AML710 CAD

LECTURE 3

Background Material

Revision of Vector Algebra

Revision of Matrix Algebra
Graphics Standards
Coordinate Systems

Points and Vectors

v = a b;

a, b E , v R
3

v = (a + w) (b + w); where w is an arbitrary vector

b
a

v
w

w
b
a

A vertex or point denotes location

Whereas a vector has length (magnitude) and
direction

Barycentric Conditions

a+b+c 1
g=
= 3 a + 13 b + 13 c
3

v = (a + w) (b + w); where w is an arbitrary vector

c

g
a

For vectors both addition and subtraction are defined

Whereas for vertices (points) it results in convex
combination
This leads to the definition of convex hull of point sets

Revision of Matrix Algebra

Consider the following 2 x 2 matrices

A = arc = r1
r2

c1

c2

a11
a21

a12 =
a21
a22

Matrix Addition

a11

a11 + b11
A+ B =
a21 + b21

a12
a22

; B = brc =

a12 + b12
a22 + b22

b11

b12

b21 b22

Matrix Operations
Multiplication by a scalar quantity

kA =

ka11

ka12

ka21 ka22

Matrix multiplication

a11
C = AB =
a21

a12 b11 b12

a11b11 + a12b21
=
a22 b21 b22
a21b11 + a22b21

a11b12 + a12b22
a21b12 + a22b22

Defined for matrices of r x c, c x r dimensions

This operation is comparable to vector dot product

Matrix Operations
Transpose of a matrix Reflection along leading diagonal

A=
Identity matrix

a11

a12

a21

a22

A =

a11

a21

a12

a22

1 0
I=
0 1
AA1 = A1 A = I

Every matrix has a transpose. If At=A-1, such a matrix is

called orthonormal

Graphics Standard
Common Graphics System
Application Data
Structure model

Application
Program

Graphics
System

Graphics Kernel
System
Graphics System with
standard

Device
Driver

I/p o/p
device

Graphics Standards
GKS an ISO and ANSI standard. Device independent host
system independent and application independent
PHIGS Programmers Hierarchical interactive
Graphics System
VDM Virtual Device Metafile. Defines the function to
represent a picture.
VDI Virtual Device Interface. Lies between GKS and
PHIGS
IGES initial graphics exchange specification. It is an
ANSI standard
NAPLPS North American Presentation Level Protocol
Syntax

Coordinate Systems
Three types of coordinate systems are generally used in
CAD/CAM operations
Model Coordinate System (MCS)
or Database CS/ World CS
Working Coordinate System (WCS)
Screen Coordinate System (SCS)
or Device CS

Model Coordinate System

It is the reference space of the model with respect to which
all the model geometrical data is stored. It is a Cartesian
system with its X, Y, Z aligned with the characteristics
dimension of the model under consideration. The choice of
origin is arbitrary.
Y

H
Z

P
B

X
D

Working Coordinate System

This is basically an auxiliary coordinate system used in
place of MCS. For convenience while we develop the
geometry by data input this kind of coordinate system is
useful. It is very useful when a plane (face) in MCS is not
aligned along any orthogonal planes. It is a user defined
system that facilitates the geometrical construction.
Y

Z
H

P
B

While user inputs data in WCS the software transforms it to

MCS

Screen Coordinate System

In contrast to MCS and WCS, Screen Coordinate System
is a two-dimensional device-independent system whose
origin is usually located at the lower left corner of the
display screen.
The SCS is important for display, screen input and
digitizing tasks.
Y

For Raster Graphics, the pixel grid serves as the range

of SCS. For a 1024x1280, the range is (0,0) to
(1024,1280)

Digital Image
We know that the SCS is important for display, screen
input and digitizing tasks.
A digital image or image on the screen is represented
using pixels.
The size of representation depends on the size of the
image, the horizontal and the vertical resolution of the
screen which are usually indicated as so many pixels
per unit length. E.g. dots per inch, pixels per inch etc.