struqturulad 2 qula
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miRebul organul naerTSi izopropilis radikalis
aRnagoba struqturulad ar aris warmodgenili, maSin Sesrulebuli
davaleba fasdeba mxolod 1 quliT.
31
41.
Sefasebis sqema:
41.1
41.2
41.3
reaqciis mixedviT
41.2
41.3
pasuxi:
42.
Sefasebis sqema:
gamoTvlilia nivTierebaTa raodenobebi da dadgenilia, romeli nivTierebaa
aRebuli Warbad 1 qula
reaqciis mixedviT gamoTvlilia reaqciaSi Sesuli eTilenis masa 1 qula
32
reaqciis
mixedviT
,
amitom bromTan reaqciaSi Seva mxolod
e.i.
eTileni
moli eTileni.
aRebulia
43.
44.
44.1
44.2
33
Warbad.
44.1
, e. i. naxSirwyalbadis formulaa
aqedan
44.2
34