14/7/2014

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)

JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

www.pis.edu.my

CLO 1 : Explain various types of materials used in

manufacturing industry.

Week 2

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification
Understand the materials structure
Understand the Element Periodic Table

1. Atom

: A basic unit that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded

by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

2. Element

: A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom

distinguished by its atomic number.

3. Mixture

: A material system made up by two or more different substances

which are mixed but are not combined chemically.

Describe metal and alloy solidification

Define solid solution formation
Explain the equilibrium phase diagram

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

There are four type of structures in chemical material:-

Explain the crystal structure

Explain the primary inter-atomic bonds

crystal structure

solid solution formation

4. Compound: A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different

chemical elements combined chemically that can be separated
into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

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crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Table 1. Examples and differences between atom, element, mixture and compound.

Atom

Element

Any element listed on the periodic table.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into a simpler form of matter.
An atom is similar to an element since an atom is the
smallest particle that retains all properties of the
element. An element is a substance whereas an
atom has mass.

Mixture

Compound

Fabrics

Alcohol (C2H5OH)

Vinegar

Water (H2O)

Soils/rocks

Salt (NaCl)

Lemonate

Sugar(C12H2 2O11)

Milk

Ammonia (NH3)

The physical and chemical properties of compounds

are different from their constituent elements however
a mixture's properties are closely related to the
properties of its constituents. Constituents of a
mixture can be separated by simple, mechanical
means such as filtering, evaporation, or use of a
magnetic force, but the components of a compound
can only be separated by a chemical reaction.

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Is alloy a compound? Why?

Some mixtures are so intimately combined that
they have some properties similar to
compounds and may easily be mistaken for
compounds. One example is alloys. Alloys are
made mechanically, most commonly by heating
the constituent metals to a liquid state, mixing
them thoroughly, and then cooling the mixture
quickly so that the constituents are trapped in
the base metal.

Think critically 1.0

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14/7/2014

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Atom structure implies the system of electrons, protons and neutrons;

making up an individual atom.

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the

nucleus, or the atomic number.
Atomic weight is the weight of atom nearly proportional (or equal to) the total
weight of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Electron configuration of an atom implies the distribution of electron in
various sub-shells around the nucleus.
Atomic number

8
Fig 1.0 Schematic representation of the Bohr atom

Each atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, which is

encircled by moving electrons.
Both electrons and protons are electrically charged, which is negative for
electrons and positive for protons. Neutrons are electrically neutral.

Electron configuration
Atomic weight

metal and alloy solidification

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

IA
IIA

VIII

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

The Periodic table is a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of

atomic number in rows, so that elements with similar chemical properties
appear in vertical column.

IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB

Symbol

2.6
15.999

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crystal structure

solid solution formation

Fig 1.1 The Oxygen element in periodic table

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

IB IIB

Activities 1

Characteristics:
i. the elements are situated with increasing atomic number, in 7 horizontal
rows called period and 18 vertical column called group
ii. it is arranged by atomic number starts with Hydrogen
iii. elements in the same period has same total of orbits
iv. chemical properties of an element depend on total of valence electron
v. when electron moves from group I to group III, metal properties of an
element become lessen but total of electron will increase and become the
non-metal properties

Activities 2
Fig 1.2 The periodic table for elements.

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

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crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

The uses of periodic table:

i. to classify particular elements easier
ii. as a revision where elements reactive properties can be known (way to the
right, the reactive properties are lessen)
iii. elements in first group has same chemical properties
iv. easier to acknowledge certain unknown element and also its properties
v. easier to analyze and understand every reaction between the elements

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Crystal structure is defined as regular repetition of three dimensional pattern

of atoms in space.

Fig 1.3 A basic crystal structure

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Space lattice is the three dimensional network of imaginary lines connecting

the atoms. It can be considered as an infinite array of points in space, so
arranged that it divides space into equal volumes with no space excluded.
Unit cell is the tiny block formed by the arrangement of a small group of
atoms.

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

The common metallic crystal structures are:i. Simple cubic (SC)

ii. Body centered cubic (BCC)
iii. Face centered cubic (FCC)
iv. Hexagonal close packed structure (HCP)

Fig 1.4 Space lattice, the shaded portion represents unit cell

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

peneraju ilmu sejagat

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

Simple cubic (SC)

Body centered cubic (BCC)

8 atoms in corners x 1/8 = 1 atom

8 atoms in corners x 1/8 = 1 atom

1 atom in center
= 1 atom
Total
= 2 atoms

Example: polonium

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Examples:
Chromium/Iron/Molybdenum/Tantalum/Tungsten

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

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crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

crystal structure

solid solution formation

Face centered cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal close packed structure (HCP)

8 atoms in corners x 1/8 = 1 atom

6 atoms in faces x 1/2 = 3 atoms
Total
= 4 atoms

12 atoms in corners x 1/6 = 2 atoms

2 atoms in faces x 1/2 = 1 atom
6 atoms in sides x
= 3 atoms
Total
= 6 atoms

Examples:
Aluminium/Copper/Gold/Lead/Nickel/Platinum/Silver

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primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

Examples: Cadmium/Cobalt/Titanium/Zinc

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materials structure Element Periodic Table

metal and alloy solidification

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

crystal structure

solid solution formation

primary bonds

equilibrium phase diagram

What is the relationship between an atom and an isotope?

State the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight?
What is element periodic table?
Explain briefly the terminology of unit cell, lattice parameters and space lattice.
State three metallic crystal structures and discuss each one briefly.

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