5.

Application of Computer Logic

Lithologic Determination
Gamma ray Log
Back ground theory

GL-5001 Pemodelan Geologi

Application of Computer
Logic
(Lithologic Determination)

Most common gamma emitting Lithology is

shale

Asep HP Kesumajana

Radioactive decay of (Potassium, Thorium series,

Uranium-Radium series Isotopes)
Mainly from Potassium

Shale derived from Igneous rock (quartz,

feldspars & mica)

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Gamma ray values (after Pirson, 1963).

Gamma ray values (Glover, 2000).

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Lithologic Determination

Log Digital
~Version Information
VERS .
2.0
:CWLS Log Ascii Standard - Version 2.0
WRAP .
NO
:One line per depth step
~Well Information Block
#MNEM.UNIT
Data Type
Information
#----------------------------------------------STRT .F
50.00000
:START DEPTH
STOP .F
9200.00000
:STOP DEPTH
STEP .F
0.50000
:INCREMENT
NULL .
-999.25
:NULL DATA VALUE
COMP .
EEEEEEEEEE OIL
:COMPANY
WELL .
XXXX-1
:WELL
FLD
.
KKKKKKK
:FIELD
SRVC .
SLB
:SERVICE COMPANY
~Parameter Information Block
#MNEM.UNIT
Value
Description
#----------------------------LONG .DEG
100.080243
:Well Surface Location
LATI .DEG
2.291829
:Well Surface Location
XWELL .M
620116.012000
:X-coordinate of Well Head
YWELL .M
253363.510000
:Y-coordinate of Well Head
~Curve Information Block
#MNEM.UNIT API Code Curve
Description
#-------- -------- --- ------------------DEPT .F
:0 Index
SP
.MV
:1 Spontaneous Potential
RHOB .G/C3
:2 Bulk Density
GR
.GAPI
:3 Gamma Ray
DT
.US/F
:4 Delta-T (also called Slowness or Interval Transit Time)
~Ascii Data Section
50.00000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
50.50000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
51.00000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
51.50000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
52.00000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
-999.25000
DEPT.F
SP.MV
RHOB.G/C3
GR.GAPI
DT.US/F

Gamma ray Log

Sandstone>100
100=>Siltstone=>80
Shale<80

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

=IF(B5>E$3,"SH",IF(B5>E$2,"ST",IF(B5>0,"SS","BL")))

Lithologic Determination

80
100
DEPTH

GR.RAW

DT.RAW

Lith

13.50

-99999

213.792

BL

48.50

-99999

215.974

BL

9746.50

-99999

-99999

BL

6853.00

15.14

72.535

SS

6852.50

15.608

73.29

SS

6853.50

16.351

71.785

SS

7146.00

79.988

72.785

SS

2083.50

80.001

137.984

ST

3415.50

99.99

136.873

ST

2071.50

99.994

143.49

ST

3279.00

100.004

137.231

SH

8261.00

100.015

96.867

SH

9448.50

193.559

78.957

SH

9423.50

194.201

84.743

SH

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Lithologic Determination

Determination of lithology from 2 types of log

Gamma ray
min max
marine
115 150
Shale
non marine 80
115
Bituminous 22
46
Inferior
34
62
Coal
Lignite
0
25
Antracite
12
33
Porous
13
67
Sandstone
Tight
13
67
Siltstone
67
96
Gypsum
0
12
Evaporites Salt
0
12
Anhydrate
0
12
Porous
0
34
Limestone
Tight
0
25
Lithology

Density
min max
1.05 1.4
1.05 1.4
0.35 0.65
0.45 1.35
0.05 0.4
0.6 1.05
1.4 2.15
2.1 2.45
1.85 2.45
1.7
2
2.6
3
1.55 1.75
1.7 2.55
2.2 2.75

Sonic
min max
82
94
82
94
112 128
101 120
129 140
99
108
84
98
66
87
78
93
40
52
40
52
40
52
56
84
43
60

Porosity Resistivity
min max min max
32 50.5 1.5
3.5
32 50.5
3
6.5
37
47 10.5 55
31
45
6
22
43
50
0
2.2
28.5 37.5 2.2
6
12.5 29.5 1.5
92
1.5 13.5 10
800
28
37
1.5
18
37
44
150 1000
3
10
150 1000
0
5.5 150 1000
11 29.5
2
80
0
12.5
9
1000

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Simplified:
Lithology
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Coal
Evaporites
Limestone

Gamma ray
min
max
13
67
67
96
80
150
0
62
0
12
0
34

Density
min max
1.4 2.45
1.85 2.45
1
1.4
0.05 1.35
1.55
3
1.7 2.75

Sonic
Porosity
min max min max
66 98 1.5 29.5
78 93
28
37
82 94
32
50
99 140 28.5 50
40 52
0
44
43 84
0
29.5

Let use:

Gamma ray and Density log

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

10

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Plot 2 parameters in diagram

Find the boundary of data:

Lithology
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Coal
Evaporites
Limestone

Gamma ray
min
max
13
67
67
96
80
150
0
62
0
12
0
34

Density
min max
1.4 2.45
1.85 2.45
1
1.4
0.05 1.35
1.55
3
1.7 2.75

there are problems:

area overlap
area not covered

3.5
Sandstone
Siltstone

See the data limit

using simple statistic

How about NULL?

Shale
Coal

2.5
Density

Base on data

Evaporites
Limestone

excel function:
=MIN(range)
=MAX(range)
=AVERAGE(range)
=MEDIAN(range)
=MODE(range)

Minimum:
Maximum:
Mean:
Median:
Mode:

Plot batasan Gamma ray vs Density

Resistivity
min
max
1.5
800
1.5
18
1.5
6.5
0
55
150
1000
2
1000

1.5
1
0.5
0
0

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

20

40

60

80
100
Gamma Ray

120

140

160

11

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

12

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Find the boundary of data:

terms of use more than one parameter

Minimum:
Maximum:
Mean:
Median:
Mode:

Gamma Ray
-999.2500
194.2010
69.7506
65.8960
-999.2500

RhoB
-999.2500
2.7440
0.0935
2.2770
2.2450

No Nulls

All Null

Statistical results after removed Null values :

Minimum:
Maximum:
Mean:
Median:
Mode:

Null ? (no data)

True ?
GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Must Be removed

13

Gamma Ray
15.1400
194.2010
79.0005
66.3545
59.4790

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

14

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

Plot data

Modified log limit value

Many data not covered

RhoB
1.0790
2.7440
2.2556
2.2780
2.2450

to avoid any overlap or data not covered

Lithology
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Coal
Evaporites
Limestone

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

15

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Gamma ray
min
max
34
67
67
200
67
200
0
67
0
12
12
34

Density
min max
1.35
3
1.85
3
1
1.85
0.05 1.35
1.35
3
1.35
3

16

5. Application of Computer Logic

5. Application of Computer Logic

The solution after Modified log limit value

Formulae in Excel

Start using gamma ray

= IF(B12<=$N$13,IF(C12<=$P$13,$L$13,$L$14),
IF(B12<=$N$16,IF(C12<=$P$16,$L$16,$L$17),
IF(B12<=$N$19,IF(C12<=$P$19,$L$19,$L$20),
IF(C12<=$P$22,$L$22,IF(C12<=$P$23,$L$23,$L$24)))))

Lithology
Evaporites
Coal
Limestone
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Lithology

Start using Density

Gamma ray
min
max
0
12
0
67
12
34
34
67
67
200
67
200

Density
min
max
1.35
3
0.05
1.35
1.35
3
1.35
3
1.85
3
1
1.85

Gamma ray
min
max

Density
min
max
0.05
1.35
1.35
3

Coal
out of Data

Lithology
Coal
Shale
Evaporites
Limestone
Sandstone
Siltstone
Lithology

Coal
Evaporites

12

Coal
Limestone

12

34

0.05
1.35

1.35
3

Coal
Shale

Coal
Sandstone

34

67

0.05
1.35

1.35
3

Out of Data
Shale
Siltstone

67

0.05
1
1.85

1
1.85
3

200

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

Density
min
max
0.05
1.35
1
1.85
1.35
3
1.35
3
1.35
3
1.85
3

Gamma ray
min
max
0
67
67
200
0
12
12
34
34
67
67
200

Density
min
max

Gamma ray
min
max
0
67
67
200

0.05

1.35

0
67

67
200

Evaporites
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale

1.35

1.85

0
12
34
67

12
34
67
200

Evaporites
Limestone
Sandstone
Siltstone

1.85

0
12
34
67

12
34
67
200

DEPTH GR.RAW
RHOB.RAW NPHI.RAW
40.50
59.821
1.734
0.437
50.50
35.79
1.17
0.399
51.00
36.689
1.242
0.388
51.50
37.208
1.374
0.378
52.00
36.95
1.467
0.382
52.50
36.73
1.598
0.454
53.00
36.634
1.581
0.47
53.50
36.946
1.569
0.477
54.00
37.207
1.569
0.482
54.50
37.307
1.589
0.488
55.00
36.99
1.605
0.492
55.50
36.577
1.589
0.495
56.00
36.199
1.522
0.499
56.50
36.293
1.461
0.504
57.00
36.678
1.441
0.509
57.50
37.204
1.387
0.513
58.00
37.319
1.31
0.516
58.50
37.066
1.178
0.512
59.00
36.412
1.139
0.505

17

GL-5001 - Pemodelan Geologi

DT.RAW
213.937
215.536
215.581
215.484
215.29
215.097
214.731
214.434
214.234
214.323
214.58
214.912
215.306
215.777
216.248
216.579
216.883
216.931
216.911

Lithology
Sandstone
Coal
Coal
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Coal
Coal
Coal

Lithology
Evaporites
Coal
Limestone
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Out of Data

No of Data
0
163
650
8955
9170
362
0

Total Data

19300

No of Data

19300

18