Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Motorized Two Wheelers Indian Cities Pune EMBARQ India
Motorized Two Wheelers Indian Cities Pune EMBARQ India
Motorized Two Wheelers Indian Cities Pune EMBARQ India
Motorized
Two-Wheelers in
Indian Cities
A Case Study of the City of Pune
March 2014
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Study Objectives
1.2
Study Methodology
2.1
Authors
Madhav Pai
Director, EMBARQ India
Ranjit Gadgil
Program Director, Parisar
Anjali Mahendra
Strategy Head, Research &
Practice, EMBARQ India
Shweta Vernekar
Project Associate, Parisar
Rebecca Heywood
Intern (Summer 2012)
EMBARQ India
Radha Chanchani
Associate, EMBARQ India
3.2
3.3
3.4
Economic Factors
4.1
Parking Problems
Road Safety
5.1
7
8
8
10
11
15
15
17
20
24
26
26
27
27
29
29
29
31
33
36
38
46
47
47
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Motorized Mode Shares in Indian Cities, 2007
10
12
11
12
16
Figure 8. Two-wheeler Ownership by Monthly Household Income for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 9. Transport Modes Used Prior to Two-wheelers for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 10. Reasons for Starting to Ride Motorized Two-Wheelers for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 11. Fuel Price Thresholds for Shifting Modes for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 12. Overall Transport Mode Split by Gender from Pune Survey
Figure 13. Transport Mode Split by Gender and Age from Pune Survey
Figure 14. Primary Purpose for Two-Wheeler Use by Gender for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 15. Vehicle Usage Patterns by Gender and Mode for Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 16. Personal Monthly Income of Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 17. Monthly Fuel and Maintenance Costs of Pune Survey Respondents
Figure 18. Road Accident Deaths by Various Modes in India, 2012
Figure 19. Types of Accidents among Pune Survey Respondents
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
28
28
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Factors Influencing Two-Wheeler Ownership in Asian Cities
Table 2. Household Statistics of Pune Survey Respondents
14
Table 3. Top Reasons to Switch Modes from Two-Wheelers to Other Alternatives for Pune Survey
Respondents
17
19
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This working paper draws attention to the important
of transport.
use in Asian cities are their low costs and fuel economy,
maneuverability and ease of parking in congested
1. Introduction
(PCFV 2010).
be considered.
users and help fill the gaps when public transport systems
Two wheelers
for the sector in other cities have ranged from not taking
Public Transport
IPT
100%
90%
regarding policies and innovative solutions to manage twowheelers in the unique context of Indian cities.
80%
25
26
70%
60%
50%
20%
15
10
16
15
15
10
15
19
42
34
30
30
30
27
16
1a
16
30
10%
15
Cars
40%
30%
of the user (i.e., low income), and this may not be relevant
Mode Share
1b
10
4
City Type
transportation.
and days of the week. The survey was divided into seven
wheelers?
international experience?
wheelers.
Asia and how this related to urban India with the goal of
Captive users are those who use a mode because they have very limited other choices, often due to lack of access to alternative modes
or lack of affordability.
4
The Indian National government classifies Indian cities based on population. Tier I: > 4 million; Tier II: 1 4 million; and Tier III: <1 million
3
10
An intercept survey is an in-person, one-on-one, impromptu survey done on location. The questionnaire is administered to a sample of
intercepted respondents as they pass by the interviewer.
11
60000
50000
importantly, the level of public transport services and nonmotorized transport infrastructure, are important factors
1951
700
350
600
300
500
250
400
200
300
150
200
100
100
50
india
oecd
North
America
oecd
europe
oecd
2035
2025
2015
2005
2035
2025
2015
2005
2035
2025
2015
2005
2035
2025
2015
2005
2035
2025
2015
2005
2035
2025
2015
2005
1991
2001
Cars
than five times the number of cars sold during the same
Motorization Index
800
400
1981
Two
Wheelers
450
china
1971
All Vehicles
1961
Year
asean
(Major
Countries)
20000
30000
40000
10000
12
Number in Thousands
2. Motorization Rates
and the Effect of TwoWheelers
According to the MouD study, in 1991 there were 23 cities in the country with a population of over 1 million, which is expected to increase
to 51 by 2021. The urban population in India is estimated to grow from 2001s 285 million (which is 29 percent of the total) to 540 million
(37 percent of the total) by the year 2021. (MoUD, Wilbur Smith Associates 2008)
13
more or less similar ranges). One can see that large metros
1,40,00,000
1,20,00,000
1,00,00,000
Number
80,00,000
60,00,000
40,00,000
20,00,000
0
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Cars
Wheelers
Wheelers
Commercial
Vehicles
Passenger
Vehicles
Commercial
VehiclesThree
Three
Wheelers TwoTwo
Wheelers
100%
90%
28
22
26
22
22
22
38
38
80%
70%
12
10
60%
12
50%
42
52
43
28
20
Walk
2-Wheeler
28
38
Public Transport
19
40%
16
35
30
35
20%
14
21
for the country, and in the range of 10-15 cars per 100
IPT
over USD 100 billion by 2016. This would mean that the
Table 1.
15
10
13
5
19
de
lh
Ko i
lka
M ta
u
Ah mb
em ai
da
ba
Ba
ng d
al
o
Ch re
en
na
hy
i
de
ra
ba
d
Pu
ne
Ka
np
Lu ur
ck
no
w
10%
12
Car
30%
16
21
NMT
10
8
18
19
only after incomes are greater than USD 8000 per year.
20
Note: IPT refers to Intermediate Public Transport or the auto rickshaw typically used in Indian cities
14
15
Factors
Description
Impact
Low cost and availability through easy financing terms, sometimes at zero
+++
+++
Fuel Economy
Congestion
Trip Length
interest rates
Consumes less fuel and has better mileage compared to other modes
Highly-congested areas suit 2-wheelers
Motorcycles provide highly competitive service for trip lengths at the
2-10km range while for trip lengths greater than 10km, buses and cars are
+++
+++
preferred
Tax
Technology and Innovations
++
++
++
Maneuverability
++
Low levels of services and adequate facilities for public transportation and
++
Occupancy
Lower occupancy
Weather
---
Vulnerability
---
non-motorized transportation
Parking
NMT
years, latest figures (from 2013) reveal that the current fleet
size of about 25 buses per lakh population is still far short
of the target 55 set in the Comprehensive Mobility Plan
Cities in the same peer group as Pune like Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, have a significantly higher population density ranging from 18,424
- 21,207 persons/sq. km. respectively. In Pune, densities are high in the core city and in slum pockets (about six times the rest of the city),
where nearly 40 percent of Punes population lives.
9
As per the City Development Plan 2006-2012, the per capita GDP of Pune is almost 50 percent higher than Indias per capita income.
Based on a Monitor Group Report prepared in 2003 the per capita income of Pune was estimated at Rs. 30,000 against Mumbais Rs.
47,000; higher than Hyderabad but comparable to Bangalore and Kolkata.
8
16
17
250000
Vehicles
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
400
300
302 315
329
359
347
384
413
432
451
473
Two wheelers
Car/Jeep
Three wheelers
Total
100
200
Two wheelers
Car/Jeep
2.3 million (nearly double from the 1.2 million in 2005); with
12,000-15,000 new vehicles being registered monthly.
Parking surveys carried out in the city also reflect the high
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Household Size
3.7 persons
Number of children
0.6 children
(% of respondents)
[USD 404-809]
1.9
Number of adults
3.0 adults
1.5
Number of cars
0.4
Number of bicycles
(33% of sample)
0.4
(12% of sample)
10
5
8
3
(5% of sample)
1
1
0
0
90%
75%
77%
Two wheelers
Cars
70%
Three wheelers
60%
Buses
50%
40%
30%
0%
10%
millions of people.
20%
Pvt. vehicles
80%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004
19%
13%
6%
0.8%
2005
3%
0.5%
2011
Figure 8. Two-wheeler Ownership by Monthly Household Income for Pune Survey Respondents
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
5
4
3
2
1
10
18
19
walk and 44 percent said they would not cycle. The top
1%
1%
2%
2%
5%
7%
14%
working population, and the perceived advantages of twowheelers over public transport. For example, the average
67%
other
Two-Wheeler
(Passenger)
Bicycle
Walking
Car (driver)
Car
(Passenger)
School bus/
Auto/Van
Figure 10. Reasons for Starting to Ride Motorized Two-Wheelers for Pune Survey Respondents
1%
0%
easier to park
2%
2%
higher status/cool
1%
1%
Longer to commute
0%
1%
2%
2%
Low cost
Faster than
other modes
Convenience and
Flexibility
enjoy Riding
More Comfortable
0%
Source: Pune Survey, 2012
20
12%
6%
Rs 80-150/lt
4%
39%
Rs 310-500/lt
7%
Rs 160-300/lt
Rs 510-10,000/lt
fares were less than Rs. 3 per kilometer and AC bus fares
Never
32%
Cant Say
Male
Table 3. Top Reasons to Switch Modes from Two-Wheelers to Other Alternatives for Pune Survey Respondents
Female
Switch to Cycling
Switch to Walking
Recreation/exercise (15%)
Reliable/Regular (16%)
More frequent (10%)
3%
3%
Clean/neat (10%)
7%
6%
9%
15%
14%
15%
Compulsory/law (5%)
Exercise (25%)
Door-to-door-service (1%)
Information system (1%)
60%
55%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Metro/tram (1%)
11
21
transport.
50.
was about 20, while for women it was 21.5 years. Like
users.
Figure 12. Overall Transport Mode Split by Gender from Pune Survey
as drivers or passengers.
made:
Figure 13. Transport Mode Split by Gender and Age from Pune Survey12
60%
30%
Male Users (total)
26%
25%
22%
14%
40%
20%
35%
14%
1%
8%
8%
cle
cy
Bi
1%
0%
3%
2%
ng
1%
1%
1%
1% 1%
4%
11%
15%
11%
5%
1%
1%
0%
0%
or Pu
ta b
tio lic
n
S
/V cho
an ol
/A Bu
ut s
o
6%
alk
i
6%
1% 1%
en
13%
11%
Tr
an
sp
0%
2% 1% 2%
3%
rP
as
s
0%
or Pu
ta b
tio lic
n
Sc
/V ho
an ol
/A Bu
ut s
o
ng
Tr
an
sp
alk
i
W
cy
cle
Bi
W
h
dr eele
i
Tw ver r
o
Pa W
ss he
en el
ge er
r
Ca
rd
riv
er
Ca
rP
as
se
ng
er
0%
1%
2%
7%
0%
4%
ive
1% 1%
15%
12%
dr
2% 2%
3% 3%
6%
13%
11%
Ca
r
3%
10%
13%
Tw
o
Pa W
ss he
en el
ge er
r
4%
W
h
dr eele
iv r
er
4%
21%
Ca
7%
14%
7%
2%
13%
8%
1%
Tw
o
13%
35%
Tw
o
5%
20%
11%
3%
ge
12%
10%
Female 30-50
Male 30-50
Female 50+
Male 50+
30%
13%
15%
Female <18
Male <18
Female 18-30
Male 18-30
50%
In Figure 13, the aggregate numbers shown in Figure 12 have been disaggregated by age and gender. The reader must note that the
combined mode shares for males and females across each age group total to 100 percent. For example, in the <18 age group, percentages
shown for males and females across all modes add up to 100 percent representing the total number of travelers in that age group.
12
22
23
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
week.
20%
10%
Never
Source: Authors
Motorbike /
Scooter
Car
Autorickshaw
City Bus
Bicycle
Female
30%
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Figure 15. Vehicle Usage Patterns by Gender and Mode for Pune Survey Respondents
Female
Male
Female
Male
concerns with the mode such that older adults feel unsafe
Walk
Figure 14. Primary Purpose for Two-Wheeler Use by Gender for Pune Survey Respondents
80%
72%
Male Users
Female Users
70%
60%
50%
52%
24
respondents said their average number of twowheeler trips was over 18 per week.
29%
15%
17%
10%
1% 1%
Tr
av
W el to
or
k
ed Tra
uc ve
at l t
io o
n
Re
c
Sh re
op ati
pi on/
ng
Co
m
Pu m
rp erc
os ia
es l
0%
1% 1%
he
r
10%
ot
20%
40%
30%
25
typically perceived.
6%
3%
2%
2%
1%
10%
13%
27%
42%
44%
50%
Less than Rs
10,000
Rs 25,000 to
Rs 50,000
Rs 75,000 to
Rs 1 Lakh
Rs 0-1000
Rs 2001 -3000
Rs 10,000 to
Rs 25,000
Rs 50,000 to
Rs 75,000
More than Rs
1 Lakh
Rs 1001-2000
Rs 3001-4000
26
Rs 4001 -5000
All currency conversion done on 2/3/2014 using currency converter available on: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/
27
4. Challenges Arising
from the Rapid
Growth of TwoWheelers
Yet others felt that given cars are a status symbol, people
in Pune own a car, but choose not to use it for daily travel
vicious cycle. The data from the Pune survey suggests that
two-wheelers.
28
the city did not have adequate capacity within its already
Peth is the local term referring to the traditional, compact mixed-use neighborhoods which were developed nearly three centuries ago,
having narrow organic streets and a human scale.
14
29
5. Policy Options
to Manage TwoWheelers: Experience
from Taipei, Taiwan
they do not wear a helmet. For those who have not been
2%
8%
23%
10%
5%
19%
10%
per 1.8 people, while in Malaysia it was one per 3.5 people;
7%
10%
6%
Bus
Car
Bicycle
Tempo/Vans
Three Wheeler
Pedestrian
Jeep
Two Wheeler
Other
Trucks/
Lorry
levels but that has not been the case. About 80 percent
1%
Source: Authors
3%
41%
10%
9%
29%
Collision with
bus
Collision with
Pedestrian
Collision with
good carrier
Collision with
two wheeler
Collision with
Automobile
Collision with
three wheeler
Other
30
5%
laws for men but not women, also increases risks for
for smoother travel. Finally, there are some separate twowheeler lanes on major roads. For safety reasons, two-
The material in this section is based on interview with Professor Jason Chang (Chang 2012), Advisor to the Taipei City Government, and
his presentation at the Transforming Transportation 2013 event (Chang 2013), available at: http://www.slideshare.net/EMBARQNetwork/
p3-c-motorcycle-jasonchang130118r
15
31
BEFORE
Source: Chang 2013
32
AFTER
users begin to pay the full cost of use, and the subway and
BRT networks continue to be improved, more people are
more convenient than cars, a high mode share for any type
of private motorized transport is not what is envisioned for
Taiwan. In some cities, it is expected that two-wheelers
will be integrated with public transport (metro, railway,
33
ily vulnerable users (i.e. low income). When the full cost of
While there was agreement that the rising number of twowheelers were a cause for concern, it was categorically
Ten in-depth interviews were conducted in Pune with stakeholders that included politicians, activists, government officers and
corporates, to solicit their views on current and expected future traffic scenarios in the city and the role of two-wheelers within it, issues
concerning two-wheelers and possible policy options to manage them. See Appendix A.
16
34
35
that given the increased need for mobility and the currently
unmatched benefits that two-wheelers offer, these may
not prove to be enough of a disincentive for their use,
vested interests are set aside for the betterment of the city.
Political will would need to be backed by economic and
decision-making capability. Awareness of issues needs
The goals of the plan include increasing the share of nonmotorized trips to 50 percent and
In conclusion, it is clear that the issue of managing twowheelers to maximize the advantages of the mode and
37
Political
Political
Political / Activist
Government
Government
Activist
Activist
Corporate
Traffic situation
Very bad
Bad, exponential
Problematic
Serious problem,
Problematic
Uncontrolled,
Discourage two
wheelers
needed
an alternative
Depends on affordability
usage
Switch to PT
First improve PT
growth always
problematic
addiction
Yes
worsening
Only if there is an
alternative
No, depends on
Depends on
affordability,
car owners
yet a necessity
tendency among
Possible, PT needs to be
Possible
Needs to match
attractive
Possible
their employees is
two wheelers
high
To some extent, if PT is
Possible, innovation
the convenience
and use of
of two wheelers,
travel pattern
wheeler as a necessity
For
For
For
No policy
No policy
No policy
be combined with
discouraging two
wheelers
Helmet law
For
Against
For
inconsistent enforcement
improvement in
as of now.
enforcement and
awareness
Current Policy
No policy
Role of Police
No policy
No policy
No policy
Insufficient, no knowledge
No policy, ad hoc
enforcing both
of laws
other resources
Parking
Scarcity of parking
insufficient parking, if it is
Free parking is a
Debatable issue
whether providing
safety at least.
free parking is
improving roads.
encourage usage.
subsidizing two
wheeler users
as against other
employees
Future
needed instead of
urbanization will be a
situation, realistically
administration consensus
improve or worsen
problem
increase.
magnitude in future.
increasing
38
decrease.
become inconvenient
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Works Cited
(Elsevier Ltd.).
http://intranet.imet.gr/Portals/0/UsefulDocuments/
documents/03085.pdf.
archive.indianexpress.com/news/pmc-to-survey-parkingtrends-on-main-city-roads/1168060/.
analysesreports/159-pmpml-report-card-2012-13.html.
Patankar & Trivedi. 2011. "Monetary burden of health
asp?issn=0975-7341;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=
1;epage=6;aulast=Ruikar.
savepunetraffic.org/?q=content/helmet-objections-andsptms-response#Important-reference-Information.
49
Suggested Citation
Pai, M., Gadgil, G., Mahendra, A., Vernekar, S., Heywood,
R. and Chanchani, R. (2014). Motorized Two-Wheelers
Acknowledgements
This report was made possible through funding from
Bloomberg Philanthropies.
We thank Rekha Raghunathan for copy-editing and proofreading. In addition we thank Ramya Swayamprakash,
Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate
timely discussion and critical feedback and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues. Most working papers are
eventually published in another form and their content may be revised
Copyright 2014 EMBARQ India. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial- NoDerivative Works 3.0 License. To view a copy of the license, visit http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
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51
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