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Chapter Three Week 8
Chapter Three Week 8
Week 8
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casting process
HEAT
TREATMENT
Principle of Operation:
Heat treatment may be defined as an operation
involving heating and cooling of metal/alloy in solid
state to obtain desirable conditions and properties.
Stress relieving
Principle of Operation:
Heat treatment may be defined as an operation
involving heating and cooling of metal/alloy in solid
state to obtain desirable conditions and properties.
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HEAT
TREATMENT
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CLASSIFICATION
OF HEAT
TREATMENT
PROCESS
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Better machinability
Improve ductility
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PURPOSES
OF HEAT
TREATMENT
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STAGES OF
HEAT
TREATMENT
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1 2
1. Heating
2. Holding (Soaking)
3. Cooling
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ANNEALING
A3 Upper critical
tempt
Acm
A3
A1
A1 - Eutectoid line
727C or
Lower critical
tempt
Acm austenite +
cementite line
Definition:
Annealing is the process of heating a steel to a
temperature about 727C, which will remove the
instability or distortion and then cooling at a slow
rate (furnace cooled).
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ANNEALING
Purposes:
1. Induce a completely stable structure (full
annealing)
2. Refine the structure
3. Reduce hardness
4. Improve machinability
5. Remove residual stresses
6. Improve mechanical, physical, electrical and
magnetic properties
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NORMALIZING
Definition:
Normalizing is the process of heating a steel to a
temperature about 40-50C above its upper critical
temperature, holding it at that temperature for a
short time and then cooling in air at room
temperature.
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NORMALIZING
Purposes:
1. Refine the grain size of steel
2. Reduce internal stresses
3. Produce a harder and stronger steel than
annealing
4. Improve machinability, ductility and toughness
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QUENCHING
Definition:
Quenching is the process of heating a steel with
sufficient carbon (0.35-0.7%) to a temperature
about 30-50C above A3 line (Fig 3.1), holding it at
that temperature from 15 to 30 minutes and then
cooling rapidly or quenched in a suitable medium
(brine, water or oil).
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QUENCHING
Purpose:
1. Improve hardness
2. Improve wear resistance
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TEMPERING
Definition:
Tempering is the process of heating hardened steel
below the lower critical temperature, holding it at
that temperature from 3 to 5 minutes and then
cooling rapidly or quenched in a suitable medium
(brine, water or oil).
During fast cooling rate, austenite cannot transform into ferrite due
to insufficient time for carbon atoms to diffuse out of austenite.
Most of the carbon atoms remain trapped in austenite to distort
the structure and become elongated. The structure is called
martensite. It is hard and brittle.
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TEMPERING
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