6/29/2015

ExaminingGPSData(GPSandGIS)Part4

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ExaminingGPSData(GPSandGIS)Part4

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TemukanKeindahanAlamKamidan
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AnAerialPhotoThatCanBeUsedasaMap:TheDigitalOrthophoto
Adigitalorthophotoimageisanaerialphotograph,indigitalform,withaveryusefulspecialproperty:Ithasbeencalibratedsothatitmaybeusedasa
mapthecoordinatesofthemaparepreciselyspecified.Asyoumayknow,mostaerialphotographs,evenwhentakenwiththecamerapointedvertically
downward,haveconsiderabledistortion,duetoseveralfactorssuchasuneventerrainandlensdistortion.Thus,ifyoumeasurealengthonaconventional
photographthatcorrespondstoadistanceontheground,anidenticallengthmeasuredelsewhereonthephotographusuallywillnotcorrespondtothesame
distanceontheground.Saidconcisely,astandardaerialphotographdoesnothaveaconsistentscale.Inadigitalorthophotoimage,however,objectsshown
onthephotographatgroundlevelarerelatedbyapointsonobjectsabovegroundlevel(forexample,ontheroofsofbuildconsistentscale,eveniftheterrain
isdramaticallyuneven.(Thelocationsofings)arenot,however,shownintheircorrectlocations.)
Digitalorthophotosmaycomeinmanyforms.Theonewelookathereiscalleda"tiff"(whichstandsfor"taggedimagefileformat."PathfinderOfficehas
thecapabilityofdisplayingsuchfilesasbackgroundfiles.Theextensionoftiffnamesisusually"tif."Ifatifffileiskeyedtoageographicallocationitmay
becalleda"geotiff"geotiffscontaintheparameterstoanchortheimagetotheproperpointsontheearthssurface.Ifatiffimageiskeyedtoageographic
locationbutcontainsnogeographicparametersthenitmustbeaccompaniedbyaworldfileworldfilesusuallyendintheextension"tfw."Pathfinderoffice
requiresthatatiffbeanongeotiffandthatitbeaccompaniedbyaworldfile.18

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InthedirectoryByeByeSAarethefollowingfiles:
No_sa_ncr_doq.tifataggedimagefilethespecialkindofdigitizedaerialphotographthatcanbeusedasamap,showingthehighwaytheautomobilewas
travelingatthetimeoftransition.ThetermDOQinthenamestandsfordigitalorthoquadranglequadrangleisjustanothertermforan"almostrectangular"
map.19
No_sa_ncr_doq.tfwthe"worldfile"forNo_sa_ncr_doq.tifcontainingnumericparametersthattellPathfinderOfficewheretoplacetheimage
No_sa_ncr_doq.tif.
NoSA_Moving.SSFasubsetofafiletakeninamovingautomobilecoveringtheminutesoftransitionwhenSAwasdiscontinued.
{__}Open__:\GPS2GIS\ByeByeSA\NoSA_Moving.SSF.Representthefilewithamediumyellowline.SettheTimeZonetoEasternDaylight.Bringupthe
timelineandnotethetimespanofthefile.IfyoulookatPositionPropertiesyouwillnotethatanumberoffixeshavebeendeleted.Theideawastocapture
justthetimesurroundingthetransition.
{_}PreparethemapoftheGPStracksothatthedigitalorthophotowillbeproperlypositioned:Beforetheaerialimagecanbedisplayedthegeographic
parametersofthemapmustbeproperlyset.TheDOQQQQ20(standsfordigitalorthoquarterquarterquarterquadranglesinceitisonesixtyfourthofa
standardUSGS7.5minutequadrangle)isintheU.S.StatePlane1983coordinatesystem,KentuckyNorthZone(1601).ThedatumisNAD1983(Conus).
Thecoordinateunits,altitudeunits,anddistanceunitsareSurveyFeet.UsingtheUnitsandCoordinateSystemchoicesundertheOptionsmenu,makesure
theseparametersaresetupcorrectly.
{__}Bringupadigitalorthophotoimageasabackgroundtothefilesyouhaveselected:FromtheFilemenuselectBackground.IntheLoadBackground
FileswindowremoveanyfilesthatshowupandthenclickAdd.Thewindowthatappears(AddBackgroundFiles)mightormightnotrepresentthefolder__
:\GPS2GIS\ByeByeSA.(Ifitdoesnt,navigatetothatfolder.)Selectthefileno_sa_ncr_doq.tifandclickonOpen.Readandokayareminderifitshowsup.
BackintheLoadBackgroundFileswindowreviewtheSystem,Zone,andDatumspecifications.Itprobablyappearsthatalliswell,butitmaynotbe.Click
onChangetoexamineandcorrectparameterssotheymatchtheonesgiveninthepreviousstep.BeparticularlycarefulregardingCoordinateUnits.In
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KentuckytheyareinSurveyFeet!OkaytheCoordinateSystemwindow.OkaytheLoadBackgroundFileswindow.AnimageshouldappearintheMap
window.
{__}MakethemainPathfinderOfficewindowoccupythefullscreen.MaketheMapwindowwideasinFigure38,soyoucanhavePositionProperties
andTimeLineupalso.ZoomuponthepartoftheyellowtrackthatcrossestheDOQ.LookattheGPStracksthatrepresentthepartofthetriponthedivided
highwaythattookplaceduringthetransitionfrom"SAon"to"SAoff."Firstthetrack,comingfromthewest,iswayofftheroad,thenyouseesomejagged
spikesthatoccurredprobablyduetothetransition,andfinallythetraceisatleastintherightofwayofthehighway.WithPositionpropertiesyoucan
ascertainthatthetransitionwascompletedatabout13secondsafter12:01AMon2May2000.

PROJECT3EYourData
NowthatyouhaveagoodideaofhowtousePathfinderOfficetodisplayandanalyzedatatakenwithaGPSreceiver.
{__}Beforebeginningthecomputerwork:
Unlessyourinstructortellsyouotherwise,youmustusethemachineontowhichyouloadedyourdata

Figure38.Watchselectiveavailabilitygoaway.
RecallthenameoftheProjecttowhichyoutransferredyourdata.ItisprobablyDATA_yis(where"yis"indicatesyourinitials).Thefolderinwhichyou
willworkis__:\GPS2GIS\DATA_yis.
Bringwithyouthefullname(s)ofthefile(s)youcollected.AlsohavewithyouthevaluesyoucalculatedbyhandinProject1C.
Bringthedetailedmap(s)ofthearea(s)whereyoutookthedatasoyoucancomparewhatappearsonthescreenwiththefeaturesshownonthemap.
{__}Ifnecessary,startthePathfinderOfficesoftware.SelectProjectsintheFilemenu.MakesurethattheProjectnameis"DATA_yis."ClickontheOpen
FoldericonontheProjecttoolbar.Clickthe"Details"buttontoseethedatesonthefilesandfolders.Reviewthefilesthataretheretobesurethatyouarein
therightfolder.YoushouldseeaBackup,Base,andExportfolderaswellasyourfiles.Select,withasingleclick,thefirstofthefilesyoutook.Lookatthe
informationaboutthatfileatthebottomofthewindow.Closethewindowwithoutopeningthefile.
{__}ExaminethemapyouusedinProject2Atodeterminethecorrectunits,coordinatesystem,anddatumtouse.Setupthesoftwarewiththeseparameters.
{_}Therepresentationnowonthescreenshouldbeofthepoints(fixes)youcollected,connectedinthetimeorderinwhichtheywereloggedbythereceiver.
Thefollowingstepsassumethatyoutookpointdata.
{__}YousettheGeoExplorerroveroptionsbeforethatsessionaccordingto:
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Coordinates~Deg&Minutes(anddecimalfractionalpartsthereof)
Datum:(settoyourmap)
Units~Custom~Distance:(settoyourmap)
Units~Custom~AltitudeUnits:(settoyourmap)
Units~Custom~AltitudeReference:Geoid(MSL)
Date&Time~SetLocalTime:(adjusttolocaltime)
SetthePathfinderOfficeoptionstotheequivalents.
{__}SelectPositionProperties.Clickonafixthatistowardthemiddleoftheclusterofpoints.Readitslocationatthebottomofthescreenandwriteitdown
here.
Latitude_____________
Longitude____________
Altitude_
Isitaboutwhereyouexpectedittobe?CompareitscoordinatevaluesagainsttheaveragedvaluesinPROJECT1Cthatyouwrotedownatthattime.
WecouldmakeaPoint_genericfile(averageallthefixesintoasinglepoint)aswedidinProject3B,butletslookatanotherwayofgettingtheaverage.
ThedatacollectedbytheGPSreceiveranddownloadedintothemachinetaketheformofrecords,whicharenumberedstringsoftext.AgivenGPSfilewill
havequiteafewrecordsatleastoneforeveryfixtaken,andusuallyalotmore.YoucanlookattheserecordswithaTrimbleUtilitycalledtheSSFRecord
Editor.WhentheRecordEditorisinvokeditautomaticallyaveragesthecoordinatesofallthefixesandappendsadditionalstatisticalrecordstothefileatthe
end.InthestepbelowyouwillopenthefileintheRecordEditor,lookbrieflyatafewrecords,andthenreadthecoordinatesofthe"average"point.
{__}Gointothefilemenuandpick"Close"toclosethecurrentfile.(TheRecordEditorwillnotcalculatestatisticsonafileifthefileisopen.)Youhave
alreadysetuptheproperparametersofdatum,coordinatesystem,andunits.IntheUtilitiesmenuselectOther,thenSSFRecordEditor.Theappropriate
windowwillcomeup.UnderFileinthatwindowclickOpen.Youshouldthenbeabletoselectthefileyouhavebeenworkingwithfromthewindowthat
showsup.ClickOpen.MaketheSSFRecordEditorwindowoccupythefullscreen.
Theresultingwindowisdividedintotwoparts.(Youcanvarythepositionofthedividinglinebetweenthembydraggingitwiththemouse"Split"inthe
Viewmenualsoworks.)Inthetoppartaretherecordsofthefile,beginningwithaheaderrecordwhosethreeletterdesignationisHDR.TheHDRrecordis
highlighted.Inthelowerpartofthewindowaredetailsinamorereadableformatrelatingtothathighlightedrecord.Also,somerecords,likeHDR,contain
informationnotshownontheupperpartofthewindow.Thisinformationappearsinthebottomportionofthewindow.Makesurethatthebottompartofthe
windowislargeenoughtoseeallthetextlines.PleaseseeFigure39.
MostSSFfileshaveseveraltypesofrecords.Shortlyyouwillseethattowardthemiddleofthefileyouwillfindposition(POS)recordsthattellyouthetime
andpositionofeachseparatefix.Attheendofthefilearestatisticsrecords(STS).

{__}LookattheinformationintheHDRrecord.Thenusethedownarrowkeyand/orPageDowntolookatrecordsfurtherdowninthefile.Finally,dragthe
verticalslidertothebottomsothattheSTSrecordsthatwereaddedtotheendofthefileshowup.Usethe"uparrow"keytoselectthe"LatitudeStat"record.
Writethecoordinatesofthatandthefollowingrecordshere.
MeanLatitude
MeanLongitude:
MeanAltitude:21
{_}FromtheFilemenuexittheSSFRecordEditor.
{__}Someofthequestionsbelowhaveseveralblanks.AssumingyoutookdataforbothPROJECT1BandPROJECT2Ainthesamelocation,recordthe
calculationsyoumadeinPROJECT1C.

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Figure39.FindingstatisticsfromtheRecordEditor.
{__}Setupthedatum,coordinatesystem,andunitstocorrespondtothoseofthemapyouusedinPROJECT2B(whereyoumovedtheantennaalonga
path).
{__}BringinthefileofPROJECT2Banddisplaythepathyoutookwhilemovingtheantenna.Nowqueryvariouspointsonthedisplayandcomparetheir
coordinateswiththoseonthemap.Doesthedisplaycorrespondtotheactualpathyoutook?
{__}AddthefilethatcontainsthefixesyoucollectedinPROJECT2A.Arethetwositesinthecorrectrelativeposition?Ifnot,youmaybeusingdifferent
projections,differentdatums,ordifferentcoordinatesystems.
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BasicConcepts(GPSandGIS)Part1
BasicConcepts(GPSandGIS)Part2
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