32 Samss 037

Materials System Specification
32-SAMSS-037
1 November 2011
Material Specification for the Manufacture
of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Tanks
Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents
1 Scope................................................................. 2
2 Conflicts and Deviations.................................... 2
3 References........................................................ 2
4 Definitions.......................................................... 6
5 Raw Materials.................................................... 9
6 Laminates........................................................ 19
7 Inspection and Quality
Assurance Requirements........................... 24
8 Documentation................................................ 27
Appendix A - Workflow for the Material
Selection and Testing of FRP Tanks...... 29
Previous Issue: New
Next Planned Update: 1 November 2016

Page 1 of 29
Primary contact: Mehdi, Mauyed Sahib on 966-3-8809547

CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2011. All rights reserved.

32-SAMSS-037
Issue Date: 1 November 2011
Scope
1.1
This document covers the requirements for specification of and the acceptance
conditions for raw materials, properties, and testing of materials utilized for the
factory manufacture of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks, for use above
ground or underground.
1.2
The FRP tanks made of polyester, vinylester or epoxy resin system reinforced
with glass fibers, carbon fibers, or their combination, manufactured by the wet
lay-up and/or filament winding processes. Constructions both with and without
a lining of thermoplastics are included.
1.3
This specification applies to stationary tanks used for the storage, accumulation,
or processing of corrosive or other substances at pressures not exceeding 15 psig
external and/or 15 psig internal above any hydrostatic head.
1.4
The process for the material specification and quality control tests according to
this document is shown in flowchart, Figure A of the Appendix A.
Conflicts and Deviations

2.1
Any conflicts between this specification and other applicable Saudi Aramco
Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Engineering Standards (SAESs),
Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be
resolved in writing, prior to submission of bids or start of related work, by the
Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager, Consulting Services
Department, of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
2.2
Direct all requests to deviate from this specification in writing to the Company or
Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.
References
Material supplied to this specification shall comply with the latest edition of the
references listed below unless otherwise noted:
3.1
Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure
SAEP-302
Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory

Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement
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32-SAMSS-037
Saudi Aramco Materials System Specification

32-SAMSS-002
Manufacture of FRP Storage Tanks
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard

SAES-D-110
3.2
Design of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

Storage Tanks
Industry Codes and Standards

American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME RTP-1 - 2007
Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion-Resistant

Equipment
American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM C581
Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting

Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
ASTM C582
Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced

Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for
Corrosion-Resistant Equipment
ASTM D638
Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
ASTM D648
Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature

of Plastics under Flexural Load in the Edgewise
Position
ASTM D790
Test Methods for Flexural Properties of

Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and
Electrical Insulating Materials
ASTM D2583
Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid

Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
ASTM D2584
Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced

Resins
ASTM D 3299
Standard Specification for Filament-Wound GlassFiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin CorrosionResistant Tanks
ASTM D4097
Standard Specification for Contact-Molded GlassFiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin CorrosionResistant Tanks
ASTM D5083
Test Method for Tensile Properties of Reinforced

Thermosetting Plastics Using Straight-Sided
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32-SAMSS-037
Specimens
ASTM E84
Standard Test Method for Surface Burning

Characteristics of Building Materials
European Standard
EN 59
Glass Reinforced Plastics - Measurement of

Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor
EN 29092
Textiles - Nonwovens - Definition
EN 13121-1
GRP Tanks and Vessels for Use above Ground Raw Materials - Specification Conditions and
Acceptance Conditions
EN 13121-2
GRP Tanks and Vessels for Use above Ground Composite Materials - Chemical Resistance
EN 13121-3
GRP Tanks and Vessels for Use above Ground Design and Workmanship
EN 13121-4
GRP Tanks and Vessels for Use above Ground Delivery, Installation and Maintenance
International Organization for Standardization

ISO 75-2
Plastics - Determination of Temperature of

Deflection under Load Part 2: Plastics and Ebonite
ISO 178
Plastics - Determination of Flexural Properties
ISO 306
Plastics - Thermoplastic Materials - Determination

of Vicat Softening Temperature (VST)
ISO 472
Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:1999)
ISO 527-2
Plastics - Determination of Tensile Properties Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and
Extrusion Plastics
ISO 868
Plastics and Ebonite - Determination of Indentation

Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore
Hardness)
ISO 1133
Plastics - Determination of the Melt Mass-Flow

Rate (MFR) and the Melt Volume-Flow Rate
(MVR) of Thermoplastics
ISO 1163-1
Plastics - Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

(PVC-U) Moulding and Extrusion Materials -
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32-SAMSS-037
Part 1: Designation System and Basis for

Specifications
ISO 1183
Plastics - Methods for Determining the Density and

Relative Density of Non-Cellular Plastics
ISO 1887
Textile Glass - Determination of CombustibleMatter Content
ISO 1889
Reinforcement Yarns - Determination of Linear

Density
ISO 2113
Reinforcement Fibers - Woven Fabrics - Basis for a

Specification
ISO 2554
Plastics - Unsaturated Polyester Resins Determination of Hydroxyl Value
ISO 2559
Textile Glass - Mats (Made from Chopped or

Continuous Strands) - Designation and Basis for
Specifications
ISO 2797
Textile Glass - Rovings - Basis for a Specification
ISO 3344
Reinforcement Products - Determination of

Moisture Content
ISO 3374
Reinforcement Products - Mats and Fabrics Determination of Mass per Unit Area
ISO 3915
Plastics - Measurement of Resistivity of Conductive

Plastics
ISO 6721-2
Plastics - Determination of Dynamic Mechanical

Properties - Part 2: Torsion-Pendulum Method
ISO 9073-1
Textiles - Test Methods for Nonwovens Part 1: Determination of Mass per Unit Area
ISO 9073-2
Textiles - Test Methods for Nonwovens Part 2: Determination of Thickness
ISO 9073-3
Textiles - Test Methods for Nonwovens Part 3: Determination of Tensile Strength and
Elongation
ISO 9771
Plastics - Phenolic Resins - Determination of the

Pseudo-Adiabatic Temperature Rise of Liquid
Resols when Cured under Acid Conditions
ISO 11357-2
Plastics - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

- Part 2 Determination of Glass Transition
Temperature
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32-SAMSS-037
ISO 11359-2
Plastics - Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Part 2: Determination of Coefficient of Linear

Thermal Expansion and Glass Transition
Temperature
Underwriters Laboratories
UL 1316
Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Underground

Storage Tanks for Petroleum Products, Alcohols,
and Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures
Definitions
4.1
General
For purposes of this specification only, the following definitions apply:
Carbon fiber: fiber produced by pyrolysis of organic precursor fibers, such as
rayon, polyacrylonitrile or pitch, in an inert environment.
Chelating agents: organic compounds which act by temporarily complexing the
organometallic accelerator out of the reaction medium. Example, acetyl acetone.
Chemical protective barrier: either the corrosion-resistant barrier or the
thermoplastic liner (if used), whichever will be in direct contact with the fluid.
Corrosion-resistant barrier: the composite material layer of the tank that will be
in direct contact with fluid, it is comprised of an inner surface and interior layer.
Crosslinking: process which bonds one polymer chain to another, to form a
tridimensional polymeric structure.
Cure/Post cure cycle: time/temperature/pressure cycle used to cure a
thermosetting resin system.
Cure: chemical reaction resulting in crosslinking of thermoset resin.
Curing agent: catalytic or reactive agent that, when added to a resin, causes
crosslinking.
Design Engineer: engineering company responsible for specifying design
requirements on the tank data sheet. It is also referred to as engineering contractor.
E-glass: a grade or type of glass fiber normally used to reinforce FRP tanks,
consisting mainly of SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO.
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32-SAMSS-037
Epoxy resins (EP): thermoset resin containing the oxirane (epoxide) reactive
group. Crosslinking occurs at these sites through addition of amines, Lewis
acids/bases and anhydrides. Examples, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A,
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F.
Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP): plastic-based composite that is reinforced
with any type of fiber, not necessarily glass.
Glass transition temperature (Tg): temperature at which amorphous polymer
undergoes a marked change in properties on passing from the rubbery to glassy
state.
Gel coat: a thin layer of resin on the surface of a laminate that may or may not
be reinforced with a glass or a synthetic fiber.
Inhibitors: chemical agents which react with the curing system to slow down
the curing of the resin.
Initiators: generally organic peroxides which break down liberating radicals
initiating radical crosslinking process. Examples, Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
(MEKP), Cumene hydroperoxide (CuHP), Dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), acetyl
acetone peroxide (AAP), Cyclohexanone peroxide (CHP), etc.
Laminate: compilation of laminae of resin reinforced with fibers which are
fabricated during the manufacturing process of the tank. The laminate
constitutes the wall thickness structure of the tanks and their properties are
defined in Section 6 of this document.
Manufacturer: company responsible for the design, fabrication and testing of
tanks in accordance with this Specification. It is also referred to as Fabricator.
Maximum design temperature, Td: maximum temperature for determination
of the partial design factor, A2, as defined in EN 13121.
Maximum temperature, Tm: temperature given by the resin supplier or the
thermoplastics supplier referring to a specified fluid.
Organometallic accelerators: the primary agents which accelerate the
breakdown of the initiator to achieve a sufficient rate of generation of radicals.
Owner: Saudi Aramco organization which will utilize the tank and specify the
process requirements.
Post cure: the application of heat to take the resin crosslinking to a final stage.
Promoters: improve the reaction efficiency of the accelerators.
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32-SAMSS-037
Saudi Aramco Inspector: the person or company authorized by the Saudi

Aramco Inspection Department to inspect tanks to the requirements of this
specification.
Unsaturated polyester resins (UP): thermosetting resins consisting of
polyester molecules dissolved in a reactive monomer, typically styrene, capable
of copolymerization with the polyester.
Vinylester resins (VE): thermosetting resins consisting of phenyl- and/or
phenylene derivates (e.g., dialkoxy-bisphenol A), fumaric/maleic acid,
diisocyanate derivates and terminated with alkoxy-(meth) acrylate.
4.2
Symbol and Abbreviations

Symbols and
Abbreviations
HDT
MFR
Units
Description
C
g/10 min
%
Heat deflection temperature

Melt flow rate
Elongation at break in tension
MPa
Flexural strength
t
ShD
MPa
-
Tensile strength
Shore Hardness D
Et
Ef
CSM
GRP
ECTFE
FEP
FW
PFA
PP-B
PP-H
PP-R
PVC-U
PVDF
WR
CRL
VL
TPL
g/ml
MPa
MPa
-
Density
Modulus of elasticity in tension
Modulus of elasticity in flexure
Chopped strand mat
Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer
Filament winding
Perfluoro-alkoxy copolymer
Polypropylene, block polymer
Polypropylene, homopolymer
Polypropylene, random polymer
Polyvinyl chloride, unplasticised
Polyvinylidene fluoride
Woven rovings
Chemical Resistant Layer
Veil Layer
Thermoplastics Liner
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32-SAMSS-037
Raw Materials
5.1
Resins
a)
The resins used for FRP tanks are liquid or liquefiable, thermosetting in
nature and cured by molecule crosslinking (polyaddition or
polycondensation) with or without curing agents (initiators,
accelerators/promoters).
b)
The resin supplier shall state in the resin technical data sheet the name,
type of resin, resin group and resin typical properties. Properties of UP
and VE resins are published in Table 1.
c)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the resin conforms to the property
values of color, viscosity, nonvolatile content and gel time as established
in the resin manufacturer technical data sheet.
d)
Only resins with an HDT of at least 82C (180F) per ASTM D648 with a
1.8 MPa (264 psi) loading and a 3.2 mm (18 in) specimen shall be used.
e)
The tank manufacturer shall verify resin meets the chemical resistance
requirements given in EN 13121-2.
Note:
5.2
Orthophthalic acid based UP resins are not allowed to be used in the

manufacture FRP tanks under this specification.
f)
For the manufacture of fiber reinforced plastic underground storage tanks

for petroleum products, alcohols, alcohol-gasoline mixtures and Methyl
tert-butyl ether (MTBE), the resin systems shall meet the requirements of
UL 1316 Section 14.
g)
The manufacturing procedure and cure schedule of thermosetting resin

laminates shall be in accordance with the resin supplier's
recommendations.
h)
Most thermosetting resins require elevated temperature post cure to

enhance chemical and thermal resistance.
i)
When required, flammability and electrical conductivity shall be taken into

consideration for the material to meet the requirements established in
Sections 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 of this document.
Curing Agents
5.2.1
Curing Agents for Unsaturated Polyester and Vinylester

a)
The cure system supplier shall state the compatibility of the curing
system with the resins, give recommendations on the quantities and
Page 9 of 29
b
c
UP
UP
UP
UP
VE
UVE
VE
7A
7B
Epoxidised-Novolak
Methacrylic-/Acrylic acid
Ethylenedicarbonxylic
acids
acids
Dipropoxy-Bisphenol A
(min. 90 mol-%)
Dialkoxy - Bisphenol A
(min. 90 ml-%), Alkoxy
(meth)acrylate
Ethylenedi-carbonxylic
acids
Bis (hydroxymethyl)tricyclodecan
Methacrylic-/Acrylic acid
Isophthalic acid,
acids
Neopentyl (min. 80 mol-%)c

and a diol with at least one
secondary OH-group(max.
20 mol-%)c
Epoxidised Bisphenol A
Terephthalic acid, HET

acid, Ethylenedicarbonxylic acids
Standard glycolsa
Standard glycolsa
Isophthalic acid, HET acid,

acids
Isophthalic acid, HET acid,
acids
Type of acids
50
50
55
55
45
55
50
50
50
150
120
110
130
120
120
140
120
85
120
105
90
110
90
90
110
90
82
75
75
75
60
50
65
75
50
60
2.5
3.5
4.0
2.0
1,5
3.0
3.0
1.5
2.0
t
%
min
130
130
130
110
100
110
120
75
90
f
MPa
min
Ethylene-, 1,2-propylene-, diethylene-, dipropylene-, neopentylglycol, 1,3-butanediol 1,4-butanediol and corresponding halogenated
glycols
May also contain cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Related to the sum of the diol components
UP
2B
Standard glycols a, b
Type of glycols
Content
Tg HDT t
of styrene
C
C MPa
mass-%
min min min
max.
b)
UP
2A
Resin Resin
Group Type

32-SAMSS-037
conditions of use and state any limitations on use in service.
The type and level of initiator to be used shall be compatible with

the resin system used and service conditions.
Table 1 Classification Scheme for UP- and VE-Resins
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32-SAMSS-037
5.2.2
c)
Organometallic accelerator usually used is cobalt naphthenate or

cobalt octoate.
d)
Promoters are typically Dimethylaniline (DMA), Diethylaniline

(DEA), dimethylacetoacetamide (DMAA). When used with BPO,
promotors can act on the peroxide without the need for
organometallic accelerators. DMA/BPO system is required, at
least, to manufacture the corrosion resistance barrier of tanks to be
in hypochlorite service.
e)
Inhibitors are normally alkylated phenols (e.g., tertiary butyl

catechol - TBC) which react with free radicals to form more stable
and less reactive species. With certain resin grades (e.g., VE)
chelating agents are also used.
f)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that all curing system

components conform to the property values established in the
supplier technical data sheet.
Curing Agents for Epoxy Resin

a)
Four major types of curing agent can be utilized to crosslink epoxy

resin utilized in the manufacture of FRP tanks, and these include;
aliphatic, (cyclo) aliphatic or aromatic amine, and anhydride.
b)
The maximum operating temperature for tanks manufactured out of

epoxy resin and the above curing agents are shown in Table 2.
c)
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin system shall be

20C above the maximum design and operating temperature.
The resin cure may be verified by a glass transition test using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Heat Deflection
Temperature (HDT) or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
Table 2 Maximum Operating Temperature for Tanks Manufactured

out of Epoxy Resin as a Function of the type of Curing Agents
Curing Agent
Maximum Temperature, C (F)
Anhydride
65 (150)
Aliphatic Amine
93 (200)
Cyclo-Aliphatic Amine
110 (230)
Aromatic Amine
115 (240)
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32-SAMSS-037
5.3
d)
In each material data sheet(s), the material supplier shall state the
name and type of curing agent and the typical properties.
e)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the curing agent conforms
to the property values of color, viscosity, gel time and anhydride
equivalent as established in the curing agent technical data sheet.
Reinforcing Materials
5.3.1
General
Reinforcing materials shall be made from different types of textile glass
in accordance with Table 3. Special arrangement of reinforcing material
should be specified taking into account requirements as defined in 5.2.2
to 5.2.5.
Table 3 The of Glass Fibers Used as the Reinforcement of FRP Tanks

Glass Fiber Types
Maximum Temperature, C (F)
Alumina-borosilicate glass, 1% Alkali content
E-CR
Alumina-limesilicate glass, 1% Alkali content
AR
Zirconium-lime glass, 15% Zirconium content
Alkali-lime glass, 15% Alkali content
Alkali-lime glass, 8% Alkali content
5.3.2
Surface Nonwovens Fabric (Veils)

a)
The surface nonwoven fabric supplier shall state the material

filament structure, binder, sizing and mass per unit area and its
compatibility with the resin system and the laminating process.
b)
Surface nonwovens fabric shall be made from filaments of textile

glass or textile of synthetics, e.g., polyacrylonitrile, polyamide,
polyester or of carbon fibers, with or without orientation, and
having mass per unit area between 20 to 55 g/m. Typical veil
materials used in the corrosion resistance barrier are:
Glass Surfacing Veil. C-Glass surfacing veil, 0.25 mm (10 mls)

thick, with a silane-type finish and a binder compatible with the
lay-up resin.
Organic Surfacing Veil. Organic surfacing veil, apertured or

non-apertured polyester veil, 0.3 to 0.4 mm (12 to 16 mls)
thick, with a finish compatible with the lay-up resin.
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32-SAMSS-037
5.3.3
5.3.4
Carbon Surfacing Veil. Carbon surfacing veil, 20 g/m2

(0.6 oz/yd2), 0.15 mm (6 mls) thick, with a finish compatible
with the lay-up resin.
c)
Surface nonwovens fabric shall be in accordance with the

specification of the supplier. The material data sheets shall state
the name, identity mark, material, type of filament, binding and the
properties.
d)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the surface nonwoven

fabric conforms to the property values of mass per unit area,
thickness and tensile strength as established in the fabric data sheet.
Chopped Strand Mats

a)
The chopped strands mat supplier shall state the strand, structure,
binder and mass per unit area, the compatibility with the resin
system, the laminating process and the laminate design.
b)
Chopped strand mats shall be made of textile glass strand, cut from
25 to 50 mm in length, without orientation of strands, and mass per
unit area within 225 to 600 g/m2. Chopped strands mat typically
used are type E (electrical borosilicate) or ECR (electrical corrosionresistant) glass; 236, 354, or 472 g/m2 (0.75, 1, or 1.5 oz/ft2), with a
silane-type finish.
c)
The material data sheets the material provided by supplier shall

state the name, identity mark and properties of the chopped strand
mats in accordance with ISO 2559 or equivalent.
d)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the chopped strand mat
conforms to the property values of mass per unit area, thickness
and tensile strength as established in the chopped strand mat data
sheet.
Woven Fabrics/Woven Roving Fabrics

a)
Fabric shall be made of glass yarns or rovings. The fabric supplier

shall state the grade of yarns or roving, structure, finish and mass
per unit area and the compatibility with the resin system, the
laminating process and laminate design.
b)
The fabric supplier shall state the linear density of yarns or rovings,
by ratio of mass of warp to weft, bidirectional or unidirectional.
Mass per unit area shall be within 240 to 1,200 g/m2. Woven
roving could be E glass, nominal 813 g/m2 (24 oz/yd2), 5 x 4 square
weave, with a silane-type finish.
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32-SAMSS-037
5.3.5
5.4
c)
The Fabric shall be in accordance with ISO 2113 or equivalent.
d)
Special fabrics, e.g., combined chopped strand mat/woven fabrics

or multi axial fabrics may be used in accordance with the
requirements of the European Standard EN 13121.
e)
The individual material data sheets of the fabrics provided by the

material supplier shall include the name, identity mark and
properties in accordance with ISO 2113 or equivalent.
f)
The tank manufacturer shall verify the fabric conforms to the

property values of mass per unit area, thickness and tensile strength
as established in the fabric data sheet.
Rovings for Winding and for Chopping Applications

a)
Rovings shall be made of glass textile. The rovings supplier shall

state the grade of filament, linear density and sizing and as well as
the compatibility with the resin system, radial or helical winding
process and the laminate design.
b)
Rovings for filament winding or for chopping applications shall be

specified by their linear density and sizing agent.
c)
Rovings for filament winding or for chopping applications shall be

in accordance with ISO 2797 or equivalent.
d)
The individual material data sheets of the roving provided by the

material supplier shall include the name, identity mark and
properties in accordance with ISO 2797 or equivalent.
e)
The tank manufacturer shall verify the roving conforms to the

property values of linear density, filament diameter, type of sizing
and tensile strength as established in the roving data sheet.
Additives
5.4.1
General
a)
The representative properties of any additive used shall be stated.
b)
If any additives are incorporated into the resin system by the

manufacturer of the tank, the manufacturer shall inform the
purchaser of the inclusion of any such additives before manufacture
commences.
c)
The additives shall be used in accordance with the resin and/or

additive supplier's recommendations.
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32-SAMSS-037
5.4.2
Thixotropic Agents
Thixotopic agents such as fumed silica may be added to the resin up to
5% by mass, using a high shear stirrer, for viscosity control, provided it
does not interfere with visual inspection.
5.4.3
5.4.4
Conductive Fillers
a)
Conductive fillers such as graphite or carbon black may be added

to the resin in order to meet any requirements for electrical
conductivity of the laminates. Such fillers may also be used in
conductive pastes used to facilitate spark testing of welds in
thermoplastics linings.
b)
Conductivity can also be achieved by the utilization of carbon fiber

or other conductive fibers.
Fire Retardants
Fire retardants such as aluminium trihydrate or antimony oxides may be
added to specified laminate layers to meet certain requirements for fire
resistance. No fire retardants other than those present in the fire
resistance test sample will be allowed to be used during fabrication of the
tank(s). The tank manufacturer shall demonstrate that the incorporation
of the fire retardant additives will not negatively affect the mechanical
and physical material properties.
Special intumescent coatings can also be utilized to improve the fire
resistance of the material utilized to manufacture the tank.
5.4.5
5.4.6
Paraffin Wax
a)
The final layer may contain paraffin wax in order to meet

requirements for surface cure.
b)
The wax should have a melting point of 40 to 60C and should be

added to the resin in the form of a 10% solution in styrene so as to
achieve a wax content of 0.2 to 0.8% by mass.
Aggregates and Fillers

Neither aggregates (inert granular material) nor other inert fillers shall be
incorporated into the laminate structure. Fillers may be used to
formulate resin pastes.
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32-SAMSS-037
5.4.7
Ultraviolet Absorbers
When required, ultraviolet absorbers may be incorporated into the
laminate or outer layers, in accordance with the supplier's
recommendations (usually used at a level of less than 0.5% by mass).
5.4.8
Pigments
Pigments are permissible only in the outer resin surface and - if required
- shall be applied after visual inspection has been carried out.
5.4.9
Paints and Coatings

Polyurethane based coating systems can be applied on the external
surface of the tank - if required - and shall be applied after visual
inspection has been carried out.
5.4.10 Surface active agents

Surface active agents may be added to the resin to improve its
processability. Examples of this type of additive are those used as air
release agents, wetting agents, activators for thixotropic agents and
monomer emission suppressants.
5.5
Thermoplastic Lining Materials

5.5.1
General
a)
Lining materials shall be selected from the following thermoplastics:
Polyvinylchloride in accordance with

EN 13121-1 or ASME RTP-1
PVC-U
Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride in
accordance with ASME RTP-1
CPVC
Polypropylene (homo, block and

random polymers) in accordance with
PP-H, PP-B, PP-R
Polyvinylidene fluoride in accordance

with EN 13121-1 or ASME RTP-1
PVDF
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
copolymer in accordance with
E-CTFE
Fluorinated ethylene-propylene
copolymer in accordance with
FEP
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32-SAMSS-037
5.5.2
Perfluoro-alkoxy copolymer in
accordance with EN 13121-1 or
ASME RTP-1
PFA
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene in
ETFE
Polytetrafluoroethylene in accordance
with ASME RTP-1
PTFE
High Density Polyethylene in

HDPE
b)
The lining material shall be selected on the basis of its ability to meet
the requirements for service conditions including permeability,
environmental stress cracking, mechanical properties, bond strength
to laminate and fabricability (forming, welding) per EN 13121-2 and
EN 13121-3, or ASME RTP-1.
c)
All parts of the lining shall be manufactured from the same grade of
material.
d)
The thermoplastic lining supplier shall state that the specific linings
meet the chemical resistance requirements given in EN 13121-2.
e)
When required, flammability and electrical conductivity shall be

taken into account.
Liner Thickness
a)
The liner will be thick enough so that permeation will be low to

minimize FRP structure chemical exposure. However, the liner will
not be too thick that anticipated forming processes during fabrication
will cause damaging stresses and possible failure.
b)
The required thickness for the thermoplastic liners is shown in

Table 4.
Table 4 Required Thickness of Thermoplastics Liners
Material
Thickness of Sheets, mm
PVC-U
3.0 to 4.5
CPVC
3.0 to 4.5
PVDF
2.4 to 4.0
PP-H,-B,-R
3.0 to 6.0
Page 17 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
Material
5.5.3
5.5.4
Thickness of Sheets, mm
E-CTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE
1.7 to 2.5
PTFE
2.5 to 4.0
HDPE
3.0 to 6.0
Mechanical and Thermal Properties

a)
The lining material properties shall conform to the results of the

properties outlined in values given in Table 5.
b)
The actual results shall be stated by the supplier of the lining

material.
c)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the liner material conforms
to the property values of dimensions, mechanical and thermal
properties as established in Table 5.
Welding consumables
All welding rods shall be of the same or compatible grade of material of
the lining and shall not impair the performance of the lining.
5.5.5
Dimensional stability
In order for the lining to retain its dimensional stability during heat
forming and welding, the thermoplastic lining material shall conform to
the requirements for heat reversion as specified by the material supplier.
Table 5 Properties of the Thermoplastic Sheet Material[1]

Tensile
Vicatb
Strength at
Material
Density
softening
Break
Type
ISO 1183 Temperature
EN ISO
EN ISO 306
527-2
3
(g/cm )
(C)
(MPa)
PVC-U
1.45
75
55
CPVC
1.50
--55
PP-H
0.91
--30
PP-B
0.91
--20
PP-R
0.91
--20
PVDF
1.78
145
50
E-CTFE
1.69
115
45
FEP
2.15
70
25
PFA
2.15
75
30
ETFE
1.70
--45
PTFE or TFE 2.1-2.3
--20
Tensile
Strain at
Break
EN ISO
527-2
(%)
15
15
> 50
> 50
> 50
80
200
300
300
250
250
Modulus of
Heat
Linear
Elasticity in Shore D Deflection Thermal
Tension
Hardness Temperature Expansion
EN ISO EN ISO 868 EN ISO 75- ISO 11359527-2
2c
2
(MPa)
(C)
(C)
3000
80
75
75
3000
--102
120
1200
65
50
180
700
60
45
180
700
60
45
180
2000
80
90
130
1700
75
75
80
350
55
50
100
300
60
60
140
1656
--104
80
450
--221
120
Page 18 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
HDPE
0.95-0.97
method MFR 190/5
b
method VST/B
c
method A
---
22-31
>500
1100
---
85
150
[1]: Relevant ASTM standard test methods shall be used for suppliers following ASTM/ASME documents.
Laminate Requirements
6.1
General
The laminate properties specified in this section will be used as baseline for the
quality control test to be conducted on the final material produced during the
manufacture of the tank. The quality control tests should be carried out
according to Section 7 of this specification.
If the laminate properties are defined by conducting tests from prototype
samples, these tests can be conducted by the liner supplier, tank manufacturer or
independent testing laboratory.
The quality of lamination work depends on the skill, knowledge and experience
of the laminator. Periodic assessment of the skill of the laminator is essential for
the assurance of the quality of the lamination work. The methodology to assess
the the knowledge and skills of laminators who are required to carry out work on
FRP tanks is described in ASME RTP-1 Mandatory Appendix M-5 or
EN 13121-3 Annex E. All laminators shall have documented experience as a
laminator or have completed a training course. The tank manufacturer shall
demonstrate that their laminators have been trained and certified by either of the
assessment procedures mentioned above.
6.1.1
Chemical Protective Barrier

6.1.1.1
General
The chemical protective barrier shall be selected in accordance
with the requirements of EN 13121-2. The chemical barrier
construction shall not be considered in any strength, or stability
calculation.
6.1.1.2
Corrosion-Resistance Barrier (Resin Based)

Laminates shall consist of a resin based corrosion-resistant
barrier (comprised of an inner surface and an interior layer) and
a structural layer. The reinforcement content of the corrosion
barrier shall be between 20% to 30% by weight.
Page 19 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
6.1.1.3
a)
Inner Surface. The inner surface exposed to the fluids

shall be a resin rich layer reinforced with a surfacing veil
providing a thickness of 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm (0.01 in. to
0.02 in). The surface veil (VL) may be either C glass,
synthetic veil, carbon fiber or ECR glass.
b)
Interior Layer. The inner surface layer, which is exposed

to the service fluids of the tank shall be followed with an
interior layer. This layer is composed of resin reinforced
with noncontinuous glass fiber strands (25.4 mm to
50.8 mm long), applied in a minimum of two plies
totaling a minimum of 450 g/m2. These plies shall be
layers of chopped strand mat and/or chopped roving.
Each ply of mat or pass of chopped roving shall be well
rolled to thoroughly wet out the reinforcement and
remove entrapped air prior to the application of additional
reinforcement. The combined thickness of the inner
surface and interior layer shall not be less than 2.5 mm.
The corrosion-resistant barrier is to exotherm and cool
before the structural layer is applied.
Thermoplastic Liners
a)
The thermoplastic liners shall be fabricated according to

the requirements of ASME RTP-1 Mandatory Appendix
M-12.
b)
The selected thermoplastic liner shall be included in the

analysis, but will not be considered to add to the overall
strength of the structure of the tank.
c)
The tank manufacturer shall supply the liner properties

and documents with the design package, including:
Liner thickness and properties according to Tables 4

and 5 of this specification.
Weld procedures for the different thermoplastic liners.
The welders shall be qualified according to the

requirements of ASME RTP-1, Article H of the
Mandatory Appendix M-12; or EN 13121-3, Annex F.
The tank manufacturers shall hold the qualification
reports for all the thermoplastic liner welders.
Thermoplastic weld strength tested according to

Page 20 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
ISO 527-2 or ASTM D638.
Bend tests for welds in thermoplastic when tested

according to the test method described in Annex D.4
of EN 13121-3.
Lap shear strength of bond between thermoplastics

liner and laminate when tested according to the test
method described in Annex D.8 of EN 13121-3.
The minimum bond shear strengths for thermoplastic
liners are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Minimum Bond Shear Strengths for

Thermoplastics Linings
Property
PVC-U
7.0
CPVC
7.0
PVDF
5.0
PP-H,-B,-R and HDPE
3.5
E-CTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFE, PTFE
5.0
d)
6.1.2
Shear Strength, N/mm
Peel strength to establish the bond strength between

liner and laminate when tested according to the test
method described in Annex D.9 of EN 13121-3.
The thermoplastic liner supplier shall state that the liner

meet the chemical resistance requirements given in
EN 13121-2.
Structural Layer
a)
b)
The physical and mechanical properties of the laminate(s) which

will be used in the fabrication of the different shells of the
composite tank shall be provided by the tank manufacturer.
These laminates shall have the following glass content by mass:
Chopped strand mat (CSM) laminates: 25% to 35%;
Woven roving (WR) laminates: 45% to 55%;
Filament wound (FW) laminates: 60% to 75%.
The minimum specified properties shall be supplied by the tank

manufacturer in the design package for each wall construction of
Page 21 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
the tanks, body shell, bottom and top head. The properties are
defined below.
% of glass content (loss on ignition) according to the test

method of ASTM D2584;
Tensile modulus of laminate according to the test method of

ASTM D638 or ASTM D5083;
Ultimate tensile strength according to the test method of

ASTM D638 or ASTM D5083;
Inter-laminar shear test (based on max. shear load over a

specified shear length) according to the test method describe in
Annex D.7 of EN 13121-3;
Barcol hardness test according to ASTM D2583 test method;
Short term creep test according to the test method described in

Annex D.10 of EN 13121-3;
Flexural strength of laminate according to ASTM D790 test

method.
Flexural modulus of laminate according to ASTM D790 test

method.
These properties can be specified according to the results shown in

ASME RTP-1, Table 2A-3 or Mandatory Appendix M-3, EN
13121-3 Table 3, or tests carried out by tank manufacturer or
independent and certified testing laboratory.
6.1.3
c)
In acid services such as H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, only ECR glass

reinforcing fibers shall be utilized for the manufacturing of the
structural layer.
d)
When thermoplastic lining material is utilized, additional tests as

specified in with Section 6.1.1.3 of this specification shall be
carried out.
Outer Surface
a)
The outer surface of the finished laminate shall be a separately

applied paraffinated (waxed) resin coat that, when cured, passes the
acetone test per ASTM C 582, Section 9.2.2. This outer surface
coat shall either be applied over the final mat ply of the structural
layer or over an additional resin-rich layer when required by
Section 6.1.3(b) of this specification.
Page 22 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
6.1.4
b)
When the outer surface will be subjected to spillage or a corrosive

environment, a resin-rich layer, in accordance with Section 6.1.1.2
of this specification, shall be applied over the final mat ply of the
structural layer prior to the application of the paraffinated (waxed)
resin coat in Section 6.1.3(a) above.
c)
Provisions are required to minimize ultraviolet degradation of the

laminate surface. Methods include use of ultraviolet absorbers,
screening agents, or resins resistant to ultraviolet degradation,
polyurethane coatings or incorporation of pigment of sufficient
opacity in the paraffinated resin coat. Since pigmentation makes
laminate inspection difficult, the resin-rich layer shall be applied
only after the laminate has been inspected.
d)
Where the final lay-up is exposed to air, full surface cure shall be
obtained by applying to the final layup a coat of paraffinated
(waxed) resin that, when cured, passes the acetone test per
ASTM C582, Section 9.2.2. Other techniques such as sprayed,
wrapped, or overlaid films are also acceptable methods to attain
surface cure, provided the surface resin under the film passes the
acetone test.
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)

a)
b)
6.1.5
The heat deflection temperature of cured resin system used for the
reinforced laminate shall be at least 20C higher than the design
temperature of the FRP tank.
When Design Temperature (TS) 60C; (HDT 82C)
When Design Temperature (TS) > 60C; (HDT - 40 C) TS
Only resins with HDT of at least 82C (180F) per ASTM D648
with a 1.8 MPa (264 psi) loading and a 3.2 mm (18 in) specimen
shall be used.
Flammability
When required or specified, the external surface layer(s) of the tank shall
be modified to fulfill the required surface spread of flame characteristic.
The material shall show flame spread rating from 0 to 25 which
represents Class 1 rating for fire resistant material per ASTM E-84.
6.1.6
Electrical Resistivity
Where the build-up of static electricity may cause problems, the surface
resistivity of those parts of the tank or vessel in contact with the fluid
Page 23 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
shall not exceed 106 , or the volume resistivity 106 m, when tested in
accordance with ISO 3915 test method.
6.1.7
Post-Curing
a)
If required by design, the FRP tank manufactured following this

specification should undergo a thermal post-curing treatment using
hot air or similar heating system. This treatment, which must be
carried out at controlled temperature and time, has the aim of
perfecting the crosslinking of the resin, guaranteeing the very best
chemical and mechanical performance of the tank.
b)
The tank manufacture shall have written procedures for the postcuring process of the FRP tank.
c)
Recommended timings and temperatures are summarized in Table 7.

Table 7 Recommended Post-curing Schedule for FRP Tanks
Type of Resin
Polyester - Isophtalic
Polyester - Bisphenol
Vinylester
Temperature
C
Time
Hours
70 (-3/5)
6 (-1/+2)
70 (-3/5)
10 (-1/+2)
80 (-3/5)
6 (-1/+2)
70 (-3/5)
12 (-1/+2)
80 (-3/5)
8 (-1/+2)
Inspection and Quality Assurance Requirements

Quality control records required by this specification shall be legible, identifiable,
retrievable and protected from damage, deterioration, or loss. These records shall be
retained by the tank manufacturer for a minimum of five years following the date of
manufacture. All quality control records required by this specification shall be signed
and dated, as established by the manufacturer's procedures.
7.1
Raw Materials
7.1.1
Matrix Material: Resin and Curing Agent

a)
This section specifies the minimum requirements for the

inspections and tests that are to be performed by the tank
manufacturer or an independent testing laboratory on resins and
curing agents (curing agents include accelerators, promoters, and
peroxides as required for specific resin systems) according to the
requirements of ASME RTP-1 Mandatory Appendix M-2.
Page 24 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
7.1.2
7.1.3
b)
The requirements of this section shall be accomplished prior to

acceptance of resins and curing agents for fabrication of tanks to
this Specification. These requirements will help ensure that the
resins and curing agents are correctly identified; meet the
manufacturers specification; and are suitable for proper
fabrication, curing practice, and design requirements of tanks
fabricated to this Specification.
c)
The following tests shall be conducted on resins and curing agents;

Visual Inspection, Specific Gravity, Viscosity using Gardner-Holdt
Method or Brookfield Method, and Gel Time at room temperature.
d)
These tests shall be performed on one random sample from each lot
or batch of material received from a supplier. If any containers or
packages are damaged, then the contents of each damaged
container shall be rejected.
Reinforcing Material
a)

inspections and tests that are to be performed by the tank
manufacturer or an independent testing laboratory on reinforcing
materials according to the requirements of ASME RPT-1
Mandatory Appendix M-1.
b)
The requirements of this section are to be accomplished prior to

acceptance of reinforcement for fabrication of tanks to this
Specification.
c)
These inspections shall be performed on one random sample from

each lot or batch of reinforcing material received from a supplier.
If any containers or packages are damaged, then the contents of
each damaged container shall be rejected.
Thermoplastic Liners
a)

inspections and tests that shall be performed by the tank
manufacturer or an independent testing laboratory on thermoplastic
liners according to the requirements of ASME RPT-1 Mandatory
Appendix M-12.
b)
These inspections are to be performed on one random sample from

each lot or batch of material received from a supplier. If any
containers or packages are damaged, then the contents of each
damaged container shall be inspected according to section 7.1.3.a
Page 25 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
of this specification. The requirements of this section are to be

accomplished prior to acceptance of liner for fabrication of tanks to
this Specification.
c)
7.2
The weldability of the thermoplastic material is to be performed on

one random welded sample from each lot or batch of material
received for the sheets as well as for the welding consumables.
Quality Control test on Laminates

a)
This section specifies the minimum requirements for the inspections and
tests that are to be performed by the tank manufacturer or an independent
testing laboratory on the laminate according to the requirements of
Section 6.1.2 of this specification.
b)
The tank manufacturer shall verify that the laminate was fabricated
according to a given design parameters and drawings. The following
inspections and tests should be conducted according to ASME RTP-1 Part 6.
Resin cure. The test shall be conducted on the internal and external
surfaces of the tanks according to ASME RTP-1/Section 6-910.
Barcol hardness shall not be lower than 90% of the value specified by
the resin supplier for a clear resin casting and according to the value
specified in Section 6.1.2.
Dimension and Laminate thickness checks are in accordance to

ASME RTP-1 / Section 6-920.
Physical Property and Laminate Reinforcing Content Tests.

These tests shall be conducted in accordance to ASME RTP-1/
Section 6-930. The Manufacturer is responsible for producing
laminates that will meet or exceed permissible physical and mechanical
properties used in the design and as are established as minimum within
Section 6.1.2. The physical and mechanical property average value
minus two standard deviations shall be higher than the specified value
given in Section 6.1.2. Laminates shall also be in accordance with the
reinforcing sequence and minimum reinforcing content established in
Section 6.1.2. The physical and mechanical properties shall be verified
from the tank cutout samples.
Glass content (loss on ignition)
Number of layers of glass, type and arrangement
Tensile modulus of laminate
Ultimate tensile strength
Page 26 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
Inter-laminar shear test

Short term creep
Flexural strength of laminate
During fabrication, the manufacturer shall perform all such checks

necessary to assure that laminate imperfections as defined in
ASME/RTP-1 Table 6-1 are within the requirements of this
Specification. Visual Inspection Acceptance Level shall be conducted
in accordance to the critical level services defined for the tank
application.
Where a thermoplastics liner is used, the mechanical property average

values minus two standard deviations shall be higher than the specified
value given in Section 6.1.1.3 of this specification;
Lap shear strength
Peel strength
Note:
If the tests cannot be conducted on samples machined from the FRP

tanks cutouts (e.g., tank bottoms), the tank manufacturer shall
fabricate at the same time the non-testable component is being
made, a laminate piece, using the same materials as those being
used for the non-testable component, this includes but is not limited
to resin system, fiber amount and arrangement, and the same curing
characteristics. This laminate piece shall be sufficiently sized such
that all samples which would have been machined from a tank cut
out can be obtained from the laminate piece.
Documentation
8.1
Documentation Provided by the Owner

The full information that shall accompany a purchase order for composite tank
as the Users Basic Requirements Specification, ASME RTP-1, Table 1.1.
8.2
Documentation Provided by the Tank Manufacturer

The tank manufacturer shall provide the Purchaser with a written description of
the composite tank system. As a minimum, this will include:
Fabricators Data Report
Drawings, including all tank dimensions, thickness, fitting and accessories

locations, etc.
Definition of all raw material properties as established in Section 5 and

Page 27 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
certified as required in Section 7.1, including tests report forms for all tests
performed on all lots or batches of materials used during fabrication.
1 November 2011
Physical and Mechanical properties values utilized during the design as

described in Section 6.1.2.
Physical and Mechanical properties values determined according to

Section 7.2. of this specification.
Minimum and maximum operating temperatures.
Limitations with respect to chemical exposure.
Revision Summary
New Saudi Aramco Materials System Specification.
Page 28 of 29

32-SAMSS-037
Appendix
AA
Flowchart
forfor
Material
Selection
Criteria
Qualification
Testing
Appendix
Workflow
the Material
Selection
andand
Testing
of FRP Tanks
Users Basic Requirements Specification (UBRS)

ASME RTP-1
By: Owner/ Design Engineer
Raw Materials Selection

Section 5, 32-SAMSS-037
By: Design Engineer/ Manufacturer
No
Material Parameters/ Data Sheet used in

Design of Laminate
Section 6, 32-SAMSS-037
By: Manufacturer
Revise/ Approve Material Selection

Sections 5 and 6, 32-SAMSS-037
By: Manufacturer
Yes
Tank Design
32-SAMSS-002
By: Manufacturer
No
Quality Control Test Raw Materials
Section 7.1, 32-SAMSS-037
By: Manufacturer
New Batch
Raw Materials
Yes
Tank Manufacture
By: Manufacturer
No
Quality Control Test Laminate
Section 7.2, 32-SAMSS-037
By: Manufacturer
Tank Rejection
Yes
Quality Control test Tank

32-SAMSS-002
By: Manufacturer
Figure A Workflow for the Material Selection and Testing of FRP Tanks
Page 29 of 29

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Materials System Specification

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Previous Issue: New

Next Planned Update: 1 November 2016

Primary contact: Mehdi, Mauyed Sahib on 966-3-8809547

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Conflicts and Deviations

Saudi Aramco References

Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Saudi Aramco Materials System Specification

Manufacture of FRP Storage Tanks

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard

Design of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

Industry Codes and Standards

Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion-Resistant

American Society for Testing and Materials

Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting

Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced

Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature

Test Methods for Flexural Properties of

Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid

Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced

Standard Specification for Filament-Wound GlassFiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin CorrosionResistant Tanks

Standard Specification for Contact-Molded GlassFiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin CorrosionResistant Tanks

Test Method for Tensile Properties of Reinforced

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Standard Test Method for Surface Burning

Glass Reinforced Plastics - Measurement of

Textiles - Nonwovens - Definition

International Organization for Standardization

Plastics - Determination of Temperature of

Plastics - Determination of Flexural Properties

Plastics - Thermoplastic Materials - Determination

Plastics - Vocabulary (ISO 472:1999)

Plastics and Ebonite - Determination of Indentation

Plastics - Determination of the Melt Mass-Flow

Plastics - Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Part 1: Designation System and Basis for

Plastics - Methods for Determining the Density and

Textile Glass - Determination of CombustibleMatter Content

Reinforcement Yarns - Determination of Linear

Reinforcement Fibers - Woven Fabrics - Basis for a

Plastics - Unsaturated Polyester Resins Determination of Hydroxyl Value

Textile Glass - Mats (Made from Chopped or

Textile Glass - Rovings - Basis for a Specification

Reinforcement Products - Determination of

Plastics - Measurement of Resistivity of Conductive

Plastics - Determination of Dynamic Mechanical

Textiles - Test Methods for Nonwovens Part 2: Determination of Thickness

Plastics - Phenolic Resins - Determination of the

Plastics - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee

Plastics - Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) Part 2: Determination of Coefficient of Linear

Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Underground

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee