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Microwave Bits
Microwave Bits
D.
infinity
Explanation:
A pure reactance does not absorb any power.
Therefore VSWR is infinite because |rv| = 1.
3. In a klystron amplifier the input cavity is called
A.buncher B. catcher C.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option A
Pierce gun D.
collector
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is
focussed and accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam
enters the glass tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and
retarding field for the other half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is
called velocity modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect
converts velocity modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity
klystron one or more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and
satellite communication.
TE20 D.
TE21
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has
this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the
dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
5. The reflection coefficient on a line is 0.2 45. The SWR is
A.
0.8
B.
1.1 C.1.2
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
D.
1.5
A.
microwave oscillators
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
They are used in all the devices.
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7.
Assertion (A): TWT uses a focussing mechanism to prevent the electron beam from spreading.
Reason (R): In a TWT the electron beam has to travel a much longer distance than in klystron.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3 GHz
10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad band
communication systems, communication satellites etc.
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8.
In a TWT the amplitude of resultant wave travelling down the helix
A.
increases exponentially
B.
increases linearly
C.
decreases exponentially
D.
is almost constant
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3 GHz
10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad band
communication systems, communication satellites etc.
9.
Which of the following is not a travelling wave?
A.
e = Em sin (x - t)
B.
e = Em cos (x - t)
C.
e = Em sin (t - x)
D.
e = Em sin (x)
10.
Both Impatt and Trapatt devices use avalanche effect
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
11.
In a directional coupler
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A.
decreases
B.
increases
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Charging current and MVAR are proportional to frequency.
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13.
Loss angle of a good quality cable is about
A.
B.
30
C.
70
D.
90
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
For ideal dielectric loss angle is zero. For good quality cables, loss angle is very small, about 1 only.
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14.
In a three cavity klystron amplifier, the oscillations are excited in
A.
input cavity
B.
output cavity
C.
intermediate cavity
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
A.
0.6
B.
- 0.6
C.
0.4
D.
- 0.4
16.
Which of the following lines is non-radiating?
A.
B.
Coaxial
C.
Both
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Since fields are confirmed within a coaxial cable it is non-radiating.
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17.
Assertion (A): The impedance of a matched load is equal to characteristic impedance of line.
Reason (R): A matched termination absorbs all the power incident on it.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Matched load means no reflections.
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18.
Skin effect is more pronounced at high frequencies.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Skin effect increases as frequency increases.
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19.
Assertion (A): The phenomenon of differential mobility is called transferred electron effect.
Reason (R): GaAs exhibits transferred electron effect.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier
velocity with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of
ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and
microwave receivers.
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20.
Which of the following devices uses a helix?
A.
Klystron amplifier
B.
Klystron oscillator
C.
TWT
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron
beam) and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF
wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of
tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3
GHz 10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad
band communication systems, communication satellites etc.
21.
Which of the following parameters is negligible in transmission lines?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Shunt conductance can be neglected in most of calculations.
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22.
The width of a radio beam from a 1 m diameter parabolic antenna at 10 GHz is about
A.
100
B.
50
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
.
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23.
The diagram to show distance time history of electrons in klystron amplifier is called
A.
B.
asynchronous diagram
C.
bunching diagram
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
A.
inductance
B.
L and C in parallel
C.
capacitance
D.
L and C in series
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A quarter wave line o.c. at far end behaves as a series tuned circuit.
26.
A line has Z0 = 300 0 . If ZL = 150 0 , reflection coefficient is
A.
0.5
B.
0.3333
C.
-0.3333
D.
-0.5
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Reflection coefficient
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27.
Assertion (A): A backward wave oscillator has an internal positive feedback.
Reason (R): A positive feedback is necessary for sustained oscillations.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Microstrip line has a single dielectric substratc with ground plane on one side and a strip on the
other face.
Its special feature is easy access to top surface so that minor adjustments can be made after circuit
fabrication.
The high dielectric constant of the substrate reduces guide wavelength and circuit dimensions.
A microstrip line is the most commomly used transmission structure for microwave integrated
circuits.
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29.
The frequency of oscillation in a backward wave oscillator can be changed by
A.
B.
C.
both by varying the beam current and by light varying the voltage which controls beam
velocity
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
A.
29.8 m
B.
2.98 m
C.
2.1 m
D.
0.21 m
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
31.
In the given figure the time taken by the wave to make one round trip is
A.
10 ns
B.
20 ns
C.
30 ns
D.
40 ns
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A.
1 F
B.
1 nF
C.
1 pF
D.
0.1 pF
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
XC should be at least ten times greater than R. Therefore for 50 resistor at 3 GHz, C should be less
than 0.1 pF.
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33.
In a travelling wave tube distributed interaction between an electron beam and a travelling wave
takes place
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
A.
photo etching
B.
C.
oxidation
D.
cladding
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Printed circuit techniques is used for micro strip line.
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35.
The condition of minimum distortion in a transmission line is
A.
RL = 1
B.
R=0
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The result is
36.
The action of backward wave oscillator is similar to that of
A.
klystron amplifier
B.
C.
TWT
D.
magnetron
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
A.
B.
-1
C.
1/3
D.
-1/3
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
.
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38.
Assertion (A): Artificial transmission lines are frequently used in laboratories.
Reason (R): An artificial transmission line can be used to represent an actual line and can also be
used as a delay circuit, as attenuator, as filter network etc.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
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40.
A line is excited by a 100 V dc source. If reflection coefficients at both ends are 1 each then
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Because
v = 1 at each end, the line voltage will not reach a steady value and oscillations will
continue indefinitely.
41.
Assertion (A): A coaxial line is a non-radiating line.
Reason (R): In a coaxial line the electric and magnetic fields are confined to the region between
the concentric conductors.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Since the fields are confined, there is no radiation.
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42.
Reflex klystron oscillator is essentially a low power device
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to
resonator cavity.
This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:
1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W
3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %
Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave
measurements in laboratories etc.
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43.
A 10 km long line has a characteristic impedance of 400 ohms. If line length is 100 km, the
characteristic impedance is
A.
4000
B.
400
C.
40
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A.
0.5 W, 0.5 W, 0 W
B.
0 W, 0 W, 1 W
C.
0.33 W each
D.
0 W, 0.25 W, 0.25 W
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Since all ports matched, input SWR = 1. No power is reflected and P in = P4 = 1 W.
This power splits between ports 1 and 2. Therefore P 1 = P2 = 0.5 , P3 = 0.
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45.
Which TM mode in rectangular waveguide has lowest cutoff frequency?
A.
TM11
B.
TM01
C.
TM10
D.
TM21
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Hz = 0
Ex = ZTM Hy
Ey = ZTM Hx
where E0 is the amplitude of the wave.
The expressions for , c, fc, g,
For TM wave the lowest cut off frequency in rectangular wave guide is for TM 11 mode.
If
, the cutoff frequency for TM11 mode is about 12% more than that for TE20mode.
46.
A resistive microwave load with ZL = 150 is connected to 50 coaxial line. SWR is
A.
more than 3
B.
less than 3
C.
equal to 3
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
47.
Which of the following devices uses a slow wave structure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
TWT
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3 GHz
10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad band
communication systems, communication satellites etc.
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48.
In a turnstile antenna two-half wave resonant wire radiators are placed at 90 to each other in the
same plane and are excited
A.
in phase
B.
in phase opposition
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Since the two wire radiators are at 90 to each other, they have to be excited 90 out of phase with
each other.
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49.
A waveguide section in a microwave circuit acts as
A.
LP filter
B.
Bandpass filter
C.
HP filter
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
It allows high frequencies.
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50.
In a klystron amplifier dc electron velocity is v0 and dc electron charge density is
current is
A.
0v0
B.
0/v0
C.
v0/0
D.
(v0/0)2
Answer: Option A
0 the dc beam
Explanation:
1.
2.
3.
1 only
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1, 2 and 3
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
All the three are correct.
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2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion
layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.
The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage
controlled attenuator.
At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that
of i layer.
This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters,
modulators etc.
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3.
The bunching action which occurs in multicavity klystron amplifier can be represented by Applegate
diagram
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
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4.
A.
guide diameter
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
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5.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to
resonator cavity.
6.
2.
3.
4.
all
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1, 2 and 3
D.
1, 2 and 4
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity
with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave
receivers.
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
It exhibits negative resistance and operates on the principle of avalanche breakdown. Impatt diode
circuits are classified as broadly tunable circuit, low Q circuit and high Q circuit.
The impedance of Impatt diode is a few ohms. The word Impatt stands for Impact Avalanche Transit
Time diode.
The features of Impatt diode oscillator are : Frequency 1 to 300 GHz, Power output (0.5 W to 5 W
for single diode circuit and upto 40 W for combination of several diodes), efficiency about 20%.
Its applications include police radar systems, low power microwave transmitter etc.
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7.
2.
3.
transformer
1, 2 and 3
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1 and 3 only
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
All the three can be used for impedance matching in high frequency circuits.
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8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
9.
A.
B.
Reflection coefficient is
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
v is negative.
10. Assertion (A): A backward wave oscillator can be used as a sweep generator.
Reason (R): The frequency of oscillation of a backward wave oscillator can be changed by varying
the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
6.
2.
3.
4.
all
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1, 2 and 3
D.
1, 2 and 4
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity
with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave
receivers.
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
It exhibits negative resistance and operates on the principle of avalanche breakdown. Impatt diode
circuits are classified as broadly tunable circuit, low Q circuit and high Q circuit.
The impedance of Impatt diode is a few ohms. The word Impatt stands for Impact Avalanche Transit
Time diode.
The features of Impatt diode oscillator are : Frequency 1 to 300 GHz, Power output (0.5 W to 5 W
for single diode circuit and upto 40 W for combination of several diodes), efficiency about 20%.
Its applications include police radar systems, low power microwave transmitter etc.
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7.
2.
3.
transformer
1, 2 and 3
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1 and 3 only
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
All the three can be used for impedance matching in high frequency circuits.
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8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
9.
A.
B.
Reflection coefficient is
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
v is negative.
10. Assertion (A): A backward wave oscillator can be used as a sweep generator.
Reason (R): The frequency of oscillation of a backward wave oscillator can be changed by varying
the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
= .
12. If f is the frequency of electromagnetic wave, fc is cutoff frequency, then in a rectangular waveguide
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Wavelength should be less than cutoff wavelengths.
Therefore frequency should be higher than cutoff frequency for minimum attenuation.
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13. Assertion (A): The condition of minimum distortion in a transmission line is L = RC/G.
Reason (R): Line loading means addition of inductance to satisfy the condition L = RC/G.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Oscillator circuits using vacuum tubes (triodes, pentodes) have the following limitations at very high
frequencies (microwave region).
The stray capacitances and inductances become important and affect the operation of the circuit.
At low frequencies the transit time between cathode and anode is a small fraction of period of
oscillation.
However, at microwave frequencies this transit time becomes comparable to time period of
oscillations.
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14. A magnetron has a cylindrical cathode surrounded by an anode structure having cavities opening
into interaction space by means of slots
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Cathode is the first part and anode is the last.
16. A transmission line has Z0 = 300 and ZL = (300 - j300) ohm. The transmission coefficient is
A.
1.265 - 18.43
B.
1.01 - 10
C.
1.14 66.68
D.
1.09 66.68
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Transmission coefficient
= 1.265 - 18.43.
A.
B.
C.
negative potential
D.
zero potential
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to
resonator cavity.
This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:
1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W
3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %
Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave
measurements in laboratories etc.
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A.
an inductance
B.
C.
a capacitance
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A quarter wave line short-circuited at far end behaves as a parallel tuned circuit.
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19. A (75 - J50) ohm load is connected to a coaxial of Z0 = 75 ohm at 10 GHz. The best method of
matching is to connect
A.
an inductance at load
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A short-circuited stub is a suitable method of matching.
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20. The width of a radio beam from a 1 m diameter parabolic antenna at 1 GHz is about
A.
100
B.
50
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
21. Which one of the following is transferred locking electron device C antenna?
A.
BARITT diode
B.
IMPATT diode
C.
Gunn diode
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity
with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave
receivers.
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22. A magnetron requires an external magnetic field with flux lines parallel to axis of cathode
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
23. When a line short circuited at far end, the minimum voltage occurs at
A.
far end
B.
source end
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
When a line is short-circuited at far end, the voltage at far end is zero.
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24. In a TWT the axial component of electric field advances along the tube
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of tube.
25. If other parameter are constant, transmission loss at 5 GHz as compared to that at 0.5 GHz is
A.
20 dB more
B.
20 dB less
C.
700 dB more
D.
100 dB less
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
As frequency increases, transmission loss increases slightly.
A.
B.
C.
cutoff frequency for TE10 mode = twice the cutoff frequency for TE20 mode
D.
cutoff frequency for TE10 mode = haf the cutoff frequency for TE20 mode
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
When a circular waveguide is rotated by 90, the configuration remain the same.
27. In the given figure the reflected voltage wave after first reflection is
A.
18 V
B.
-18 V
C.
30 V
D.
-30 V
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Since a half wavelength line has an input impedance equal to load impedance, the impedance
29. The magnitudes of OC and SC input impedances of a transmission line an 100 and 25 . The
characteristic impedance is
A.
25
B.
50
C.
75
D.
100
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A.
SWR = 0
B.
SWE = 0
C.
SWR is finite
D.
SWR =
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
= finite number.
31. Which of the following terminations makes the input impedance of a line equal to characteristic
impedance Z0?
A.
B.
line terminated in Z0
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
If ZL is load impedance and Z0 is characteristic impedance.
Input impedance =
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Mode filter suppress modes with lower cutoff frequencies.
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33. For the strip line in the given figure the capacitance per unit length =
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
frads/unit length.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Since field is a phasor quantity we have to take phasor sum.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
High speed means time period is small. Therefore pulses should also have small width
A.
slotted line
B.
balun
C.
directional coupler
D.
/4 transformer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A balun gives 4 : 1 impedance transformation.
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37. Assertion (A): A quarter wave transformer is used to match a resistive load to a transmission line.
Reason (R): A quarter wave transformer is a transmission line of quarter wave length.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A line of length
is called quarter wavelength line. Such a line is used for impedance matching.
If
A quarter wave line can match a source impedance Zin with load impedance ZL by selecting a proper
value of Z0 so as to satisfy equation.
transformer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Turn ratio is so selected as to give low SWR at both ports.
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40. Assertion (A): The velocity factor of a line is the ratio of wave velocity on the line to speed of light.
Reason (R): If the conductors of a line are immersed in a non magnetic insulating liquid, the wave
velocity increases.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
R is wrong because wave velocity decreases.
41. In mode filter of the given figure which of the following modes is unaffected
A.
TE01
B.
TE10
C.
TE11
D.
all TM
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
TE01 mode is unaffected because its horizontally oriented electric field is every where perpendicular
to the conducting strips.
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A.
proportional to wavelength
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Same antenna is used for transmission and reception.
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A.
TR tubes
B.
ATR tube
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A branched duplexer funds use in narrow bandwidth applications.
TR tube stands for transmit-receive tube and ATR tube stands for antitransmit receive tube.
Both these tubes are used in branched duplexer.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
46. A coaxial line has L = 500 nH/m and C = 50 pF/m. The characteristic impedance is
A.
500
B.
250
C.
100
D.
50
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
.
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A.
low noise
B.
C.
broad bandwidth
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Since reactance does not contribute thermal noise to the circuit, it is a low noise device.
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48. Assertion (A): PIN diode is commonly used for microwave control.
Reason (R): A PIN diode uses heavily doped p and n materials.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion
layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.
The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage
controlled attenuator.
At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that
of i layer.
This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters,
modulators etc.
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49. In a vacuum tube, the transit time of electron between cathode and anode is important at
A.
low frequencies
B.
high frequencies
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
At high frequencies transit time is large as compared to the period of microwave signal.
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50.
Assertion (A): A line of length
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A parallel tuned circuit has an infinite impedance if R is zero.
1.
A cavity resonator is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Hollow metallic enclosures exhibit resonance behaviour when excited by electromagnetic field.
These enclosures are called cavity resonators.
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2.
If antenna diameter is increased four times, the maximum range is increased by a factor of
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.2
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Range of radar is proportional to antenna diameter.
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3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity
with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave
receivers.
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4.
A.
at microwave frequencies
B.
at low frequencies
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Atomic and molecular distances are very small. Therefore resonance can occur only at microwave
frequencies.
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5.
A.
attenuator
B.
C.
D.
phase shifter
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Z01 provides series inductances and teflon filled low impedance line Z02 provides shunt capacitance.
6.
The semiconductor diode which can be used in switching circuit in microwave range is
A.
PIN diode
B.
Varactor diode
C.
Tunnel diode
D.
Gunn diode
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion
layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.
The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage
controlled attenuator.
At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that
of i layer.
This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters,
modulators etc.
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7.
In the given figure the reflected current wave after first reflection is
A.
0.18 A
B.
-0.18 A
C.
0.3 A
D.
-0.3 A
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
8.
A.
4.7 dB/m
B.
0.47 dB/m
C.
0.54 dB/m
D.
5.4 dB/m
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
0.054 x 8.68 = 0.47 dB/m.
9.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The quantities required to be measured in microwave circuits are frequency, power and impedance.
Microwave frequency measurement is done by slotted line, resonant cavities and transfer oscillator.
Microwave power measurement uses bolometers and micromave power meters.
A self balancing bridge working on the principle of power substitution is commomly used.
Microwave impedance measurement is done by measurement of reflection coefficient and VSWR.
A slotted line and probe is a basic tool for these measurements.' Network analyser enables rapid
impedance measurement over a broad frequency range.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to
resonator cavity.
11. A coaxial RF cable has a characteristic impedance of 50 and C equal to 40 pF/m. The
inductance is
A.
1 H/m
B.
10 H/m
C.
0.1 H/m
D.
0.01 H/m
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
.
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12. In a microwave coaxial line, the maximum operating frequency is f max and breakdown strength
of dielectric is Ed' Then maximum power handling capacity is proportional to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Power handling capacity (voltage)2 and is inversely proportional to f2 max.
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A.
slotted line
B.
balun
C.
directional coupler
D.
/4 transformer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A balun gives 4 : 1 impedance transformation.
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14. In a multicavity klystron amplifier the signal to be amplified develops an ac voltage of signal
frequency across the gap in buncher cavity
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the
A.
short circuit
B.
complex impedance
C.
open circuit
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
and
or ZL = , i.e., line is o.c or s.c.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
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17. The number of TV channels which can be accommodated in a spectrum of 300 MHz is about
A.
B.
10
C.
50
D.
200
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A TV channel has a bandwidth about 5 MHz. Hence 300 MHz spectrum can accommodate about 50
channels.
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A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
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19. Assertion (A): The velocity of electromagnetic waves on overhead lines and coaxial cables is the
same.
Reason (R): Free space has an intrinsic impedance of 377 ohms.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Velocity of em waves on caoxial cables is less than that on overhead lines.
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A.
The radial lines are E lines and circular lines are H lines
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
H lines are concentric circles around conductor and E lines are radial.
21. Roughly the time required for microwave cooking as compared to conventional cooking is
A.
about twice
B.
about half
C.
about 10 times
D.
about one-tenth
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Time required for microwave cooking is much less than the time required for conventional cooking.
22. If the minimum range of a radar is to be doubled, the peak power has to be increased by a factor of
A.
B.
C.
D.
16
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Range = (power)025.
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23. Which mode has the lowest cut off frequency in circular wave guides?
A.
TE01
B.
TE11
C.
TE20
D.
TE21
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
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24. Assertion (A): Klystron amplifiers use one or more intermediate cavities in addition to buncher and
catcher cavity.
Reason (R): When one or more intermediate cavities are used the bandwidth can be increased.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
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A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
It is a forward wave because as t increases, x increases.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam back to
resonator cavity.
This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:
1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W
3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %
Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for microwave
measurements in laboratories etc.
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TV tuning
2.
Active filter
3.
1 2 and 3
B.
l and 2 only
C.
1 and 3 only
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Varactor diode is used in all the three applications.
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2.
3.
Both dissipative and reflective attenuators are available only with fixed attenuation.
4.
Both dissipative and reflective attenuators are available with either fixed or variable
attenuation.
1 only
B.
1 and 2
C.
1, 2 and 3
D.
4 only
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Both dissipative and reflective attenuators are available with either fixed or variable attenuation.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Impedance inversion occurs when load impedance is not matched with characteristic impedance of
line.
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A.
more than 30 dB
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
A.
True
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a line terminated by Z0, there are no reflections.
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B.
False
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Gunn diode uses GaAs which has a negative differential mobility, i.e., a decrease in carrier velocity
with increase in electric field.
This effects is called transferred electron effect. The impedance of a Gunn diode is tens of ohms.
A Gunn diode oscillator has a resonant cavity, an arrangement to couple Gunn diode to cavity,
biasing arrangement for Gunn diode and arrangement to couple RF power to load.
Applications of Gunn diode oscillator include continuous wave radar, pulsed radar and microwave
receivers.
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2.
3.
1, 2, and only
B.
1, 2 and 3 only
C.
1 and 3 only
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
A multicavity klystron is used in UHF TV transmitters, Radar transmitter and satellite communication.
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34. Assertion (A): For high frequency lines inductive reactance is very high as compared to ac
resistance.
Reason (R): Due to skin effect ac resistance of line is higher than dc resistance.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
XL = L. As frequency increases line resistance increases slightly but XL increases directly as per
frequency.
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1.
Switch
2.
Attenuator
3.
Phase shifter
4.
Oscillator
1 2 3 and 4
B.
1 2 and 3 only
C.
1 and 2 only
D.
2, 3 and 4 only
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
PIN diode is not used in oscillators.
A.
Gunn diode
B.
Tunnel diode
C.
Impatt diode
D.
Varactor diode
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Gunn diode, Tunnel diode and Impatt diodes are negative resistance devices.
The limitation of solid state devices at high frequencies include those associated with transit time
and junction capacitances.
The devices used are : Transferred electron oscillators (Gunn diode), Avalanche diode oscillators
(Impatt diode, Trapatt diode, Masters, Lasers, Tunnel diode, Varactor etc).
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Earth's curvature limits the distance between microwave links.
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38. For matching over a range of frequencies in a transmission line it is best to use
A.
a balun
B.
C.
double stub
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Double stub is useful for matching over a range of frequencies.
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39. Assertion (A): In the interaction region of magnetron an electron is subjected to three forces: force
due to electric field, force due to magnetic field and centrifugal force.
Reason (R): The mechanism of generation of microwaves, in a magnetron, involves interaction of
electromagnetic fields with electrons moving in static electric and magnetic fields oriented at right
angles to each other.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It is somewhat similar to TWT and can deliver microwave power over a wide frequency band.
It has an electron gun and a helix structure. However the interaction between electron beam and RF
wave is different than in TWT.
The growing RF wave travels in opposite direction to the electron beam.
The frequency of wave can be changed by changing the voltage which controls the beam velocity.
Moreover the amplitude of oscillations can be decreased continuously to zero by changing the beam
current.
It features are:
1. Frequency range - 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.
2. Power output - 10 mV to 150 mW (continuous wave) 250kW (pulsed).
It is used as signal source in transmitters and instruments.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Coplanar arms are decoupled.
A.
TE wave
B.
TM waves
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In TM mode Hz = 0.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Hollow metallic enclosures exhibit resonance behaviour when excited by electromagnetic field.
These enclosures are called cavity resonators.
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2.
It uses an attenuater.
3.
4.
1, 2, 3 and 4
B.
1, 2 and 3
C.
1, 3 and 4
D.
1, 2 and 4
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron
beam) and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF
wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of
tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3
GHz 10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad
band communication systems, communication satellites etc.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
B.
False
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
If line is s.c |v| = 1 and VSWR = .
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A.
True
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
It uses a single cavity resonator for generating microwave oscillations.
Its parts are electron gun, resonator, repeller and output coupling.
It operates on the principle of positive feed back.
The repeller electrode is at negative potential and sends the partially bunched electron beam
back to resonator cavity.
This positive feedback supports oscillations. Its feature are:
1. Frequency range - 2 to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 MW to about 2 W
3. Efficiency - 10 - 20 %
Its applications include radar receivers, local oscillator in microwave devices, oscillator for
microwave measurements in laboratories etc.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A PIN diode has an intrinsic (i) layer between p and n layers. When reverse bias is applied depletion
layers are formed at p-i and i-n junctions.
The effective/width of depletion layer increases by the width of i layer. It can be used as a voltage
controlled attenuator.
At high frequencies the rectification effect ceases and impedance of diode is effectively that
of i layer.
This impedance varies with the applied bias. It is used in high frequency switching circuits, limiters,
modulators etc.
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47. A pulsed radar produces 1 sec pulses at a rate of 1000 per second. The duty cycle is
A.
0.001
B.
0.01
C.
0.1
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
1 x 10-6 x 1000 = 0.001.
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48. Assertion (A): Impedance measurement at microwave frequencies is done by finding SWR.
Reason (R): SWR and reflection coefficient depend on the characteristic impedance and load
impedance.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A.
(R + jL)(G + jC)
B.
C.
D.
LC
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
or
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
A Klystron is a vacuum tube used for generation/amplification of microwaves.
An electron beam is produced by oxide coated indirectly heated cathode and is focussed and
accelerated by focussing electrode.
This beam is transmitted through a glass tube. The input cavity where the beam enters the glass
tube is called buncher.
As electrons move ahead they see an accelerating field for half cycle and retarding field for the other
half cycle.
Therefore, some electrons are accelerated and some are retarded. This process is called velocity
modulation.
The velocity modulation causes bunching of electrons. This bunching effect converts velocity
modulation into density modulation of beam.
The input is fed at buncher cavity and output is taken at catcher cavity.
In a two cavity klystron only buncher and catcher cavity are used. In multi cavity klystron one or
more intermediate cavities are also used.
The features of a multicavity klystron are :
1. Frequency range - 0.25 GHz to 100 GHz
2. Power output - 10 kW to several hundred kW
3. Power gain - 60 dB (nominal value)
4. Efficiency - about 40%.
1.
A.
TE01
B.
TE02
C.
TE10
D.
TM11
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The action of varactor diode is due to the capacitance of depletion layer. The thickness of depletion
layer depends on the reverse bias which should not cause breakdown.
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3.
To ensure that only dominant mode TE10 is allowed to propagate in an air filled rectangular
waveguide, the lower frequency limit and upper frequency limit are
A.
about 25% above fc for TE10 and 5% below fc for TE20 mode respectively
B.
about 50% above fc for TE10 and 25% below fc for TE20 mode respectively
C.
about 25% above fc for TE10 and 25% below fc for TE20 mode respectively
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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4.
A.
B.
12
C.
0.707
D.
0.5
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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5.
The transit time (in cycles) for electrons in repeller space of reflex klystron oscillator for sustaining
oscillations is (n is any integer)
A.
2(n - 1)
B.
2n - 1
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
6.
In a TWT the amplitude of resultant wave travelling down the helix remains constant
A.
True
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
B.
False
7.
A.
0.45 A
B.
0.3 A
C.
0.2 A
D.
0.1 A
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
8.
In an infinite line the input impedance at every point is equal to characteristic impedance.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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9.
1.
2.
Transit time.
3.
Which of the above are used in connection width transferred electron device?
A.
1, 2, and 3
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
1 and 3 only
D.
2 and 3 only
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
11. The two terms used to describe performance of a directional coupler are
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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12. The number of PM radio channels which can be accommodated in a spectrum of 300 MHz is about
A.
10
B.
100
C.
500
D.
1500
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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2.
3.
Both Gunn diode and GaAs Mesfet can be used in logic circuits.
1, 2, and 3
B.
1 and 2 only
C.
2 and 3 only
D.
1 and 3 only
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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14. In the given figure shows the equivalent circuit of a magic tee. If all ports are matched
A.
nE = nH = 2
B.
nE = nH = 0.707
C.
nE = 2, nH = 0.707
D.
nH = 0.707, nH = 2
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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15. Assertion (A): Microstrip is very commonly used in microwave integrated circuits.
Reason (R): Microstrip has an easy access to the top-surface so that active and passive discrete
components can be easily mounted.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A Microstrip line has a single dielectric substratc with ground plane on one side and a strip on the
other face.
Its special feature is easy access to top surface so that minor adjustments can be made after circuit
fabrication.
The high dielectric constant of the substrate reduces guide wavelength and circuit dimensions.
A microstrip line is the most commomly used transmission structure for microwave integrated
circuits.
16. A 75 ohm line is first short terminated and minima locations are noted. Then the short is replaced by
resistive load and minima location are again noted. If minima location are not altered and VSWR is
3, the value of resistive load is
A.
25
B.
50
C.
225
D.
250
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
and VSWR
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
90 V
B.
60 V
C.
30 V
D.
10 V
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
B.
(PRF)/(pulse width)
C.
(pulse width)/(PRF)
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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22. A TE10 rectangular waveguide is to be designed for operation over 25-35 GHz and the band centre is
1.5 times the cutoff frequency. The dimension of broadside is
A.
15 mm
B.
10 mm
C.
9 mm
D.
7.5 mm
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
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A.
Z0 = ZL (VSWR)
B.
ZL = Z0 (VSWR)
C.
ZL = Z0 (VSWR - 1)
D.
ZL = Z0 VSWR
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
and VSWR
. Therefore ZL = Z0(VSWR).
25. The inductance of a twin feeder used to connect antenna to TV receiver is about
A.
0.2 H/m
B.
0.6 H/m
C.
1.6 H/m
D.
10 H/m
Answer: Option C
A.
B.
n resonant frequencies
C.
D.
resonant frequencies
either (b) or (c)
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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27. For a rectangular waveguide having width a and height b, the cutoff wavelength for TM11mode is
equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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28. The path length between ports 1 and 2 for the two waves in a hybrid ring is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The quantities required to be measured in microwave circuits are frequency, power and impedance.
Microwave frequency measurement is done by slotted line, resonant cavities and transfer oscillator.
Microwave power measurement uses bolometers and microwave power meters.
A self balancing bridge working on the principle of power substitution is commonly used.
Microwave impedance measurement is done by measurement of reflection coefficient and VSWR.
A slotted line and probe is a basic tool for these measurements.' Network analyser enables rapid
impedance measurement over a broad frequency range.
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29. The radiation resistance of a circular loop of one turn is 0.01 ohm. For 5 turn loop the radiation
resistance is
A.
0.002
B.
0.01
C.
0.05
D.
0.25
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
decreases
B.
increases
C.
is not affected
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
31. Which of the following modes of transmission will not be supported by a rectangular waveguide?
A.
TE15
B.
TE12
C.
TM11
D.
TM10
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
TM01
B.
TE01
C.
TM11
D.
TE11
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
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33. If 'a' is the width of rectangular wave guide and '' is the wave length, then
A.
B.
C.
D.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
In a parametric amplifier the non-linear element is varactor diode or inductor.
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35. Assertion (A): Impatt diode can be used in both amplifiers and oscillators.
Reason (R): Impatt diode has a low resistance.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
36. Which one of the following can be used for amplification of microwave energy?
A.
TWT
B.
Magnetron
C.
Reflex klystron
D.
Gunn diode
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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37. If ZTE is wave impedance for TE waves, Ed is maximum dielectric strength of insulating
material, a and b are the width and height of a rectangular wave guide, the maximum power
handling capability Pmax for TE10 mode is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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38. At frequencies of 10 MHz and higher the impedance represented by ground is primarity
A.
resistive
B.
inductive
C.
capacitive
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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39. A disadvantage of microstrip line as the connections of compared to strip line is that former
A.
B.
C.
are bulky
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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A.
decreases
B.
increases
C.
is not affected
D.
Answer: Option B
41. A circular polarizer converts a linearly polarized wave into a circularly polarised wave.
A.
True
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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42. If D is diameter of circular waveguide the cutoff wave-length for TE 11 mode is equal to
A.
1.706 D
B.
2.11 D
C.
0.82 D
D.
0.41 D
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Some applications require dual polarization capability. Circular waveguide has this capability.
These analysis uses cylindrical coordinates.
In circular waveguide TE11 mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is the dominant mode.
If D is diameter of waveguide
c = 1.706 D for TE11 mode
c = 1.029 D for TE21 mode
c = 0.82 D for TE01 mode
c = 1.306 D for TM01 mode.
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43. The external magnetic field in a magnetron is such that lines are
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The operation of magnetron is based on interaction of electromagnetic fields with electrons moving
in static electric and magnetic fields oriented at 90 with respect to each other.
In a magnetron three forces act on electron viz. force due to electric field (equal to - eE), force due
to magnetic field [equal to - e (v x B)] and centrifugal force (equal to mv2/r).
The path of the electron can be found by balancing these three forces. Magnetron can be of three
types i.e., negative resistance device, cyclotron frequency device and travelling wave or cavity
device.
In negative resistance magnetron use is made of the negative resistance between two anode
segments.
It has low efficiency and is used at frequencies less than 0.5 GHz.
In cyclotron magnetron a synchronism exists between ac component of electric field and periodic
oscillation of electrons in a direction parallel to the field.
It is used for frequencies higher than 100 MHz.
A cavity magnetron has a number of cylindrical cavities in the interaction region.
The cavity magnetron is the most common type of magnetron. Its features are :
1. Frequency range - 500 MHz to 10 GHz
2. Power output - 250 kW (pulses)
3. Efficiency - about 50%
It is used in radar systems, industrial heating systems and microwave ovens.
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A.
silicon
B.
GaAs
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
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45. A circular waveguide carries TE11 mode whole radial electric field is given by
Er = E0j1(r) sin V/m
where r is radial distance in cm from the axis
The cut off wavelength is
A.
10 cm
B.
cm
C.
cm
D.
8 cm
Answer: Option A
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
An Impatt diode has n+ - p - i - p
47. A radar has a maximum range of 120 km. The maximum allowable pulse repetition frequency for
unambiguous reception is
A.
1250
B.
330
C.
2500
D.
8330
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.
A.
power transmission is least efficient when there are no standing waves on the line
B.
power transmission is most efficient when there are no standing waves on line
C.
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
If standing waves are not there, whole of the power is absorbed by load.
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49. In the given figure a short circuited transmission line resonator If n = 1, 2, 3...
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a klystron the resonant structure limits the bandwidth.
A TWT is a broadband device. Its main components are electron gun (to produce the electron beam)
and a structure supporting the slow electromagnetic wave.
The velocity of wave propagation along the helix structure is less than velocity of light.
The beam and wave travel along the structure at the same speed.
Thus interaction occurs between beam and wave and the beam delivers energy to the RF wave.
Therefore the signal gets strengthened and amplified output is delivered at the other end of tube.
The main features of TWT are :
1. Frequency range - 0.5 GHz to 90 GHz
2. Power output - 5 mW at low frequencies(less than 20 GHz) 250 kW (continuous wave) at 3 GHz
10 MW (pulsed) at 3 GHz
3. Efficiency - about 5 to 20%
4. Noise - about 5 dB for low power TWT 25 dB for high power TWT
TWT is used as RF amplifier in broadband microwave receivers, repeater amplifier in broad band
communication systems, communication satellites etc