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Bio1A Quiz 1 Study Guide S15
Bio1A Quiz 1 Study Guide S15
Bio1A Quiz 1 Study Guide S15
a. Water is a polar molecule with a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and slight
negative charge on the oxygen atom. This allows hydrogen bonding between water
molecules and other molecules. (Fig. 1, 2)
i. Hydrophilic water loving molecules
ii. Hydrophobic water fearing molecules (non-polar)
b. Heat sink.
i. High specific heat. Water requires much heat energy to raise its temperature, and
releases heat slowly; this helps maintain a constant body temperature.
ii. Evaporation. Water requires heat when changed to vapor; sweating therefore
cools animals rapidly.
c. Cohesion/Adhesion. Water columns allow transport in organisms (Fig. 4)
d. Solvent. Dissolver is solvent, dissolved is solute. (Fig. 5)
e. Liquid. Hydrogen bonds form and break at equilibrium. Lower temperature lower
kinetic energy so water freezes. Structure of ice and water (Fig 8)
B. Module 7: Acids and Bases
a. Water can dissociate into equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
i. H2O H+ + OHii. In reality: 2 H2O H3O+ + OH- (Fig. 1)
b. pH Scale. Defined as negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; neutral water
dissociates into 10-7 moles/liter of hydrogen ions. pH = - log [H+]. Log is a ten-fold scale.
(Fig. 2)
i. Acids contribute to hydrogen ion when dissolved (Fig. 3, 4)
ii. Bases contribute hydroxide ion, or remove hydrogen ion when dissolved (Fig. 5)
c. Buffers resist pH change. (bicarbonate) HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 (carbonic acid) in blood.
(Fig. 6)
d. Ocean acidification is detrimental to coral reefs. (Fig. 7)
iv. Bonds
1. Ether: bond formed from two alcohols
2. Ester: bond between alcohol and carboxylic acid
f. Stanley Miller Experiment shows possible synthesis in prebiotic conditions (Fig. 10)
B. Module 8: Carbohydrates
a. Functions: energy, structure
b. Structure
i. Monosaccharides have general structure of (CH2O)n
ii. Linear forms have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups (Fig. 1)
iii. Ring form is used to create polymers (Fig. 6)
c. Examples of polysaccharides (Fig. 10)
i. Cellulose has beta 1-4 linkages that are difficult to break.
ii. Starch/glycogen have alpha 1-4 linkages that are breakable.
iii. Chitin has decoration to make it hard.
C. Module 9: Lipids
a. Functions: energy, insulation, membranes, signaling
b. Structure
i. Largely nonpolar
c. Examples
i. Fatty acids hydrocarbon chains usually containing 16 - 18 carbons and ending
with an acid group. (Fig. 6)
1. Saturated have no double bonds (Fig. 8)
2. Unsaturated have double bonds (Fig. 9)
ii. Triacylglycerols: formed by one glycerol reacting with three fatty acid
molecules. (Fig. 7)
iii. Phospholipids.
1. Two fatty acids linked to glycerol. One phosphocholine on last OH of
glycerol. Has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions = amphipathic. (Fig.
1)
2. Forms various structures in water (Fig. 3)
3. Membranes are lipid bilayers. (Fig. 4)
iv. Steroids e.g. cholesterol, stiffens membranes and precursor to hormones (Fig.
5)
D. Module 10: Proteins
a. Diverse and numerous functions (Tab. 1)
b. Structure
i. Amino acid peptide
1. Amino acid (Fig. 1)
2. R groups 3 types (polar, non-polar, charged), 20 amino acids (Fig. 2).
3. Peptide bond (Fig. 3)
4. N-C termini
ii. Levels of structure (Fig. 6)
1. Primary linear amino acid sequence
2. Secondary internal folding. Examples: beta-sheets, alpha-helices. Uses
almost exclusively hydrogen bonds (Fig. 4)
3. Tertiary final structure. Uses more bonds (e.g. hydrogen, ionic,
covalent, hydrophobic) (Fig. 5)
4. Quaternary if there is more than 1 peptide
5. Sickle-Cell Anemia is an extreme example of what can go wrong with
structure.
iii. Conformation
2. Coenzymes (organic)
iii. Inhibitors (Fig. 6)
1. Competitive binds active site
2. Noncompetitive binds allosteric site
iv. Complex Regulation
1. Feedback inhibition
2. Enzyme complexes
a. Allosteric activation and inhibition as a complex
b. Cooperativity when substrate binding assists further substrate
binding of other enzymes in complex
3. Localization enzymes are held in separate compartments