Classification and Certification

of Offshore LNG Terminals

November 2005
Guidance Note
NI 518 DT R00 E

17 bis, Place des Reflets La Dfense 2 92400 Courbevoie

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Tel. 33 (0) 1 42 91 52 91 Fax. 33 (0) 1 42 91 53 20
Email : veristarinfo@bureauveritas.com
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MARINE DIVISION
GENERAL CONDITIONS

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NI 518 DT R00 E

CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION

OF
OFFSHORE LNG TERMINALS

November 2005

NI 518

Bureau Veritas

November 2005

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CONTENT
1

GENERALITIES....................................................................................................................................7
1.1

SCOPE...........................................................................................................................................7

1.2

GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................7

1.3

DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................8

1.4

CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION APPROACH...............................................................8

1.5

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS ...................................................................9

1.6

NOTATIONS ..................................................................................................................................9

1.7

DOCUMENT TO BE SUBMITTED ..............................................................................................10

1.8

LAYOUT AND CONCEPTS .........................................................................................................10

1.9

OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS PARTICULARS..........................................................................12

IMPACT AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................14

2.1

GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................14

2.2

SCOPE.........................................................................................................................................14

2.3

DEFINITIONS ..............................................................................................................................14

2.4

HAZARD AND RISK ANALYSIS .................................................................................................15

2.5

OUTCOMES TO THE RISK ANALYSIS......................................................................................15

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- LOADINGS ...........................................................................17

3.1

GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................17

3.2

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ...........................................................................................................17

3.3

DESIGN LOADS ..........................................................................................................................18

STABILITY AND SUBDIVISION ........................................................................................................21

4.1

GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................21

4.2

STABILITY CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................................22

4.3

STABILITY CRITERIA .................................................................................................................23

4.4

WATERTIGHTNESS AND WEATHERTIGHTNESS ...................................................................27

MAIN STRUCTURE OF THE TERMINAL ..........................................................................................33

5.1

GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................33

5.2

DESIGN APPROACH ..................................................................................................................34

5.3

DESIGN REVIEW BY THE SOCIETY .........................................................................................35

PROCESS, TRANSFER AND STORAGE SYSTEMS .......................................................................40

6.1

INLET AND GAS TREATING FACILITIES ..................................................................................40

6.2

LIQUEFACTION UNIT .................................................................................................................40

6.3

LNG STORAGE TANKS ..............................................................................................................41

6.4

PIPING SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................................46

6.5

LOADING/OFFLOADING SYSTEMS ..........................................................................................47

6.6

PUMPS, COMPRESSORS AND VALVES ..................................................................................48

6.7

VAPORIZATION UNITS (RE-GASIFICATION) ...........................................................................49

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6.8

BOIL-OFF RECOVERY SYSTEM............................................................................................... 50

6.9

MODULARIZATION CONCEPTS ............................................................................................... 51

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT .............................................................................................................. 52

7.1

GENERAL ................................................................................................................................... 52

7.2

HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS AND TYPES OF EQUIPMENT ...................................................... 54

7.3

PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION.................................................................................................... 59

UTILITIES........................................................................................................................................... 60
8.1

NITROGEN SUPPLY .................................................................................................................. 60

8.2

COMPRESSED AIR CIRCUITS.................................................................................................. 60

8.3

WASTE TREATMENTS .............................................................................................................. 60

8.4

LIVING AND TECHNICAL QUARTERS ..................................................................................... 60

8.5

ESCAPE ROUTE & LIFESAVING .............................................................................................. 60

8.6

SECURITY .................................................................................................................................. 60

FIRE PROTECTION........................................................................................................................... 61
9.1

GENERALITIES .......................................................................................................................... 61

9.2

PASSIVE PROTECTION ............................................................................................................ 61

9.3

FIRE DETECTION AND LIQUEFIED GAS RECOVERY SYSTEM............................................ 62

9.4

FIRE PROTECTION.................................................................................................................... 62

9.5

INSTRUMENTATION.................................................................................................................. 63

9.6

PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL ............................................................................................... 63

10 SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 64

10.1

SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................ 64

10.2

EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS ......................................................................................................... 64

10.3

MONITORING / control SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 69

11 CONSTRUCTION SURVEY & COMMISSIONING ............................................................................ 72

11.1

GENERAL ................................................................................................................................... 72

11.2

REVIEW OF FABRICATION DOCUMENTS FOR STRUCTURES ............................................ 72

11.3

SURVEY OF FABRICATION OF STRUCTURES AND SUB-ASSEMBLIES ............................. 73

11.4

SURVEY OF EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS INSTALLATION and TESTING ................................. 74

11.5

MANUFACTURING RECORDS BOOK REVIEW ....................................................................... 75

11.6

COMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES.................................................................................................. 75

12 APPENDIX 1:

RULES & STANDARDS ....................................................................................... 77

12.1

BASIC RULES............................................................................................................................. 77

12.2

OTHER RELEVANT CODES, STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ................. 78

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Foreword
The present guidance note is summarizing a set of recommendations and guidelines applicable to the
classification and/or certification of Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals.
It has been built based on some specific documents such as: Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification
of Offshore Units (NR 445); Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships,
API
Recommended Practice 2A WSD - for the Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore
Platforms Working Stress Design, IMO IGC code (including 1994, 1996 and 2000 amendments), and
NFPA 59A, the National Fire Protection Association Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling
of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG).
It is to be considered as an initial document to be used during the construction of such terminals. It
summarizes the experience and technical background existing, on one hand, for up-stream activities,
regarding the construction of onshore LNG terminals, for either the liquefaction of the natural gas, its
storage and offloading onto shuttle carriers, or for down-stream terminals, covering the activities of
offloading the LNG from shuttle vessels to the re-gasification LNG near shore terminals, before its final
use. On the other hand, it is associating the experience of the Society in the field of classification and
certification of offshore units, based on fixed or floating installations, covering the multiple purposes that
could be concerned for the oil and gas production activities.
The present guidance note is not intended to supersede the existing rules issued by the Society or by
National and International Organizations that could apply in case of the construction of offshore LNG
terminals, but it is to be used as a reference document, which points out some additional requirements
and important aspects to be considered, when dealing with the classification and/or certification of such
kind of installations.
Two distinct families of offshore LNG terminals are covered within the scope of the present guidance
note: the first one regarding the Gravity Based offshore LNG terminals (GB LNG units) and the second
one considering the Floating LNG terminals (F LNG installations). These two families, from a historical
point of view, could be identified by considering the chronological evolution of the state of the art for the
construction of LNG production units, departuring from its original achievements for the case of onshore
installations, which have been formely adapted to permit the implementation of offshore LNG fixed
installations, to converge to the concept of offshore LNG floating terminals.
Assuming the innovating approach to make possible the design and the construction of offshore LNG
units, especially those of floating type, it is recommended for such new developments, at an advanced
stage of the design, to systematically perform complementary risk analysis studies, focusing the most
sensitive components, for example, those of the containment system, the liquefaction production units,
and regarding the transfer of the cryogenic fluids.

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1
1.1

GENERALITIES

SCOPE

This Guidance Note published by the Society gives requirements and recommendations to be
considered for the classification and/or certification activities regarding the offshore LNG terminals,
including, both Gravity Based Structures (GBS) and Floating Installations (FLNG).
Four typical configurations for LNG offshore terminals, as described under [1.8.1], are covered by this
document, for steel and concrete based structures.
Requirements of the present Guidance Note are to be complied with by offshore LNG terminals to be
classed or certified by Bureau Veritas, called also in the following the Society.
The terminal has to comply with the Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units and the
relevant additional standards, that are to be adopted in the scope of each specific project.
The Class and Marks notations for LNG offshore terminals are those described under [1.6].
The classification and/or certification of LNG terminals of special type, not included in the above listed
features, will be considered by the Society on a case by case basis.
The general conditions of classification and/or certification are laid down in the Marine Division General
Conditions.
Different parts of the present guide are covering the following:
Classification, Certification and Surveys
General arrangement assessment
Safety Assessment
Global structure and Stability
Machinery and Systems
Materials and Welding
Service Notations applying to offshore LNG terminals, for both, gravity-based and floating units.

1.2

GENERAL

The present Guidance note considers offshore gas production wells located in remote areas from the
energy demanding centres, therefore, the global LNG chain will be mainly including:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Gas production (upstream) Facilities

Inlet and gas treating Facilities
Liquefaction and fractionation Facilities
LNG storage installations
LNG export terminal (including jetty and berthing)
Transport capabilities from remote areas (via LNG carriers)
LNG unloading system, including jetty and berthing
LNG storage tanks
LNG vaporisers (re-gasification unities)
In-tank and external LNG pumps
Vapour handling system
Supporting utilities, piping, valves, control systems, and safety systems required for both,
export and import terminals safe operation

Transport via a pipeline is not considered inside of this document (pipe in pipe techniques, to convoy
cryogenic liquids)
A LNG terminal covered by the present guidance note will include various items of the above list and will
correspond to one of the service notations as defined in [1.6].

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1.3

DEFINITIONS

The following general definitions are used in this document :

Society means the Bureau Veritas Classification Society with which the offshore unit is classed
or certified
Rules means Rules to comply with as specified by this Guidance note
Surveyor means technical staff acting on behalf of the Society to perform tasks in relation to
classification or certification and survey duties
Survey means an intervention by the Surveyor for assignment or maintenance of class or
certification status, or interventions by the Surveyor within the limits of the tasks delegated by the
Administrations
Administration means the Government Authority of the State whose flag the offshore unit is
entitled to fly or the State Authority under whose authority the offshore LNG terminal is operating
in the specific case
Interested Party means a party, other than the Society, having responsibility for the classification
or certification of the terminal, such as the Owners of a unit and his representatives, or the
Builder, or materials and equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers, or the Supplier of parts to be
tested
Owner means the Registered Owner or the Disponent Owner or the Manager or any other party
having the responsibility to keep the offshore unit seaworthy, having particular regard to the
provisions relating to the maintenance of class or certification status
Approval means the review by the Society of documents, procedures or other items related to
classification or certification, verifying solely their compliance with the relevant Rules
requirements, or other referential where requested. The reviewed plans and documents receive
a formal approval with or without comments.
Type approval means an approval process for verifying compliance with the Rules of a product,
a group of products or a system, and considered by the Society as representative of continuous
production
Essential service means a service necessary for an offshore unit to proceed at sea, be steered
or manoeuvred, or undertake activities connected with its operation, and for the safety of life, as
far as class or certification is concerned.

1.4

CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION APPROACH

Safety design aspects are a fundamental part of the overall design of an offshore Liquefied Natural Gas
terminal and are among the major engineering tasks to be carried out in the scope of this kind of
project.
The safety assessment of an offshore LNG terminal in accordance with this Guidance Note is to be
achieved by:
a) Enforcing the strict compliance of the LNG project to selected rules (codes, standards,
regulations ) that already proved to adequately address the relevant issues on the matter.
Reference is made to requirements, codes and recommended practices described in the present
Guidance.
b) Proposing alternative solutions deviating from the conventional rules requirements that will
achieve:
At least an equivalent level of performance required by the acceptable/prescriptive
solutions
A level of performance that is agreed by the Administration, or a recognised Authority
c) Adopting a combination of both, a) and b) approaches.

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The risk based approach is then to be considered, according to this Guidance, as an alternative or as a
complement to conventional design rules to support the adoption of deviations or modifications from
these rules requirements.
This alternative approach is authorized and encouraged as far as the class and/or the certification are/is
concerned, under reserve of the agreement of the Owner to accept any deviation from the Rules.
In case of application of statutory requirements, attention is drawn upon the necessary agreement of the
flag and/or coastal Authorities.
The use of prescriptive rules is not contradictory with the use in parallel of risk analysis methods, as they
can be complementary, and as the rules are resulting from large collection of data and analysis of past
experience.
The classification covers the verification of the compliance to the Society Rules for floating units.
The certification covers the verification of the compliance to the Society Rules and/or to relevant National
codes and recognised standards for the case of fixed units and components.
The application of any BV rules and documents referred to in this guidance note is to be made for the
applicable parts and possibly adapted to the intended use of the terminal in agreement with the Society.

1.5

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS

Fixed units and floating units, as well, operating in national waters are to comply with the Administration
rules in addition to the Society rules.
In case of disagreement between rules, the Administration rules will prevail on the Society rules, except
when the later provide a higher safety level. In this case, decision will be taken in agreement between
the Society and the Owner, on a case by case basis.

1.6

NOTATIONS

According to [1.8.1], and considering both concepts of Gravity-Based and Floating structures, the
following class notations are considered:
The terminal notation is composed by a type notation, a service notation and a material notation.
The type notations are:
GB

corresponding to Gravity-Based terminals

corresponding to Floating terminals

The service notations are:

LNG-GPE

corresponding to Global Production and Exporting terminals

LNG-PE

corresponding to Production and Exporting terminals

LNG-R

corresponding to Receiving terminals

LNG-S

corresponding to Storage terminals

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The material notations are:
Steel

the whole supporting structure is in steel

Concrete

the whole structure is in concrete

Composite

the supporting structure is partially in steel, partially in concrete

A terminal notation can be so:

GB LNG-R STEEL

1.7

DOCUMENT TO BE SUBMITTED

The documents to be submitted to the Society for classification are classed in three categories:

1.8

Plans and documents to be submitted for approval. They are to be supplemented by further
documentation which depends on the service notation and, possibly, the additional class notation
to be assigned to the terminal. Structural plans are to show details of connections of the various
parts and, in general, are to specify the materials used, including their manufacturing processes,
welded procedures and heat treatments.

Plans and documents to be submitted for appraisal. They are directly linked with the terminal
structural or operational safety, but they are not referring to compulsory requirements. The
reviewed plans and documents may be the subject of remarks from the Society which may
impact the approval of submitted plans or documents.

Plans and documents to be submitted for information: Documents not directly concerned by
classification or certification rules, but providing information necessary for the appraisal or
approval of the submitted plans and documents. They could include plans and documents such
as, for example: general arrangement, capacity plan, etc. Moreover, when direct calculation
analyses are carried out by the Designer according to the rule requirements, they are to be
submitted to the Society. These documents are not subjected to any assessment by the Society.

LAYOUT AND CONCEPTS

1.8.1 TERMINAL CONFIGURATIONS

From the global LNG chain presented here above under [1.2], the following terminal configurations are
considered:
1) Global Production and Exporting Terminal, mainly including items 1 to 5 of [1.2] of the global LNG chain:
LNG-GPE
2) Production and Exporting Terminal, mainly including items 2 to 5 of [1.2] of the global LNG chain: LNGPE
3) Receiving Terminal, mainly including items 7 to 9 of [1.2] of the global LNG chain: LNG-R
4) Storage Terminal, mainly including storage tanks and import/export terminal (jetty and berthing): LNG-S
The above listed terminal configurations are also to include relevant features listed under items 10 to 12
of [1.2] of the global LNG chain.

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Based upon terminal general arrangement, the following items could apply:
Fixed steel structures (Jacket, accommodation, bridges, etc.),
Fixed concrete structures (tanks, etc.),
Floating steel structures,
Floating concrete structures,
Facilities :
Gas processing and production, liquefaction, storage, offloading facilities.
o When the terminal receives well gas, process it and
liquefies the natural gas and condensate for storage and
offloading (configurations 1) or 2), here above)

Storage and regasification facilities

o When the terminal receives LNG from an LNG carrier
vessel, stores it, re-gasifies and discharges the gas ashore
(configuration 3), here above)

Storage and offloading facilities

o When the terminal receives, stores and offloads LNG
(configuration 4), here above).

The general layout of the installation shall be provided for approval.

It must include exact location of main process and storage components, civil works details including
dykes and impounding basins, if applicable, control rooms, utilities, pipeworks, warehouses and access
for operation maintenance and evacuation.
Hazardous areas are to be indicated together with fire pumps locations, emergency generators and gas
detectors.

1.8.2 GLOBAL STRUCTURE AND BASE MATERIALS

Two global families of LNG offshore terminals are considered:
1) Gravity Based Structures (GBS), which are fixed structures laid down on the sea bed, with suitable
station keeping foundations. These structures are in general built in pre-stressed watertight
concretes, but can also be of a steel construction type.
2) Floating Structures (FLNG), designed either in concrete or steel, and including a position mooring
system.
The Offshore LNG GBS type installations and facilities are quite similar to those used in Onshore
projects, with some specific requirements regarding the choice of pre-stressed watertight concrete
structure, the design of adequate foundation, and the berthing and loading/offloading of LNG carriers.
This type of installation is suitable to areas of shallow waters, with a stable sea bottom and with
moderate environmental conditions.
The Offshore FLNG type installations are more similar to the one considered for the LNG carriers, with
associated mooring, suitability to operate at deep water conditions, and with special care to handle LNG
transfer (loading/offloading operations of cryogenic components), which is much sensitive to relative
motions between the terminal and LNG carriers.

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1.8.3 TYPES OF LNG OFFSHORE STORAGE TANKS

1.8.3.1 GENERAL
Conceptual configurations of cryogenic products are based upon a primary containment system in direct
contact with the cryogenic liquefied gas, and a secondary containment system capable of containing
temporarily, any leakage, in a liquid or gaseous phase, from the primary containment system.
This double containment concept is adopted to reduce the risk of any cryogenic product leakage, and
then to protect structural materials, not designed to work at cryogenic temperatures, against a brittle
fracture.
Complete or a partial secondary barriers will be required, depending on the type of the storage tank,
giving origin to definitions of full and partially full containment tanks.

1.8.3.2 RECOMMENDED SYSTEMS

Basic tank types that are more suitable for LNG offshore applications are Membrane tanks with full
primary and secondary barriers and self-supporting tanks, including IGC Code Independent Type B tanks
(Moss and SPB types), and circular metal (or concrete) tanks, according to NFPA 59A and/or EN 1473,
taking into account marine specific environment conditions.
NFPA 59A is the Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), of
the National Fire Protection Association, and EN 1473 is the European standard regarding Installation
and Equipment for liquefied natural gas Design of onshore installations.

1.8.3.3 MEMBRANE TANKS

Membrane tanks are double containment systems with the primary containment (the membrane)
supported through insulation by the outer mechanical structure.
Membrane tanks are non self-supporting tanks.

1.8.3.4 INDEPENDENT TANKS

Independent tanks are self-supporting structures, constructed apart from the global mechanical structure
of the offshore terminal.
Storage tanks are also classified by considering the ability of the primary containment system to
mechanically withstand alone to all cargo conditions, without any contribution from the outer structure.
This category of storage tanks is classed under self-supporting structures.

1.9

OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS PARTICULARS

Some specific problems arise when dealing with LNG offshore terminals. They are mostly related to the
fact that past experience with onshore installations are concerning sheltered water locations, have large
areas for the implantation of production and storage installations, making easy the respect of the
minimum safety distances between critical areas, without major confinement problems encountered in
case of offshore terminal units.

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Some of these aspects to be dealt with, which remain a major hazard concern, are pointed out hereafter:

Safety management of the eventual combination of oil/condensate and LNG storage in one
single unit
Adaptation of the LNG production facilities to operate in remote offshore locations
Review of possible layout configurations to completely integrate oil/condensate production and
LNG liquefaction facilities, keeping in mind that safety requirements are to be met.
Mode of LNG carrier berthing, to be either in a side-by-side arrangement (in case of relatively
benign environmental conditions), or in a tandem mooring arrangement (in case of harsher
weather conditions)
Design of dynamic loading/offloading LNG systems, suitable for prevailing offshore metocean
conditions. To enable a safe and efficient transfer of cryogenic product in open sea conditions,
on a routine basis, loading/offloading systems have to be duly tested for the site conditions.
Structural damage and loss of stability of the offshore terminal, caused by important leakages of
LNG from the containment system, and subsequent discharge of LNG into the sea. Risk
analysis studies have to demonstrate that ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) level is
achieved.
Logistical and emergency support at site, and land based support

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2
2.1

IMPACT AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT

GENERAL

The risk based approach may be used as a complementary study to conventional design rules to
support application for deviations or modifications from these rules requirements. Hazard analysis, risk
analysis and environmental impact analysis are usually carried out under request either of local
Authorities or of the Owner of the offshore unit. It can be also motivated by the need to know the
influence of some additional risk factors, related to:

Adapting equipment design for a marine environment

Adapting process operation, in case of floating installations, for a moving environment
Fit similar equipment as used onshore into about one-half or even to one-quarter of the foot print

This alternative approach is authorized and encouraged as far as the class is concerned, under reserve
of the agreement of the Owner to accept any deviation from the Rules.
The use of prescriptive rules is not contradictory with the use in parallel of risk analysis methods, as they
can be complementary, and as the rules are resulting from large collection of data and analysis of past
experience.
In case of application of statutory requirements, attention is drawn upon the necessary agreement of the
flag and/or coastal Authorities.

2.2

SCOPE

The equipment confinement, and the choice of liquefaction technology, refrigerant types and line-up, are
to be assessed with respect to their influence on the occurrence of hazardous situations, that could lead
to eventual explosion overpressure generation.
A good understanding of the mitigation measures is required to minimize overpressures, and incident
escalation to other parts of the topsides and the storage systems. It can be at the origin of HAZID and
Concept QRA studies.
Two types of analyses are identified in case of LNG offshore installations, as follows:

2.3

Hazard and Risk analysis, when eventual harms caused on the installation and its environment
are resulting from accidental events
Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) study, when eventual harms caused on the installation
and its environment are resulting from normal operating conditions

DEFINITIONS

Some concepts and definitions concerning risk analysis techniques are hereafter recalled:
ACCIDENT: within the context of Hazard and Risk analysis, an accident is any unwanted
specific event, or more generally a chain of events, having a detrimental effect on health, safety, asset
integrity or the Environment.
HAZARD: refers to any characteristic of a system, a process or a situation which is capable of
causing an accident or contributing thereto.

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RISK: risk is a measure of a hazard, in term of the probability, or the frequency, of an accident it
can generate or to which it can contribute, and of the gravity of such an accident.

RESIDUAL RISK: is the risk that remains after a risk ranked as unacceptable had been
reduced to an acceptable level.
ALARP risk level: As Low As Reasonably Practicable acceptance criterion.

2.4

HAZARD AND RISK ANALYSIS

2.4.1 TARGET
Main drivers leading to the performance of such kind of analysis can be of quite different nature. Most
commonly encountered are:

Assess that the installation will remain for operational conditions below a specified level of risk
Assess environmental impact of the installation
Give a rational basis for Safety Management System implementation
Assess the effect of a significant change in the process or in the general installation in term of
implied possible risk increase
Assess residual risk level to be monitored via RCM or RBI
Compare effectiveness (eventually cost effectiveness) of two possible technical options during
design or following an in-service modification

The risk levels obtained by the arrangement resulting from the analysis are to be as low as reasonably
practicable (ALARP), as defined by the interested parties and agreed by the Administration.

2.4.2 APPROACH
From a methodological point of view, any risk analysis will be involving the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

2.5

Data gathering
Process description (as necessary for hazard analysis purposes)
Hazard identification
Scenarios of accidents
Frequency analysis
Consequence analysis
Acceptance criteria
Risk reduction measures
Management of residual risk

OUTCOMES TO THE RISK ANALYSIS

2.5.1 RESIDUAL RISK MANAGEMENT

At the end of the process, risk is at least theoretically under control, i.e., located under the
conventionally agreed acceptable level.
If nothing is done during normal operating life of the installation, risk level will spontaneously and
progressively increases beyond accepted limits. This is the consequence of possible faulty practices,
inappropriate management of change, uncontrolled ageing of the equipment, instability of the process
It is therefore necessary to enforce a systematic safety management system (SMS) aimed at paying due
consideration to the management of identified hazards.

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2.5.2 SAFETY RULES AND SMS

Each safety plan should be subject to a comprehensive set of rules covering the aspects of the terminal
activities, with respect to operation, maintenance and emergency conditions.
These rules must incorporate knowledge gained from engineering specification, taking into account past
experience, best practices and standards as well as applicable statutory requirements.
As far as possible they must incorporate findings from hazard/risk analysis if available.
These rules should be formalised under the form of written procedures, the content of which being
known by the concerned personnel.
These procedures are to be managed by the formal Safety Management System (SMS).
This system is to be able to:
Identify the necessity of creating a new rule
Issue this rule
Check its relevance and efficiency
Update, if necessary
Make sure that the concerned personnel is able to understand and properly apply the rule
The system is to be subject to regular updating and audit.
A commitment for progress should be agreed by corporate and the personnel.

2.5.3 CONTINGENGY & EVACUATION PLAN

A complete set of procedures on emergency response in case of an accident is to be written and made
available to the whole staff of the terminal.
Regular training should ensure emergency preparedness and reactivity of the personnel as well as
efficiency of the emergency procedure.
Co-ordination with local Safety Authorities should be clearly defined and regularly tested if required.

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3
3.1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- LOADINGS

GENERAL

It is the responsibility of the Party applying for the classification to specify the data on which the structural
design of the unit is based, for each condition of operation, as follows:
Working conditions
Severe storm condition
Transit condition
Any additional condition
These data are to include, for each condition, a description of:
The general configuration of the unit
Environmental conditions
Any other relevant data
Environmental data required for the structural design of the unit are to be specified by the party applying
for classification. Environmental data are to include:
Data for extreme condition (for example, severe storm)
Data for the threshold environmental conditions, for the applicable limit states of the unit (working
condition, transit condition, if applicable, and any relevant design condition)
The long term distribution of environmental data, to be used for fatigue design
Data for any other particular design condition
It remains under the responsibility of the party applying for the classification to ascertain that the
environmental parameters are correct and complete.
Loads are to be specified by the party applying for classification, covering, at least, the following
categories of loads: fixed, operational, environmental, accidental, testing and temporary construction
loads.

3.1.1 UNIT SITUATION AND LAYOUT

The general layout of the site shall be provided, indicating draught or elevation, for each specific
operating condition. It must include exact location of main process and storage components, civil works
details including dykes and impounding basins, if applicable, control room, utilities, pipeworks,
warehouses, as well as access for operation maintenance and evacuation.
When adequate procedures are provided in the Operating Manual to point out any relevant adjustment of
operational parameters, required for specific conditions, the corresponding data for these specific
conditions, are to be clearly specified and will be entered in the Design Criteria Statement.

3.2

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

3.2.1 DOCUMENTATION TO BE SUBMITTED

The party applying for classification or certification is to specify the data defining the environmental
conditions to which the unit may be subject in each condition of operation, as defined from [3.3.2] to
[3.3.5].
Documents concerning fixed loads [3.3.2], operational loads [3.3.3] and accidental loads [3.3.5] are to be
provided for information.
Documents concerning environmental loads [3.3.4] are to be provided for appraisal.

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3.3

DESIGN LOADS

3.3.1 GENERAL
The following categories of loads are considered: fixed, operational, environmental, accidental, testing
and temporary construction loads.

3.3.2 FIXED LOADS

Fixed load or light weight is the weight of the unit complete with all permanently attached vessels,
machineries, equipment and other items of outfit such as:

piping;
deckings, walkways and stairways;
fittings;
spare parts;
furniture.

The light weight includes the weight of all permanent ballast and other liquids, such as lubricating oil and
water in the boilers, to their normal working level but excludes the weight of liquids or other fluids
contained in supply, reserve or storage tanks or vessels.

3.3.3 OPERATIONAL LOADS

Operational loads are loads associated with the operation of the unit; they include:

the weights of moving equipment and machineries;

variable loads of consumable supplies weights such as:
casing, drill and potable waters,
mud,
cement,
oil,
gas,
chemical products;

other storage loads;

hydrostatic loads (buoyancy);
liquids in tanks;
ballast loads;
riser tensioner forces;
hook or rotary table loads;
loads resulting from lifting appliances in operation;
loads due to pipelaying, etc.

Dynamic loads induced by equipment in operation are to be considered as operational loads.

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3.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS

Environmental loads are loads resulting from the action of the environment and include loads resulting
from:

wind;
tides;
waves;
current;
sea floor, when relevant
ice and snow where relevant;
earthquake where relevant.

Dynamic loads induced by unit'

s motions (inertia forces) or by dynamic response to environment action
are to be considered as environmental loads.
Reactions to environmental loads (such as those of foundations, or mooring loads) are to be considered
as environmental loads.
For permanent installations, the party applying for classification is to submit, in addition to the required
documentation, and in accordance with provisions of Chapter 1, adequate documentation describing the
environmental conditions at site.
The party applying for classification is to derive as necessary from these data the characteristic
parameters required for the purpose of Rules application.
The statistical techniques used to derive the required characteristic parameters are to be documented to
the satisfaction of the Society.
For waves, wind, current, and for water level when relevant, the extreme omnidirectional data, with a
return period of 100 years, are to be presented (independent extremes).
Directional data may be considered, where applicable, if sufficient information is available to support their
use, subject to the agreement of the Society.
When adequate information is available on the joint occurrence of elements, design data may be further
specified as sets of associated values.
Attention is drawn about the freak wave phenomenon which may occur, depending on the unit location.

3.3.5 ACCIDENTAL LOADS

Accidental loads are loads that may be sustained during accidental events, such as:

collisions by supply boats or other craft;

impact by dropped objects;
breaking of mooring lines.
fire or explosions

Accidental loads also include loads resulting of such event (damaged situations), or of other exceptional
conditions to be determined with regard to the activities of the unit.

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The risk of accidental damage is normally minimised by suitable preventive and protective measures
such as:
a) Adequate operation and maintenance of structures and equipment. Procedures are to specify
operational limits and related limiting environmental conditions.
b) Appropriate safety requirements for visiting vessels and aircraft with respect to the limiting
environmental conditions, the communication and survey procedures for berthing, landing,
stowage and disconnection.
c) Adequate arrangement of structure and facilities.
d) Adequate protective arrangements such as guarding, fendering, weak links, quick release
mechanisms, shut-off means for high pressure piping systems, etc.

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4
4.1

STABILITY AND SUBDIVISION

GENERAL

4.1.1 SCOPE
The present chapter applies to floating units, except for the section [4.4.3], which is also dedicated to
fixed units.

4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Unit stability and watertightness are to comply with the applicable requirements of the present Chapter,
or, subject to a preliminary agreement, in accordance with other particular specifications based on the
same principles or relevant National or International Regulations.
Damage stability requirements are applicable to floating LNG offshore terminals covered by the present
note.

4.1.3 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

Attention is drawn to special legal provisions enacted by National Authorities which units may have to
comply with according to their flag, structural type, size, operational site and intended service, as well as
other particulars and details.
Adequate instructions and information related to the stability and watertight integrity of the unit are to be
provided by the Owner and included in the Operating Manual.

4.1.4

INCLINING TEST AND DEADWEIGHT SURVEY

An inclining test is to be carried out on each unit at the time of construction or following conversion, to
determine accurately the light unit data (weight and position of centre of gravity).
The inclining test is to take place, when the unit is as near as possible to completion, in the presence and
to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. The testing programme is required to be submitted to the
Surveyor prior to being carried out.
The results of the inclining test are to be submitted to the Society for appraisal.
A deadweight survey is to be conducted at intervals not exceeding 5 years. An inclining test is to be
carried out in the following cases:

where the deadweight survey indicates a change from the calculated light unit displacement in
excess of 1 % of the displacement in working condition or

where this survey indicates a change from the longitudinal position of the unit centre of gravity in
excess of 1 % of the unit'
s length.

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For successive units of a design or for units undergoing only minor alterations, the Society may, at its
discretion, waive the above requirements and accept the light unit data of the first unit of the series in lieu
of an inclining test, provided that, notwithstanding minor differences in machinery, outfitting or equipment,
both following conditions are fulfilled:

the deadweight survey indicates a change from the light ship displacement calculated for the first
of the series less than 1 % of the displacement in working condition, and

this survey indicates a change from the longitudinal position of the unit centre of gravity as
determined for the first of the series less than 1 % of the unit'
s length.

4.2

STABILITY CALCULATIONS

4.2.1 GENERAL
Stability calculations are to be carried out and submitted to the Society for review for the following cases:

a) Transit departure and arrival conditions, anchors to be on board and with the maximum related
deck loads.
b) Normal working at maximum draught with the maximum deck loads and equipment in the most
unfavourable positions.
c) Severe storm condition assuming the same weight distribution as in a) above except for the
necessary ballast adjustments to bring the unit to the survival draught and for the possible
dumping of variable deck load if such is specified in the operating procedures.
d) Severe storm condition assuming the same weight distribution as in b) above with the necessary
ballast adjustments to place the unit in the survival draught configuration. In this condition:
equipment liable to be disconnected, such as marine riser of drilling units, is assumed
disconnected;
equipment liable to be disconnected and stored on deck, such as stinger of a pipelaying unit, is
assumed disconnected and secured on deck;
equipment having a rest position, such as crane booms, is assumed in rest position;

the maximum amount of loads is assumed to be stored on deck. Account may be taken of dumping of
variable deck load if specified.

4.2.2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE KG CURVES

The maximum allowable vertical centre of gravity (KG) curves are to be established and submitted to the
Society for approval. Computations are to be made on the basis of the Rules intact and damage stability
criteria, as defined in [4.3], for the complete range of operating draughts.

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4.3

STABILITY CRITERIA

4.3.1 INTACT STABILITY

4.3.1.1 STABILITY CRITERIA
The stability of a unit in each mode of operation (transit - working - severe storm) is to meet the criteria
given, as follows:

For surface units the area under the righting moment curve to the second intercept, or the angle
of downflooding, whichever is less, is not to be less than 40 % in excess of the area under the
wind heeling moment curve to the same limiting angle.

For semi-submersible units the area under the righting moment curve to the second intercept, or
the angle of downflooding, whichever is less, is not to be less than 30 % in excess of the area
under the wind heeling moment curve to the same limiting angle.

The righting moment curve is to be positive over the entire range of angles from upright to the
second intercept.

4.3.1.2 SEVERE STORM CONDITION

When ballast adjustments to bring the unit to the survival draught are required for the purpose of meeting
the intact stability criteria under extreme environment wind speed, the unit is to be capable of attaining
the said draught within a period of time of 3 hours

The procedures recommended and the approximate length of time required to attain severe storm
condition, considering both working and transit conditions, are to be contained in the Operating Manual.

It is to be possible to achieve the severe storm condition without the removal or relocation of solid
consumables or other variable loads. However, the Society may accept that a unit is loaded past the
point at which solid consumables would have to be removed or relocated to go severe storm condition
under the following conditions, provided the allowable KG requirement is not exceeded:
a) In a geographic location where weather conditions annually or seasonally do not become
sufficiently severe to require a unit to go to severe storm condition.

b) Or, where a unit is required to support extra deckload for a short period of time that falls well within
a period for which the weather forecast is favourable.
The geographic locations, weather conditions and loading conditions in which this is permitted are to be
identified in the Operating Manual.

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4.3.1.3 ALTERNATIVE CRITERIA

Alternative stability criteria may be considered by the Society, provided an equivalent level of safety is
maintained and if they are demonstrated to afford adequate positive initial stability. In determining the
acceptability of such criteria, the following will be considered:

environmental conditions representing realistic winds (including gusts) and waves appropriate for
world-service in various modes of operation;

dynamic response of the unit. Analysis is to include the results of wind tunnel tests, wave tank
model tests, and non-linear simulation, where appropriate. Any wind and wave spectra used are to
cover sufficient frequency ranges to ensure that critical motion responses are obtained;

potential for flooding taking into account dynamic responses in a seaway;

susceptibility to capsizing considering the unit'

s restoration energy and the static inclination due to
the mean wind speed and the maximum dynamic response;
an adequate safety margin to account for uncertainties.

4.3.2 SUBDIVISION AND DAMAGE STABILITY

4.3.2.1 ALL TYPES OF UNITS
1) Units, according to their structural type, are to comply either with [4.3.2.2] or [4.3.2.3]. This
compliance is to be determined by calculations which take into consideration the proportions and
design characteristics of the unit and the arrangements and configuration of the damaged
compartments.
2) The ability to reduce angles of inclination by pumping out or ballasting compartments or
application of mooring forces, etc., will not be considered as justifying any relaxation of the
requirements.
3) Anchor handling, bilge and ballast systems, lifesaving equipment, means of escape and
emergency power supply and lighting are to be capable of operating in the flooded final equilibrium
condition. In particular the angle at equilibrium in the worst damage condition is not to prevent the
safe access to and the safe launching of lifeboats and liferafts.

4.3.2.2 SURFACE UNITS

Every unit is to have sufficient freeboard and be subdivided by means of watertight decks and bulkheads
to provide sufficient buoyancy and stability to withstand in general the flooding of any one compartment
in any condition of operation (transit, working, severe storm) consistent with the damage assumptions set
out in [4.3.3].
The unit is to have sufficient reserve stability in damaged condition to withstand the wind heeling moment
based on a wind speed of 25,8 m/s (50 knots) superimposed from any direction. In this condition the final
waterline, after flooding and heeling due to the effect of wind, is to be below the lower edge of any
opening through which progressive flooding of buoyant compartments may take place.
Such openings include air pipes (regardless of closing appliances), ventilation air intakes or outlets,
ventilators, non watertight hatches or doorways not fitted with watertight closing appliances.

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4.3.2.3 COLUMN STABILIZED UNITS

The unit is to have sufficient freeboard and be subdivided by means of watertight decks and bulkheads to
provide sufficient buoyancy and stability to withstand a wind heeling moment induced by a wind speed of
25,8 m/s (50 knots) superimposed from any direction in any working or transit condition, taking the
following considerations into account:
a) The angle of inclination after the damage set out in [4.3.3.2] is not to be greater than 17.
b) Any opening below the final waterline is to be made watertight, and openings within 4 m above the
final waterline are to be made weathertight.
c) The righting moment curve, after the damage set out in a) above, is to have, from the first intercept
to the lesser of the extent of weathertight integrity required in b) above and the second intercept, a
range of at least 7. Within this range, the righting moment curve is to reach a value at least twice
the wind heeling moment curve, both measured at the same angle.
The unit is to provide sufficient buoyancy and stability in any working or transit condition to withstand the
flooding of any watertight compartment wholly or partially below the reference waterline, which is a
pump-room, a room containing machinery with a salt water cooling system or a compartment adjacent to
the sea, taking the following considerations into account:
a) The angle of inclination after flooding is not to be greater than 25.
b) Any opening below the final waterline is to be made watertight.
c) A range of positive stability is to be provided, beyond the calculated angle of inclination in these
conditions, of at least 7.

4.3.2.4 ALTERNATIVE CRITERIA

Alternative subdivision and damage stability criteria may be considered by the Society, provided an
equivalent level of safety is maintained. In determining the acceptability of such criteria, the following will
be considered:

extent of damage as set out in[4.3.3];

on semi-submersible units, the flooding of any one compartment as set out here before;
the provision of an adequate margin against capsizing.

4.3.3 EXTENT OF DAMAGE

4.3.3.1 SURFACE UNITS
In assessing the damage stability of surface units, the following extent of damage is to be assumed to
occur between effective watertight bulkheads:
a) Vertical extent: from the baseline upwards without limit.
b) Horizontal penetration perpendicularly to the skin: 1,5 m.
The distance between effective watertight bulkheads or their nearest stepped portions which are
positioned within the assumed extent of horizontal penetration are not to be less than 3 m; where there is
a lesser distance, one or more of the adjacent bulkheads are to be disregarded.

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Where damage of a lesser extent than defined in a) and b), here above, results in a more severe
condition, such lesser extent is to be assumed.
Piping, ventilation systems, trunks, etc., within the extent of damage referred to in a) and b), here above,
are to be assumed to be damaged; positive means of closure are to be provided, in accordance with
[4.4.2], at watertight boundaries to preclude the progressive flooding of other spaces which are intended
to be intact.

4.3.3.2 SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE UNITS

In assessing the damage stability of semi-submersible units, the following extent of damage is to be
assumed:
a)

Only those columns, underwater hulls and braces on the periphery of the unit are to be assumed
to be damaged and the damage is to be assumed in the exposed outer portions of columns,
underwater hulls and braces;
Notes:

the outer portions of a member are defined as portions located outboard of a line drawn through the centres of the
peripheral columns of the unit;

special consideration will be given to units of particular design and to units provided with efficient fendering.

b)
Columns and braces are to be assumed to be flooded by damage having a vertical extent of 3 m
occurring at any level between 5 m above working draught and 3 m below transit draught.
Where a watertight flat is located within this region, the damage is to be assumed to have
occurred in both compartments above and below the watertight flat in question.
Lesser distances above or below the draughts may be applied to the satisfaction of the Society,
taking into account the actual conditions of operation. However, the required damage region is to
extend at least 1,5 m above and below the draught specified in the Operating Manual.

c)

No vertical bulkhead fitted in columns is to be assumed to be damaged, except where bulkheads

are spaced closer than a distance of one eighth of the column perimeter, at the draught under
consideration, measured at the periphery, in which case one or more of the bulkheads are to be
disregarded.

d)

Horizontal penetration of a member damage is to be assumed to be 1,5 m, measured at right

angle to the shell of the member.

e)

Underwater hull or footings are to be assumed to be damaged when the unit is in a transit
condition in the same manner as indicated in a), b), d) and either c) or f), having regard to their
shape.

f) Piping, ventilation systems, trunks, etc., within the extent of damage are to be assumed to be
damaged; positive means of closure are to be provided, in accordance with [4.4.2], at watertight
boundaries to preclude the progressive flooding of other spaces which are intended to be intact.

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4.4

WATERTIGHTNESS AND WEATHERTIGHTNESS

4.4.1 GENERAL
4.4.1.1 DEFINITIONS
A closing appliance is said to be watertight if it remains tight and is capable of withstanding the
hydrostatic pressure under service and damage conditions defined in [4.3.2]. The waterhead under
damage conditions is to account for the sinkage and inclinations of the unit induced by the combined
effect of wind and flooding.
A closing appliance is said to be weathertight if it is capable, under any sea conditions, of preventing the
penetration of water into the unit. A weathertight closing appliance is not required to remain tight under
the hydrostatic pressure occurring after damage.
A manually operated closing appliance meeting the requirements of one of the two previous paragraphs
is not to be considered water or weathertight unless, simultaneously:
a) The closing appliance is unambiguously required in the Operating Manual to be closed in a
particular mode of operation of the unit.
b) The closure of the appliance has been ascertained by the party applying for classification to be
fully practicable and compatible with the particular mode of operation of the unit.
A buoyant space is a space the buoyancy of which is taken into account in the stability calculations.
A weathertight enclosure is a decked structure above a buoyant space with enclosing bulkheads of
adequate strength with any opening fitted with weathertight closing appliances. Enclosed superstructures
meeting the requirements of the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 are considered as
weathertight enclosures.
Exposed herein means directly exposed to or not protected from the effect of the sea, spray and rain by
a weathertight enclosure.

4.4.1.2 BUOYANT SPACES

1) Except where otherwise stated, spaces considered buoyant for the purpose of the stability
computations are to comply with the following requirements.
2) If the space is considered buoyant in the damage stability calculation all its openings not fitted with
watertight closing appliances are to be located above any final damage water plane.
3) If the space is considered buoyant in the intact stability calculation any opening in the space,
which may become submerged before the heeling angle at which the required area under the
intact righting moment curve is achieved, is to be fitted with a weathertight closing appliance or
protected by a weathertight enclosure. In addition watertight closing appliances are to be provided
for openings which may become submerged before the first intercept equilibrium angle.
4) Watertight and weathertight boundaries of the considered compartments, spaces and their closing
appliances are to have adequate strength to be determined in accordance with the applicable
requirements of the Rules.

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4.4.2 WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY (FLOATING UNITS)

4.4.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All units are to be adequately subdivided with an adequate number of watertight decks and bulkheads to
meet the Rules damage stability requirements.
The number of openings in watertight subdivisions is to be kept to a minimum compatible with the design
and proper working of the unit. Where penetrations of watertight decks and bulkheads are necessary for
access, piping, ventilation, electrical cables, etc., arrangements are to be made to restore the integrity of
the enclosed compartments.
In order to minimise the risk of progressive flooding, pipes and ducts are to be, insofar as practicable,
routed clear of areas liable to be damaged as defined in [4.3.3]. When pipes and ventilation ducts are
located within those areas liable to be damaged and serve more than one compartment, they are to be
provided with a valve in each compartment served, and non watertight ventilation ducts are to be
provided with a watertight valve at each penetration of a watertight boundary.
Where valves are provided at watertight boundaries to maintain watertight integrity, these valves are to
be capable of being operated from a pump-room or other normally manned space, a weather deck, or a
deck which is above the final waterline after flooding. In the case of a semi-submersible unit this will be
the central ballast control station. Valve position indicators are to be provided at the remote control
station.
For self elevating units the ventilation system valves required to maintain watertight integrity are to be
kept closed when the unit is afloat. Necessary ventilation in this case is to be arranged by alternative
approved methods.

4.4.2.2 SCUPPERS, INLETS AND SANITARY DISCHARGES

Scuppers, inlets and discharges are to satisfy the following requirements:
a) Scuppers and discharges leading through the shell from buoyant spaces are to have an automatic
non return valve with a positive means for closing from an accessible position above the final
damage waterline, or two automatic non return valves, the upper of which is always to be
accessible in service.
b) In manned machinery spaces sea inlets and discharges in connection with the operation of
machinery may be controlled by locally operated valves situated in a readily accessible position.
c) Indicators showing whether the valves mentioned in a) or b) above are closed or open are to be
provided.
d) Scuppers leading from non buoyant space are to be led overboard.

4.4.2.3 OVERFLOWS
Overflow pipes are to be located giving due regard to damage stability and to the location of the worst
damage waterline. Overflow pipes which could cause progressive flooding are to be avoided unless
special consideration has been taken in the damage stability review.
In cases where overflow pipes terminate externally or in spaces assumed flooded, the corresponding
tanks are also to be considered flooded. In cases where tanks are considered damaged, the spaces in
which their overflows terminate are also to be considered flooded.

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Overflows from tanks not considered flooded as a result of damage and located above the final
immersion line may require to be fitted with automatic means of closing.
Where overflows from tanks intended to contain the same liquid or different ones are connected to a
common main, provision is to be made to prevent any risk of inter-communication between the various
tanks in the course of movements of liquid when emptying or filling.
The openings of overflow pipes discharging overboard are generally to be placed above the load
waterline; they are to be fitted where necessary with non-return valves on the plating, or any other device
of similar efficiency.

4.4.2.4 INTERNAL OPENINGS

The means to ensure the watertight integrity of internal openings are to comply with the following:
a) Doors and hatch covers which are used during the operation of the unit while afloat are to be
remotely controlled from the central ballast control station and are also to be operable from each
side. Open/shut indicators are to be provided at the control station.
b) Doors and hatch covers which are normally closed while the unit is afloat, are to be provided with
an alarm system (e.g. light signals) showing personnel both locally and at the central ballast
control station whether the doors or hatch covers in question are open or closed. A notice is to be
affixed to each such door or hatch cover stating that it is not to be left open while the unit is afloat.
The means to ensure the watertight integrity of internal openings which are kept permanently closed
during the operation of the unit, while afloat, are to comply with the following:
a)

A notice is to be affixed to each closing appliance stating that it is to be kept closed while the unit
is afloat.
Note: the present requirement is not applicable to manholes fitted with watertight bolted covers.

b)

On self-elevating units, an entry is to be made in the official log-book or tour report, as

applicable, stating that all such openings have been witnessed closed before the unit becomes
waterborne.

4.4.2.5 EXTERNAL OPENINGS

All downflooding openings the lower edge of which is submerged when the unit is inclined to the first
intercept between the righting moment and wind heeling moment curves in any intact or damaged
condition are to be fitted with a suitable watertight closing appliance, such as closely spaced bolted
covers.
Where flooding of chain lockers or other buoyant volumes may occur, the openings to these spaces are
to be considered as downflooding points.

4.4.3 WEATHERTIGHTNESS (FLOATING AND FIXED UNITS)

4.4.3.1 SCOPE
The conditions given in [4.4.3.2] are applicable to floating units liable to operate in waters other than
sheltered waters. Alternative requirements will be given for units intended to be used in sheltered waters
only after examination of each particular case.
The attention of the Owners and/or the party applying for classification is directed to the applicable
requirements of the MODU Code and of the ILLC 1966.
The conditions given in [4.4.3.3] are applicable to fixed units.

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4.4.3.2 ASSIGNMENT CONDITIONS FOR FLOATING UNITS

1) The assignment conditions are applicable to openings leading to spaces considered buoyant in the
intact stability computation, to weathertight closing appliances and to weathertight enclosures.
Where buoyancy in the damage conditions is required, the applicable requirements of [4.4.2] are
to be satisfied.
2) In accordance with [4.4.1.2], weathertight boundaries and closing appliances fitted to exposed
decks and bulkheads of a space or enclosure mentioned in the previous paragraph are to comply
with the strength requirements of Part B Ch 9 and/or of the "Rules and Regulations for the
Classification of Ships".
Note: the present requirement concerns particularly the doors, hatchways covers, machinery casings
and ventilators coamings.
3) All access openings in exposed bulkheads of weathertight enclosures are to be fitted with doors of
steel or other equivalent material so arranged that they can be operated from both sides of the
bulkhead. The means of securing these doors weathertight are to consist of gaskets and clamping
devices or other equivalent means permanently attached to the bulkhead or to the doors
themselves. Unless otherwise specified the height of the sills of access openings in exposed
bulkheads is not to be less than 380 mm above the deck.
4) Hatchways and other openings in exposed decks of a space or enclosure mentioned in 1), here
above, are to be provided with coamings and weathertight steel covers or other equivalent material
fitted with gaskets and clamping devices. The height of coamings is generally required to be not
less than 600 mm but may be reduced, or the coamings omitted entirely, subject to the approval of
the Society, in each particular case, taking into consideration the structural type and stability
characteristics of the unit, the space to which the opening leads, its size and location.
5) Manholes and flush scuttles located on exposed decks or within enclosures not considered
weathertight are to be closed by substantial covers capable of being made watertight. Unless
secured by closely spaced bolts, the covers are to be permanently attached.
Ventilators leading to spaces or enclosures mentioned in 1) here above are to comply with the following:
a) Coamings of steel or other equivalent material having adequate strength are to be provided and
efficiently connected to the deck. The coaming of a ventilator passing through non weathertight
enclosures is to be fitted at the exposed deck of the buoyant space.
b) Coamings are to have a height of at least 900 mm above the deck of a buoyant space and
760 mm above the deck of a weathertight enclosure. For self propelled surface units ventilators
coamings are to be at least 900 mm in height if located upon exposed freeboard and raised
quarter decks, and upon enclosed superstructures decks situated forward of a point located a
quarter of the unit'
s length from the forward perpendicular.
c) Ventilator openings are to be provided with weathertight closing appliances permanently attached
or, subject to the approval of the Society, conveniently stowed near the ventilators to which they
are to be fitted. The weathertight closing appliance may however not be required where the
ventilator coaming exceeds 2,3 m above the deck and where the intact stability calculations show
that the ventilator opening is not submerged before the heeling angle at which the required area
ratio is achieved.

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Any exposed portion of air pipes to ballast or other tanks considered buoyant in the intact stability
calculation is to be of substantial construction and is to be provided with permanently attached
weathertight closing appliances. Their height from the exposed deck to the point where water may have
access below is to be at least 760 mm on the deck of a buoyant space and 450 mm on the deck of a
weathertight enclosure. Lower heights may be accepted by the Society after examination in each case
taking into consideration the stability calculations.
Openings to machinery spaces are to be protected by weathertight enclosures or steel casings of
equivalent strength and weathertightness. The prescription 3) , under [4.3.2.1] is applicable to machinery
spaces with emergency equipment.

4.4.3.3 ASSIGNMENT CONDITIONS FOR FIXED UNITS

In case of fixed units, special attention is to be given to watertightness and weathertightness protection of
certain areas of the installation, such as:

The lower deck: air gap is to be duly considered to take into account the maximum wave height
and freak waves occurrence, when relevant.

The control rooms openings.

The power generation spaces.

Ventilator areas.

And emergency equipment , as well.

Some specific requirements related to the above listed items are presented here after, as follows:
1) Weathertight boundaries and closing appliances fitted to exposed decks and bulkheads of a space
or enclosure are to comply with the relevant strength requirements of Part B Ch 9 of the "Rules
and Regulations for the Classification of Ships".
Note: the present requirement concerns particularly the doors, hatchways covers, machinery casings
and ventilators coamings.
2) All access openings in exposed bulkheads of weathertight enclosures are to be fitted with doors of
steel or other equivalent material so arranged that they can be operated from both sides of the
bulkhead. The means of securing these doors weathertight are to consist of gaskets and clamping
devices or other equivalent means permanently attached to the bulkhead or to the doors
themselves. Unless otherwise specified the height of the sills of access openings in exposed
bulkheads is not to be less than 380 mm above the deck.
3) Hatchways and other openings in exposed decks of a space or enclosure are to be provided with
coamings and weathertight steel covers or other equivalent material fitted with gaskets and
clamping devices. The height of coamings is generally required to be not less than 600 mm but
may be reduced, or the coamings omitted entirely, subject to the approval of the Society, in each
particular case, taking into consideration the structural type and stability characteristics of the unit,
the space to which the opening leads, its size and location.
4) Manholes and flush scuttles located on exposed decks or within enclosures not considered
weathertight are to be closed by substantial covers capable of being made watertight. Unless
secured by closely spaced bolts, the covers are to be permanently attached.

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Ventilators leading to spaces or enclosures are to comply with the following:

a) Coamings of steel or other equivalent material having adequate strength are to be
provided and efficiently connected to the deck. The coaming of a ventilator passing
through non weathertight enclosures is to be fitted at the exposed.
b) Coamings are to have a height of at least 760 mm above the deck of a weathertight
enclosure.
c) Ventilator openings are to be provided with weathertight closing appliances permanently
attached or, subject to the approval of the Society, conveniently stowed near the
ventilators to which they are to be fitted. The weathertight closing appliance may
however not be required where the ventilator coaming exceeds 2,3 m above the deck.
Openings to machinery spaces are to be protected by weathertight enclosures or steel casings of
equivalent strength and weathertightness.

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5
5.1

MAIN STRUCTURE OF THE TERMINAL

GENERAL

5.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The main structure of the terminal, named the platform, is the main structural part of the installation,
designed to accommodate the majority of main components of the LNG terminal, such as, the main
containment system, the gas pre-treating facilities, the liquefaction production installations, piping and
loading/offloading systems, power generation units, electrical and safety equipment and topsides.
In case of gravity based structures the main containment structure is in general to be considered as an
integral part of the main structure of the terminal.

5.1.2 TYPES OF PLATFORMS

Reference is made to API RP 2A WSD, Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms Working Stress Design. Three general types of platforms are
given, as follows:
1. Fixed Platforms, including amongst others:
Jacket or template
Tower
Gravity structures
2. Floating structures, including amongst others:
Surface units (ship and barge shaped platforms)
Tension Leg Platforms
Spars,
Semisubmersibles
3. Related structures:
Include underwater oil storage tanks, bridges connecting platforms, flare
booms, etc.
The present guidance note is referring to gravity structures (GB LNG) and floating structures (F LNG), as
the primary structure of offshore LNG terminals. However, for the purposes of LNG transfer from the
platform to shuttle carriers (or vice-versa), intermediate structures, such as, jackets, column stabilized
structures, could also be considered, either to support rigid mechanical arms or to connect flexible
systems, used for loading/offloading operations of the cryogenic product.

5.1.3 PLATFORM EXPOSURE CATEGORIES

The two classification groups, according to API RP 2A WSD, based on the life-safety and
consequences of failure levels, are considered as follows:
1. Categories for life-safety:
L-1 = manned-nonevacuated
L-2 = manned-evacuated
L-3 = unmanned
2. Categories for consequences of failure:
L-1 = high consequence of failure
L-2 = medium consequence of failure
L-3 = low consequence of failure

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According to this standard, the level to be used for platform categorization is the more restrictive level for
either life-safety or consequence of failure. Platform categorization should be revised over the life of the
structure as a result of changes in factors affecting life-safety or consequence of failure.

5.2

DESIGN APPROACH

5.2.1 BASIS OF DESIGN

The limit state approach is recommended for the design of all elements of the main structure. They have
to be designed for the following limit states:

The ultimate limit states (ULS) that correspond, in general, to the maximum resistance to
applied actions;
The serviceability limit states (SLS) that correspond to the criteria governing normal functional
use;
Fatigue limit states (FLS) that correspond to the accumulated effect of cyclic actions;
The accidental limit states (ALS) that correspond to the situation where damage to
components has occurred due to an accidental event.

Structural design with respect to the ALS shall involve consideration of resistance of the structure to a
relevant accidental event, and resistance in the structural condition resulting from the accidental event.

5.2.2 DESIGN LOADING CONDITIONS

For ship-shaped and barge-shaped hulls reference is made to BV Rule note NR 497 DTM R00 E
October 2004: Hull structure of Production, Storage and Offloading Surface Units.
For platforms other than ship-shaped and barge-shaped hulls reference is made to API RP 2A WSD.
Amongst others, this standard is stating that: the loading conditions should include environmental
conditions combined with appropriate dead and live loads in the following manner:
1. Operating environmental conditions combined with dead loads and maximum live
loads appropriate to normal operations of the platform.
2. Operating environmental conditions combined with dead loads and minimum live
loads appropriate to the normal operations of the platform.
3. Design environmental conditions with dead loads and maximum live loads
appropriate for combining with extreme conditions.
4. Design environmental conditions with dead loads and minimum live loads
appropriate for combining with extreme conditions.
Environmental loads, with exception of earthquake load, should be combined in a manner consistent with
the probability of their simultaneous occurrence during the loading conditions being considered.
Earthquake load, where applicable, should be imposed on the platform as a separate environmental
loading condition.

5.2.3 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Experienced specialists should be consulted when defining the relevant meteorological and
oceanographic conditions affecting a platform site. Reference is made to chapter 3 of this guidance
note: Environmental Conditions Loadings.

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5.2.4 ACTIVE GEOLOGIC PROCESS

Reference is made to API RP 2A WSD. The nature, magnitude, and return intervals of potential
seafloor movements should be evaluated by site investigations and judicious analytical modeling to
provide input for the determination of the resulting effects on structures and foundations.
Seismic forces should be considered in platform design for areas that are determined to be seismically
active. Areas are considered seismically active on the basis of previous records of earthquake activity,
both in frequency of occurrence and in magnitude.

5.3

DESIGN REVIEW BY THE SOCIETY

5.3.1 GENERAL
The design review concerns relevant drawings, calculations notes and other documents covering naval
architecture and main structural components of the terminal, developed by the Designer and submitted to
the Society for approval, appraisal and information.

5.3.2 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE & STRUCTURE

An independent evaluation is made by the Society with respect to the safety of the unit on the naval
architecture and structural aspects. This evaluation is made in the following fields :

Buoyancy and stability integrity

Structural integrity for steel and concrete structure(s)
Strength of production plant, topsides structures and other secondary structures (helideck,
living quarters, ..., if requested by the owner).
Corrosion protection of structures
Mooring system

At the satisfactory conclusion of evaluations, a Certificate of Design Approval is issued, which expresses
the opinion of the Society as regards the compliance with the present Guidance Note and the applicable
requirements of the reference documents as defined in [5.3.4].

5.3.3 ANALYSIS EXTENT

This analysis is performed to the extent deemed necessary for the assessment of Unit design. However,
by no way, independent analysis is due to replace Designer'
s calculations.
This analysis is performed for :
Intact and damage stability
Motions of floating units or during transportation of fixed components
Mooring - Positioning
Overall strength and fatigue
Additional analysis may be performed upon special request at the Classification contract definition.
The analysis of Offshore Units may be performed by using the programs developed by Bureau Veritas :
- HYDROSTAB - Stability
- HYDROSTAR - Motions - 3D Diffraction Radiation
- ARIANE - Mooring and Positioning
- BV-STRUDL - Structural Analyses, including fatigue analysis
- STNT - Sloshing Analyses

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5.3.4 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The design review of structures is made in view of the following Regulations, Rules and Standards,
editions in force at the unit design contract signature date :

National Regulations for Continental Shelf (if any)

Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units NR 445
International Regulations, and recognized standards as applicable to subject unit :
- API RP 2A --WSD
- MODU code
- SOLAS
- MARPOL
- ILLC
- Tonnage
- ILO
Bureau Veritas Rule Note "Construction survey of steel structures of offshore units and installations"
- NR 426
Bureau Veritas Rules and Regulations for the classification of steel ships Part D Materials
Recommended Practice "Corrosion Protection of Steel Offshore Units and Installations" NR 423
Other Bureau Veritas Rules and guidance notes, as applicable to a specific subject (e.g. Rules for
Steel Ships, for Lifting Appliances,...)
Other recognised Standards, where suitable for design of concrete and steel structures in a marine
environment, as agreed between parties and the Society for specific aspects of the project

A detailed non exhaustive list of relevant rules and standards is given in [12] for reference.

5.3.5 DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED

The documents to be provided to the Society include:

The LNG terminals specifications

Basic engineering documents, specifications of the installation, and other Owners documents
including General Arrangement.

Specific technical documents (for example, soil report and metocean report)

Detailed engineering documents

Drawings

Specifications for loads and other relevant parameters

Supporting calculations as necessary to fully demonstrate the adequacy of proposed design for the
relevant conditions.

Documents to be received are to be identified prior to starting the design review, from supplied lists
defined in agreement with the Society on the basis of [5.3.4].
In any case, the Owner shall submit himself, or make submit, any other documents relevant to the scope
of classification/certification. Besides, the Society may request any document found relevant, should the
need arise along the course of the Design Review.

Drawings are reviewed with particular attention to:

primary structure: the sizing, the design of connection, the selection of materials, and the
welding standard details.
secondary structure and appurtenance: their impact on primary structure, such as applied loads
and methods of attachment.

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5.3.6 MAIN ITEMS TO BE COVERED BY THE REVIEW

The review of the Unit Naval Architecture and Structural Design is made with attention to the items as
outlined in [5.3.6.1] to [5.3.6.10].
These items are indicative of the various aspects to be addressed in usual project and is not meant to be
exhaustive. Particulars of the project are to be duly considered.

5.3.6.1 METOCEAN
Reports of environmental conditions are examined for appraisal as to the availability of all data which
are necessary to perform unit design, including :
Extreme conditions
Long term distribution, for fatigue evaluation
Background reports and studies for information are examined for their support of proposed design
data.

5.3.6.2 SOIL DATA

The methods and results of soil investigation, are examined for appraisal.
A review is made of the soil parameters proposed for foundation design, and the methods by which
they were derived from results of investigations.

5.3.6.3 DESIGN PREMISES

Design premises proposed by the designer for each activity (naval architecture, mooring,
structural design) are reviewed for information for their suitability to generate an acceptable
design, with respect to :

Site data
Design conditions resulting from Owners operating requirements (e.g. limit condition for a
given situation of the unit)
Output of safety assessment study (e.g. requirements for integrity under fire and blast
conditions) and other design activities.

However, it is understood that amendments or complements may arise with the progress of design.

5.3.6.4 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

The following items are reviewed:
Floating stability, intact and damaged.
Arrangement of vessel with respect to requirements of
- Stability
- MARPOL Regulations, as applicable to subject vessel (storage units)
- Segregation of storage spaces and other safety requirements impacting on arrangement of
structure
- Inspection requirements taking into account non-docking
Watertightness, weathertightness and related provisions
Hull and topsides strength with respect to design hydrodynamic loads, and specifically for
the assessment of :
- slamming and green waters (ship-shaped units)
- sloshing in storage tanks
Design of station keeping system(s), and specification of components
(design of specific components - e.g. anchors - is to be addressed separately, as equipment
design)

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5.3.6.5 FLOATING STRUCTURES

Floating structures other than ship-shaped and barge-shaped hulls are considered in a case by case
basis.
For ship-shaped and barge-shaped hulls the following items are reviewed for approval:
Longitudinal hull strength in still water, taking into account anticipated loading conditions
(loading manual), and on wave.
Overall and local strength of hull structure, including fatigue strength, in the central storage /
ballast / void space areas
Structural and mechanical strength of turret, turret area or connection structure, or equivalent
structures
Strength, overall and local, of fore and aft structures, and other specific areas of the unit
For this specific type of floating installation, reference is made to BV Rule note NR 497 DTM R00 E
October 2004: Hull Structure of Production, Storage and Offloading Surface Units.

5.3.6.6 CONCRETE FIXED STRUCTURES

The following items are reviewed for approval:
Strength of primary structure under gravity, operational and environmental loads,
Strength of local structure,
Fatigue strength,
Details about materials and workmanship, arrangements and details of reinforcement, typical
details of concrete cover, location and detail of construction joints, water stops, etc..
Deformation loads due to prestress, creep, shrinkage and expansion.
Foundation design.

5.3.6.7 JACKET STRUCTURES, TOPSIDES STRUCTURES AND OTHER SUPERSTRUCTURES

The following items are reviewed for approval:
Strength of primary framing of structures under gravity loads and operational loads, and
under environmental loads (motions, wind)
Design of connections in primary framing : tubular connection, stiffened nodes, connections
between sections, or tubular and sections.
Design of decks for local superimposed loads, concentrated loads induced by heavy
equipment, and test loads (large vessels, cranes, life-boat davits).
Strength under fire and/or blast loading cases, where applicable
Strength of slender booms or towers (vent, flare, telecom) foundations in hull under body
motions, wind loads, gravity loads and design of foundations in primary framing or hull
Capability to withstand loads arising from temporary conditions such as load out,
transportation of items on barge, or lifting where relevant
Review of temporary conditions during fabrication, if needed, are made within the scope of
the survey of fabrication.
Foundation design

5.3.6.8 CORROSION PROTECTION

The corrosion protection design of main structure, is reviewed for approval, including :
selection of the protection methods (cathodic, paint, etc...) versus location (underwater,
splash and atmospheric zone, storage, ballast, enclosed spaces)
design parameters and design calculations of cathodic protection
arrangement of anodes and/or impressed current electrodes
specific protection for concrete structure relative to chemical deterioration & corrosion of
reinforcement
specific protection for concrete-steel hybrid structure interaction
monitoring system (if applicable).

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5.3.6.9 MOORING
The design of mooring systems is reviewed for approval, including:
design procedures, wind tunnel test data, and model basin test (specification and report.
design calculations of mooring system
arrangement
strength of anchors and other particular components

5.3.6.10

MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications for structural materials or components are reviewed for approval.

For structural concrete, attention is given to:
- suitability of proposed concrete grades and qualities to cover the range of proposed
application,
- materials, concrete mix proportions, construction procedures and quality control,
- resistance to abrasion, cavitations, freeze-thaw durability and strength retention, chemical
deterioration,
- serviceability relative to cracking.
For structural steels, attention is given to :
- suitability of proposed steel grades and qualities to cover the range of proposed application,
- notch toughness and through thickness requirements, in relation with design temperature of
structure, thickness of item, and application,
- method of identification of the steel grades.
Specifications for other structural components (e.g. components of mooring system) will be
reviewed with respect to :
- performance requirements as identified by the design
- suitability of reference standards for subject application

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6
6.1

PROCESS, TRANSFER AND STORAGE SYSTEMS

INLET AND GAS TREATING FACILITIES

6.1.1 GAS QUALITY

The natural gas obtained from the production well will be, in general, a mixture of light hydrocarbons in
which the main product is methane. In addition, it contains indesirable components such as water,
methanol, carbon oxide, mercury and sulphur, that have to be removed before liquefaction.

6.1.2 METERING
Flow metering can be required for fiscal, custody transfer or material balance purposes. The accuracy of
the metering systems have to be demonstrated as being sufficient for the purpose.

6.1.3 GAS PROCESSING

Pre-treatment operations have to be performed to remove undesirable components of the natural gas,
such as water, methanol, carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds, as they solidify during the liquefaction
process, causing blockages of the main circuits. Mercury will seriously attack aluminium parts, for
example those from heat exchangers, causing their failure, and consequently it has to be removed from
the system.

6.2

LIQUEFACTION UNIT

6.2.1 GENERAL
The purpose of liquefaction process is to extract sensible and latent heat from natural gas to transform it
from gaseous state at high temperature to liquid phase under a cryogenic temperature of about -162 C,
and under a pressure close to the atmospheric pressure.
The selection of the most suitable liquefaction cycle for an offshore installation will be mainly depending
on factors such as:
Machinery configuration and available drivers
Power requirements
Heat exchanger type and surface area
Ease of operation/start-up/shutdown
Space and weight requirements
In case of floating units, the process sensitivity to motions and accelerations
Among a variety of liquefaction process, three main types of refrigeration cycle could be mentioned for
LNG offshore units:

Cascade refrigerant cycle: the natural gas is cooled, condensed and sub-cooled in three discrete
stages, by using a combined propane, ethylene, methane refrigerant system.
Mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC): uses a single mixed refrigerant, comprising nitrogen and
hydrocarbons.
Expander cycle: combines compression and work-expansion of gas to provide refrigeration in a
closed cycle. It uses either nitrogen or methane as the refrigerant cycle gas.

The liquefaction plant, cold box, cooling fluids and insulation materials are to be duly selected and
designed to make sure produced LNG quantities will be stored and maintained within the acceptable
range of pressure and temperature.

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Special attention is to be drawn to offshore terminal motions, in case of floating units, to make sure
allowable operating conditions are respected to motion sensitive process equipment. Whenever it is
possible, these sensitive equipment should be located close to the centre of gravity of the floating
structure.

6.2.2 COLD BOXES

For certain items of cold equipment, including the intercooler and cargo heat exchangers, and turbo
expander, a designed cold box can be used to house these items together, providing them with a
common heat insulation casing. The principle consists of enclosing these equipment items within a
metal box, made of steel-framed panels which will be completely filled with powdery or another kind of
heat insulation material. Inside of cold boxes, duly access for inspection, maintainance and repair works
are to be provided.

6.2.3 COOLING FLUIDS STORAGE

Hydrocarbon refrigerants are generally stored inside of pressure vessels at ambient temperature,
excepted for Ethylene, which is stored at a cryogenic temperature.
The design, installation and operation of such storage vessels shall be in conformity with local regulation.
If no specific regulation is prescribed for such kind of equipment, it is recommended to design,
manufacture and test it according to ASME Code or the European Pressure Equipment Directive.

6.3

LNG STORAGE TANKS

6.3.1 GENERAL
The following prescriptions will apply for both categories of storage tanks previously mentioned under
[1.8.3.2]. However, these general principles are to be adapted under a case-by-case basis for each of
these 2 categories of storage tank.

6.3.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

The storage tanks have to be designed to properly ensure the following functions:
Safely contain the liquefied gas at cryogenic temperature, as well as its gaseous phase
corresponding to the boil-off
Allow the safe in/out transfer of the gas
Allow the safe removal of the boil-off
Prevent any ingress of air and moisture
Minimise the rate of thermal transfer
Withstand the effects of detrimental external accidental factors, as defined by engineering
specifications

6.3.3 LOADS
The following categories of loads acting on the storage vessel are to be considered and provided for
information:

Permanent actions: corresponding to time independent actions resulting from nominal use of the
tank and from permanent interactions of tanks with their surrounding. Permanent actions are
including:
o Weights (own weight, weight of connected items)
o Gaseous pressure
o Pre-stress, if any
o Pressure from insulation material (example, from perlite)
o Permanent differential settlements
o Permanent temperature gradients
o Mechanical and thermal reactions from connected pipes

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Transient actions: corresponding to time dependent actions such as:

o Loading during construction phase
o Hydrostatic action from stored LNG
o Variable actions due to loading/unloading operations, that could result in fatigue
o Variable actions during commissioning/decommissiong
o Any test load
o Climatic actions (wind, snow, ice, waves, daily and seasonal atmospheric changes)
o Seismic action corresponding to OBE

Both permanent and transient actions as defined hereabove are considered as normal actions, and will
be referred to as such in the following.

Accidental actions: corresponding to low probability transient actions caused either by abnormal
operating conditions or upsets, or by extreme external conditions. They are including:
o Overpressures, for example, caused by a roll-over
o Underpressure
o Overfilling
o Leakage of primary containment, if relevant
o Extreme seismic action (SSE)
o Missile impact
o Radiation produced by an external fire
o External blast
o Pump drop during maintenance operations

Some mandatory remarks are formulated here below:

Lists of loads(actions) presented hereabove are not exhaustive. The exact definition of the
actions to be considered during the design is to be submitted to BV for consideration. Whenever
possible, these actions should match results from hazard/risk analyses.
Actions are to be combined according to their likelihood of occurrence. Unless otherwise
specified, combination as defined by EN 1473 is applicable.
It is acknowledge that detailed safety objectives and acceptance criteria are dependent upon the
design codes selected. However the following principles are to be applied in any case:
o Occurrence of normal actions must not result in safety nor operability impairment
o In case of accidental actions, it is acceptable that operability could be temporary altered,
provided that safety is maintained.
Non-conventional design principles such as, for example, Leak before Break concept, can be
considered provided that suitable justification is given.

6.3.4 PRIMARY CONTAINMENT (SELF SUPPORTING TANK)

Primary containment is usually made of 9% Ni steel, aluminium or stainless steel.
Design is covered by well known codes such as API 620, NFPA 59a, EN 1473, which shall be adapted to
also consider the specific marine environment conditions. Reference is also made to BV Rules for the
Classification of Steel Ships, Part D, Ch 9 and to IGC Code as well. The choice of the Code will depend
on the specific shape of containment to be considered (for example, circular, or prismatic, or spherical
tanks). Special issue, such as seismic analysis usually requires specific modelling.

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6.3.5 MEMBRANE TANKS (INTEGRATED TANK)

Structural strength of membrane tanks has to be checked under the effects of static and dynamic loads,
to demonstrate the suitability of the membrane and of the associated insulation to withstand plastic
deformation and fatigue.
Primary and secondary barriers, including corners and joints, are to be designed to support the expected
combined strains due to static, dynamic and thermal loads.
Membranes are to be designed against buckling, by paying special attention on the effects of
overpressure in the interbarrier space, possible vaccum in the cargo tank, sloshing stresses and vibration
of the hull.
Metallic membranes are usually made of SS 304 austenitic stainless steel, or INVAR, as well. The
methodology used for the design of membrane tanks shall be submitted to the Society for approval.
Non metallic secondary membranes are usually made of Triplex. The methodology used for the design
of these tanks shall be submitted to the Society for approval.

6.3.6 THERMAL INSULATION

Materials used for insulation should, as a rule, comply with identified standards. As an example, EN
1160 is an acceptable one.
Selected material has to show suitable thermal characteristic, that are determined by the specific
constraints of the project, mainly related to the rate of boil-off.
Moreover, insulation materials have to present a mechanical resistance compatible with the loads they
are intended to carry, according to design condition. Other material properties are also to be considered,
such as, their resistance to corrosion, or to moisture limited creep behavior, and possibly noncombustibility.(non-flammability)

6.3.7 TANK CONNECTIONS

6.3.7.1 NOZZLES
a) Loads to be considered for design purposes shall be consistent with the constraints of the
engineering specification. In particular they must include:
Pressure (steady and transient)
Movements due to changes in temperature of the tank
Pipe thermal expansion
Wind, waves (if applicable)
Earthquakes (if applicable)
Differential movements due to eventual settling of tank or pipes supporting systems
b) Each tank pipe shall be provided with at least one remote-controlling closing device located as
near the tank as possible. Moreover, the closing system shall also to be provided with local
hand control system
c) Connection of safety valves, high level alarms and lines normally fitted with blind flanges shall be
given special consideration.
d) Pipes fitted on tank with service temperature below 100 C should preferably be located above
the tanks maximum filling level
e) Pipes fitted below the tanks maximum filling level shall be provided with remote-controlled or
automatic valve (e.g. check valve) fitted inside the primary tank. This arrangement shall be
designed so that any defects liable to develop in way of tank wall penetrations, caused by
stresses resulting from pipe distortions or thermal gradient, occur outside the inner tank.

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6.3.7.2 INTERNAL PIPING SYSTEMS

a) Piping systems situated in annular space between inner and outer tanks, which are connected to
inner tank, shall be designed for a pressure at least equal to that of the tank.
b) Suitable devices shall be provided to compensate thermal shrinkage. (the use of expansion
bellows or slip joints is not acceptable inside of the annular space)
c) Piping systems penetrating insulation space, but not connected to it, shall preferably be welded.

6.3.8 TANK MONITORING DEVICES

Each storage tank shall be provided with suitable instrumentation system to enable safe and reliable
operation, during commissioning, in service conditions and decommissioning situations. At least, the
following aspects are to be considered:

Liquid level: it is recommended to use high accuracy and independent measurement level
devices allowing for a continuous measurement, and for a high level detection to initiating ESD.

Pressure: each tank shall be fitted with pressure gauges, suitably located, enabling to:
o
o
o
o

Perform continuously measurements of the pressure

Detect excessive pressures
Detect too low pressures (up to vacuum)
Detect differential pressure in case where insulated space is not in communication with
internal tank

Temperature: each tank has to be fitted with properly located temperature sensors allowing to
measure:
o Temperature at different depths (every two meters, as a minimum)
o Gaseous phase temperature
o Primary and secondary tank wall and bottom temperature

Density: LNG density should be monitored throughout the whole liquid depth (unless otherwise
specified)

Limited reliability of measuring devices are to be managed by the use of appropriate redundancy
system.
All measurements shall be transmitted to control room and/or to ESD, whenever an emergency
action is to be automatically taken.
Alarms are to be transmitted directly to the designated operator.

6.3.9 SAFETY DEVICES

6.3.9.1 GENERAL
Protection for overpressurisation shall be insured by safety valves and/or rupture disks. Each tank shall
be fitted with, at least, two overpressure valves directly relieving to the atmosphere.
The maximum flow rate to be discharged at the maximum operating pressure is either gas flow due to
the heat input in the event of a fire or likely combination of the following flow due to:
Evaporation produced by heat input
Displacement caused by filling
Flash at filling
Variations in atmospheric pressure
Recirculation from submerged pump
Control valve failure
Possibly, roll-over

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6.3.9.2 GAS INJECTION SYSTEM

Each tank shall be fitted with an injection system able to inject gas under automatic control, upon receipt
of a signal indicating a too low pressure of the system.

6.3.9.3 BOIL-OFF EVACUATION/RECOVERY

Independing on the means provided for the recovery of the boil-of gas which might exist elsewhere, the
vapour space of the tank shall be connected to a flare/vent, safety valve, or rupture disk being capable of
discharging flow rate from any combination of the following:
Evaporation caused by heat input
Displacement caused by filling
Flash at filling
Variation in atmospheric pressure
Recirculation from a submerged pump

6.3.9.4 PURGING SYSTEM

Each tank should be provided with a purging system.

6.3.9.5 ANTI ROLL-OVER SYSTEM

Measures shall be taken to prevent liquid stratification to occur.
following is recommended:

Amongst possible provisions, the

For bottom filling, at least one of the features here below shall be provided:
o Jet nozzles placed at the bottom of the tank and oriented toward the surface
o Vertical pipe perforated for part or for its whole length
o Jet breaker located at the extremity of a pipe for spray filling.
A recirculation system
A boil-off monitoring system
A temperature/density measurement system.

6.3.9.6 ANTI LIGHTNING SYSTEM

Tankers and their accessories are to be duly protected against lightning.

6.3.9.7 DELUGE SYSTEM / WATER CURTAINS

Water deluge system is frequently used for cooling purposes, to avoid any risk of a fire escalation.
Water supply should be determined by using results from risk analysis, if available.
It is to be assessed that deluge system is designed in such a way that it will evenly distribute water flow
onto the exposed surface.
Water curtains systems are designed to rapidly decrease the gas concentration of an LNG vapour cloud
to values below the Lower Flammability Limit of the gas in air. This system will transfer heat to the cold
natural gas cloud through the contact between LNG vapours and water droplets. In addition, water
curtains will facilitate LNG cloud dispersion. Water curtains design is to be assessed by using models
validated by experimental results.

6.3.9.8 DIFFERENTIAL SETTING MEASUREMENT DEVICES

Each tank shall be provided with a differential setting measurement device enabling continuous
differential setting of the various parts of the tank.

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6.3.9.9 PRIMARY (OR THROUGH MEMBRANE) GAS LEAK DETECTION

Storage tanks for which the insulation space is not in communication with the primary containment shall
be fitted with a monitoring primary containment tightness system based on nitrogen and hydrocarbon
continuous detection.

6.3.9.10

LEAK DETECTION (GENERAL)

Two types of leak detectors can be used, as follows:

Low temperature thermal detector of the straight-line type. Within hazardous areas such as
those of, manifold and valves at lower tank, it is recommended to provide a TV-monitoring
system.

Gas detector for locations presenting a particularly high risk of leakage, like areas of manifolds.
Such detectors shall always be placed under cone-shaped collectors.

6.4

PIPING SYSTEMS

6.4.1 GENERAL
Prescriptions given under this chapter will be applying to piping items of:
the main process system,
the auxiliary system,
utilities
and fire protection systems
Design of pipes, fabrication and installations should comply with specific recognised codes/standards.
Pipes are to be arranged either on piperacks or pipeways.

6.4.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Construction materials are to be selected according to the conditions of use of the pipes. Two cases
have to be taken into consideration:

Material in permanent contact with LNG: in this case, materials are to be suitable for cryogenic
use.
Material in accidental contact with LNG: in this case, the pipe will be provided with suitable
insulation or with any equivalent protective measure.

6.4.3 SUPPORTS
Supports are to be designed in such a way that stresses induced by pipe displacements caused by
thermal expansion or contraction remain within acceptable limits.
Moreover, special attention is to be drawn with respect to design of the supports, to allow a proper
behavior of the pipes under earthquake, wind and wave loads, is applicable.

6.4.4 CORROSION
Pipes will be designed so as to prevent any leak due to corrosion or pitting during the lifetime of the
plant. The material selection and corrosion allowances will be made according to the operating and
environmental conditions. Whenever necessary, special measures, such as cathodic protection or
special coating, are to be enforced.

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6.4.5 PIPE CONNECTIONS

Pipe connections will be normally of welded type, and the number of flange connections will be limited as
far as practicable.
Bolted connections should be limited to diameters up to 50 mm. If used, gaskets should be of a fire
resistant type, compatible with conveyed products.

6.5

LOADING/OFFLOADING SYSTEMS

6.5.1 GENERAL
The LNG transfer system is to be duly designed to ensure safe and reliable transfer of LNG offshore to
and from LNG carriers, taking into consideration the combination of containment integrity requirements
and site environmental conditions, maximum significant wave heights, and subsequent range of relative
motions between the terminal and the shuttle.
Several relative positions of terminal and shuttle tanker have to be considered, to cover different
waterdepth and environmental conditions, and always keeping in mind the need of high availability of the
system, and also the suitability to receive a variety of shuttle vessels. Depending on the site conditions,
either the concept of a side-by-side LNG transfer or a tandem mode should be considered, the latter
being adapted to more severe site weather conditions.

6.5.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The loading/offloading system will consist of any marine transfer systems, designed to compensate and
balance mechanical efforts existing on the transfer system, accentuated by relative motions between the
terminal and shuttle vessels. Depending on the site characteristics, structural parts could include, one or
various of the items listed here below:
1. a jacket structure with turntable, anchored to the seabed, or directly fixed on the LNG offshore
terminal
2. a submerged or a suspended rigid arm, hinged at one end to the jacket turntable, and
terminating at its other end either with a buoyant column, or with mechanical articulated
structures
3. the LNG loading and transfer structure
4. berthing structural floating structure, able to receive LNG carriers, connected to a Single Point
Mooring (SPM) system, and also fitted with a simple Dynamic Positioning (DP) system
5. fluid transfer lines

6.5.3

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

The transfer system is to demonstrate its ability to:

1. ensure reliable fluid containment,
2. cover the range of operating conditions specified for site, sea states, and the variety of shuttles it
is intended to work with
3. be rapidely connected and/or disconnected in different sea states, and designed configurations

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4. to control, based on real time measurements and computer devices, relative motions between
shuttle and terminal (PMS: Position Monitoring System)
5. to follow the low frequency motions caused by horizontal relative motions of the LNG carrier
6. stop important LNG leakages in case of accidents during the transfer operations (levels 1 and 2
ESD systems(*), with both options, for automatic and manual control)
7. allow easy access to all system parts for inspection and maintenance, provide adapted means
for efficient repairs or replacements
(*) NOTA: ESD1 is the emergency shut down system which stops transfer operation when initiated from
ship or terminal, whereas the ESD2 is the one which disconnects transfer lines by both: 1) closing valves
(limiting liquid spills) and 2) powering the coupling apart.

The fluid transfer lines operating parameters are generally, considering:

1. cryogenic temperatures around 162 C
2. working pressure inside of the range 0.3 bar to +30 bar
3. thermal insulation requirements, suitable diameter to ensure LNG flow rates of up to 10 000
3
m /hr, and dedicated line for the vapour return. In general, standard fluid transfer systems
consist of 3 transfer lines, two intended for LNG transfer, and the third for the vapour return. (All
the three transfer lines are in general designed under the same basis, in such way they are fully
interchangeable).
Structural parts in the neighbourhood of cryogenic transfer lines are to be duly protected of any eventual
product leakage that could cause their brittle fracture. Among others, they are to be provided with
suitable low temperature material barriers, fire detection equipment, especially in areas close to
manifolds, and appropriate electrical insulation to prevent any electrical current flow through components
of the transfer system. (also refer to SIGTTO Gas Transfer Guide and Gas Handling Procedures, EN
1474, and OCIMF, as well)

6.6

PUMPS, COMPRESSORS AND VALVES

Every pump and compressor shall be provided with a local or remote control system. Explosion-proof
light signals showing whether the component is in service shall be provided locally or transmitted to
control room.
Every pump and compressor shall be provided with the following:

Isolating valves aimed at facilitating maintenance operations

Check valves at discharge lines (two items in parallel)
Suitable protection against overpressure
Whenever necessary, cooling down system aimed at preventing thermal shocks

Fluid transfer piping systems are to be designed so as to incorporate a sufficient number of valves to
prevent huge fluid spillage in case of a rupture.
Such valves are to be provided with both local and remote control devices.
Valves shall be designed to operate at minimum service temperature and shall be provided with suitable
protection against possible icing during unloading phases.

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6.7

VAPORIZATION UNITS (RE-GASIFICATION)

6.7.1 GENERAL
*

Several categories of vaporizers are currently used:

Heated Vaporizers in which heat is provided by the combustion of fuel, electric power, exhaust
gas from boiler or waste heat from internal combustion engines
Integral Heat Vaporizers for which the heat source is integral to the actual vaporizing exchanger.
This type includes the so-called submerged combustion vaporizers.
Remote Heated Vaporizers corresponding to cases where the heat source is separated from the
actual vaporizing exchanger and an intermediate fluid (water, steam, iso-pentane, glycol) is used
as the heat transport medium.
Ambient Vaporizers using natural sources such as the atmosphere, seawater, or geothermal
waters.
Process Vaporizers in which heat is provided from another thermodynamic or chemical process
or in such a way to conserve or to utilize the refrigeration from the LNG.

* this classification is the one adopted by the NFPA A59, ch 5 5-1.

6.7.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Vaporizers shall be designed, fabricated and inspected in accordance to a recognized pressure vessel
code. As vaporizers usually operate at temperatures comprised between 163 C and 40 C, special
consideration should be given to selection and welding of materials.
It is recommended that design pressure of vaporizers be at least equal to the maximum discharge
pressure of the LNG pump of pressurized container system supplying them, whichever is greater.
Design values to be specified for vaporizers should comply with EN 1473, Annex E, Table E.1.

6.7.3 STORAGE OF INTERMEDIATE VAPORIZER FLUIDS

Manifolds of vaporizers shall have both inlet and discharge block valves at each vaporizer.
Automatic equipment shall be provided to prevent the discharge of either LNG or vaporized gas into a
distribution system at a temperature either above or below the design temperature of the send-out
system.
Isolation of an idle manifolded vaporizer shall be accomplished with two inlet valves.
If flammable intermediate fluid is used with a remote heated vaporizer, shut-off valves shall be provided
on both the cold and hot lines of the intermediate fluid system.

6.7.4 SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES

Safety shut-off valve shall be fitted on liquid line of heated vaporizer at a location at least 15 meters from
the vaporizer, except when vaporizer is located at less than 15 meters from the liquefied gas supply tank.
For a vaporizer located inside a building, safety shut-off valve shall be at least 15 meters from the
structure.
In addition to the above remote control system, safety shut-off valve shall be provided with local control
system.

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6.7.5 COMBUSTION AIR SUPPLY

Heated vaporizers with internal heating system or heat sources for heating vaporizers with external
heating system shall not use the air contained in a closed space.
Air intake shall be provided with suitable flammable vapour detector.
When such heated vaporizers are located inside buildings precautions shall be taken to prevent the
accumulation of combustion products.

6.8

BOIL-OFF RECOVERY SYSTEM

6.8.1 GENERAL
Each plant shall be provided with a boil-off recovery system in such a way to collect boil-off product, to
reliquefy, recompress, to flare or to release it to the atmosphere in a controlled way.
These systems generally comprise:
Boil-off collection system (pipework)
Systems of gas transfer to/from the tanker
Boil-off gas compressors
Flares and vents

6.8.2 COLLECTING SYSTEM

Collecting system should be designed in such a way as no direct emission of cold gas into the
atmosphere can arise during normal operation.
It has to be designed, at least for the following items:
Tanks and LNG receivers, and
Degassing system of pipes and equipment containing LNG
The principles underlying the design, fabrication and control of collecting systems shall be the same as
those applicable to pipework.

6.8.3 GAS RETURN SYSTEM

This system is aimed at compensating the volume of liquid shifted during loading/unloading operations
as well as at collecting boil-off of the tanker while at berth or during the inerting of the tank.
Material constitutive to this system shall comply with the same requirements as applied to collecting
system.

6.8.4 BOIL-OFF GAS RECOVERY

Boil-off can be processed in different ways according to the nature of the storage as well as its particular
economic constraints and objectives. As a matter of fact, boil-off can be:
*
Re-liquefied
Recondensed in the LNG send out prior to vaporization (especially for receiving terminals)
Sent to flare/vent
Used as fuel gas
Recompressed and sent to gas network
In any case, boil-off gas recovery system design and material shall comply with the same requirements
as applied to cryogenic systems.

6.8.5 COMPRESSORS
Compressors shall be fitted with devices suitable to limit downstream pressure to the Maximum
Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) of equipment installed downstream.
They shall be equipped with a shut down system capable to isolate them in case of an emergency.
Compressors handling flammable gas shall be provided with collected vents.

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6.8.6 FLARE/VENTS
Flare/vents shall be designed according to the maximum flow rate they are intended to convey.
This flow rate can result of the following working circumstances:
Unloading of an LNG carrier without gas return
Stop of boil-off recovery compressor(s)
Operation of a submerged pump in full recycle
Cool down of LNG carrier tanks (for exporting terminals)
Usually, several types of flow rates are defined:
Nominal flow rate, and
Accidental flow rate,
These flow rates should be considered separately.
Flare lay out shall be chosen as to account for site specific wind direction distribution to minimize the risk
of a fammable gas cloud reaching a source of ignition. Snuffing and cooling devices can be used as last
resort.

6.9

MODULARIZATION CONCEPTS

When the design of the terminal is based upon the assemblage of several dedicated modules,
constructed apart, by one or several constructors, particular attention is to be given to:

Eventual interface problems, to ensure a safe, reliable and maintenable connection between
modules

The respect of minimum required distance between equipment. The final layout of the
installation is to consider a detailed disposition of equipment inside of modules, and their
arrangement on the terminal itself.

Accessibility into modules for inspection, maintenance and repair after installation.

Ability to isolate a module, in case of failure.

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7.1

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

GENERAL

7.1.1 APPLICATION
The requirements in this chapter apply, in addition to those contained in Bureau Veritas Rules for the
Classification of Steel Ships Part C, Ch 2, to gas carriers, more specifically:
Section 12, [7.15]
Section 11, [5]
Section 3, [10]
Requirements in this chapter, which are given immediately after a reference to the IGC code are to be
understood as being complementary requirements to the IGC code.

7.1.2 DOCUMENTATION TO BE SUBMITTED

In addition to the documentation requested in Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships
Part C, Ch 2, Sec 1, Tab 1, the following are to be submitted for approval:
a) plan of hazardous areas
b) document giving details of types of cables and safety characteristics of the equipment installed in
hazardous areas
c) diagrams of tank level indicator systems, high level alarm systems and overflow control systems
where requested.

7.1.3 SYSTEM OF SUPPLY

7.1.3.1 ACCEPTABLE SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY
IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.1.1
The following systems of generation and distribution of electrical energy are acceptable:

a) direct current:
two-wire insulated
b) alternating current:
single-phase, two-wire insulated
three-phase, three-wire insulated.
In insulated distribution systems, no current carrying part is to be earthed, other than:
a) through an insulation level monitoring device
b) through components used for the suppression of interference in radio circuits.

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7.1.3.2 EARTHED SYSTEM WITH HULL RETURN

IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.1.1
Earthed systems with hull return are not permitted, with the following exceptions to the satisfaction of the
Society:
a) impressed current cathodic protective systems
b) limited and locally earthed systems, such as starting and ignition systems of internal
combustion engines, provided that any possible resulting current does not flow directly
through any hazardous area
c) insulation level monitoring devices, provided that the circulation current of the device does
not exceed 30 mA under the most unfavourable conditions.

7.1.3.3 EARTHED SYSTEMS WITHOUT HULL RETURN

IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.1.1
Earthed systems without hull return are not permitted, with the following exceptions:
a) earthed intrinsically safe circuits and the following other systems to the satisfaction of the Society
b) power supplies, control circuits and instrumentation circuits in non-hazardous areas where
technical or safety reasons preclude the use of a system with no connection to earth, provided the
current in the hull is limited to not more than 5 A in both normal and fault conditions; or
c) limited and locally earthed systems, such as power distribution systems in galleys and laundries
to be fed through isolating transformers with the secondary windings earthed, provided that any
possible resulting hull current does not flow directly through any hazardous area; or
d) alternating current power networks of 1,000 V root mean square (line to line) and over, provided
that any possible resulting current does not flow directly through any hazardous area; to this end,
if the distribution system is extended to areas remote from the machinery space, isolating
transformers or other adequate means are to be provided.

7.1.4 EARTH DETECTION

7.1.4.1 MONITORING OF CIRCUITS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS

IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.1.1
The devices intended to continuously monitor the insulation level of all distribution systems are also to
monitor all circuits, other than intrinsically safe circuits, connected to apparatus in hazardous areas or
passing through such areas. An audible and visual alarm is to be given, at a manned position, in the
event of an abnormally low level of insulation.

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7.1.5 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION PRECAUTIONS

7.1.5.1 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INLET OF GASES OR VAPOURS

IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.1.2

Suitable arrangements are to be provided, to the satisfaction of the Society, so as to prevent the
possibility of gases or vapours passing from a gas-dangerous space to another space through runs
of cables or their conduits.

7.2

HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS AND TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

7.2.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PERMITTED IN GAS- DANGEROUS SPACES AND

ZONES

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE : Ch 10, 10.2

The electrical equipment specified in Tab 1 may be installed in the gas-dangerous spaces and
zones indicated therein.

b) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch 10, 10.2.5.3

Enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces (not containing a source of hazard) having a direct opening,
including those for ventilation, into any hazardous area are to be designated as the same
hazardous zone as the area in which the opening is located.
Electrical installations are to comply with the requirements for the space or area into which the
opening leads.

c) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch 10, 10.2.5.4

Electrical installations in spaces protected by air-locks are to be of a certified safe type unless
arranged to be de-energised upon loss of overpressure in the space.

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Table 1 : Electrical equipment permitted in gas-dangerous spaces and zones

Spaces

Hazar
dous
area
N
Zone 0

Electrical equipment

Description
IGC CODE REFERENCE:
Ch. 10, 10.2.2
Cargo containment systems

Zone 0

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified

intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ia);

b)

simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.

thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
category ia not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;

c)

equipment specifically designed and certified by

the appropriate authority for use in Zone 0;

d)

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.2

submerged cargo pump motors and their supply
cables may be fitted in cargo containment systems.

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.3.1
Hold spaces where
carried
in
a
containment system
a secondary barrier

Zone 1

a)

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified

intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ia);
b) simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.
cargo is
thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
cargo
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
requiring
category ia not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;
c) equipment specifically designed and certified by the
appropriate authority for use in Zone 0;
d) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.3.1 supply
cables for submerged cargo pump motors.

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.3.2

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 any type

considered for Zone 0;
b) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified
Hold spaces where cargo is
intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ib);
carried
in
a
cargo c) simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.
containment
system
not
thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
requiring a secondary barrier
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
category ib not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;
d) based on IGC CODE 10.2.3.2.1 electrical cables
passing through the spaces;
e) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.3.2.2 lighting
fittings are to have pressurised enclosures Ex(p) or to
be of the flameproof type Ex(d). The lighting system is
to be divided between at least two branch circuits.
All switches and protective devices are to interrupt all
poles or phases and are to be located in a gas-safe
space;

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Hazar
dous
area

Spaces

Electrical equipment

Description
f)

Zone 1

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.3.2
Spaces separated from a hold
space where cargo is carried
in a cargo containment
system requiring a secondary
barrier by a single gas-tight
steel boundary

Zone 1

56

based on IGC CODE 10.2.3.2.3 hull fittings containing

the terminals or shell plating penetrations for anodes
or electrodes of an impressed current cathodic
protection system, or transducers such as those for
depth sounding or log systems, provided that such
fittings are of gas-tight construction or housed within a
gas-tight enclosure, and are not located adjacent to a
cargo tank bulkhead. The design of such fittings or
their enclosures and the means by which cables enter,
and any testing to establish their gas-tightness, are to
be to the satisfaction of the Society.

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 any type

considered for spaces under item 3;
IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.3.2.4 flameproof
motors for valve operation for cargo or ballast systems;
and
IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.3.2.5 flameproof
general alarm audible indicators.

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.4

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 any type

considered for Zone 0;
b) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified
intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ib);
Cargo pump and cargo
compressor rooms
c) simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.
thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
Enclosed spaces in Turret
category ib not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;
Re-gasification installations
d) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.4.1 lighting
fittings are to have pressurised enclosures Ex(p) or to
be of the flameproof type Ex(d). The lighting system is
to be divided between at least two branch circuits.
All switches and protective devices are to interrupt all
poles or phases and are to be located in a gas-safe
space;
e) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.4.2 electric
motors for driving cargo pumps or cargo compressors
are to be separated from these spaces by a gas-tight
bulkhead or deck. Flexible couplings or other means
of maintaining alignment are to be fitted to the shafts
between the driven equipment and its motors, and in
addition, suitable glands are to be provided where the
shafts pass through the bulkhead or deck. Such
electric motors and associated equipment are to be
located in a compartment complying with Chapter 12
of the IGC Code;

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Hazar
dous
area

Spaces

Electrical equipment

Description
f)

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.4.3 where

operational or structural requirements are such as to
make it impossible to comply with the method
described in e), motors of the following certified safe
types may be installed:
IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.4.3.1
increased safety type with flameproof enclosure
Ex(de); and
IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.4.3.2
pressurised type;
g) based on IGC CODE 10.2.4.4 certified safe type visual
and/or acoustic indicators (e.g. for general alarm, fireextinguishing media alarm, etc.);
h) certified safe type sensors for gas detection systems.
Zone 1

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.5.1
Zones on open deck or nonenclosed spaces on the open
deck, within 3 m of any cargo
tank outlet, gas or vapour
outlet, cargo pipe flange,
cargo valve or entrances and
ventilation openings to cargo
pump rooms and cargo
compressor rooms.
It also includes:
Non-enclosed spaces
in Turret
Loading/offloading
system

Zone 1

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.5.1

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 any type

considered for Zone 0;
b) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified
intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ib);
c) simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.
thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
category ib not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;
d) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified flameproof
Ex(d);
e) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified pressurised
Ex(p);
f) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified increased
safety Ex(e);
g) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified encapsulated
Ex(m);
h) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified sand filled
Ex(q);
i) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.1 certified specially
Ex(s);
j) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.1.2 electrical cables
passing through the spaces.
As allowed for spaces under item 6.

Zones on the open deck over

the cargo area and 3 m
forward and aft of the cargo
area on the open deck and up
to a height of 2,4 m above the
deck
Zone 1

IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.5.1

November 2005

As allowed for spaces under item 6.

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Hazar
dous
area

Spaces

Electrical equipment

Description
Zones within 2,4 m of the
outer surface of a cargo
containment system where
such surface is exposed to
the weather

Zone 1

Areas on open deck, or semi- As allowed for spaces under item 5.

enclosed spaces on open
deck, within 3 m of any cargo
tank pressure relief valve vent
exits

Zone 1

1 0 IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.5.2

Compartments
hoses

Zone 1

for

a) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 any type

considered for Zone 0;
b) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.1 certified
cargo
intrinsically safe apparatus Ex(ib);
c) simple electrical apparatus and components (e.g.
thermocouples, photocells, strain gauges, switching
devices), included in intrinsically safe circuits of
category ib not capable of storing or generating
electrical power or energy in excess of limits stated in
the relevant rules, and acceptable to the appropriate
authority;
d) IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch. 10, 10.2.5.2.1 lighting
fittings are to have pressurised enclosures Ex(p) or to
be of the flameproof type Ex(d). The lighting system is
to be divided between at least two branch circuits.
All switches and protective devices are to interrupt all
poles or phases and are to be located in a gas-safe
space;
e) based on IGC CODE 10.2.5.2.2 electrical cables
passing through the spaces.

1 1 IGC CODE REFERENCE:

Ch. 10, 10.2.5.2

As allowed for spaces under item 10.

Enclosed or semi-enclosed
spaces
in
which
pipes
containing
cargoes
are
located
Zone 2

1 2 Areas of 1,5 m surrounding

Zone 2

1 3 Spaces 22 m or (B 3) m, As allowed for spaces under item 12.

58

the Zone 1 spaces defined

in item 9

a) any type considered for Zone 1;

b) electrical equipment of a type which ensures the
absence of sparks, arcs and "hot spots" during its
normal operation;
c) electrical equipment tested specially for Zone 2 (e.g.
type "n" protection);
d) electrical equipment encapsulated and acceptable to
the Society.

whichever is the lesser,

beyond the Zone 1 spaces
defined in item 9

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7.2.2 SUBMERGED CARGO PUMPS

7.2.2.1 EXCEPTIONS
IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch 10, 10.2.2
Submerged cargo pumps are not permitted in connection with the following cargoes:

diethyl ether
vinyl ethyl ether
ethylene oxide
propylene oxide
mixtures of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.

7.2.2.2 SUBMERGED ELECTRIC MOTORS

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch 10, 10.2.2

a) Where submerged electric motors are employed, means are to be provided, e.g. by the
arrangements specified in paragraph 17.6 of the IGC Code, to avoid the formation of explosive
mixtures during loading, cargo transfer and unloading.
b) Arrangements are to be made to automatically shut down the motors in the event of low liquid
level. This may be accomplished by sensing low pump discharge pressure, low motor current, or
low liquid level. This shutdown is to be alarmed at the cargo control station. Cargo pump motors
are to be capable of being isolated from their electrical supply during gas-freeing operations.

7.3

PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION

7.3.1 TEMPERATURE CLASS AND EXPLOSION GROUP

IGC CODE REFERENCE: Ch 10 and Ch 19
Temperature class and explosion group data, are given for the case of methane, only:
Product name

Temperature class

Explosion group

Methane

T2

II A

In case of any other product, reference is made to BV Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships, Part D,
Ch 9, Sec 10, [Tab 2] .

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8
8.1

UTILITIES

NITROGEN SUPPLY

Nitrogen is mainly used for gas treatment (adjustment of calorific value), pressurization, LNG tank
insulation space and piping purging , drying and inerting, rapid extinction of flares, vents and furnaces,
cooling, refrigerant cycle make up.
Nitrogen should be of cryogenic quality. It can be produced on site or delivered by ship under pressure
or liquefied.
Liquified nitrogen pipework shall use cryogenic materials selected in accordance with specific standards
(for example, EN 1160).

8.2

COMPRESSED AIR CIRCUITS

Compressed air circuits generally include air instrument, air service and air breathing. As far as air
instrument is concerned, it is recommended that:
The air be dried before delivery
A minimum redundancy of two compressors be provided, each being able to supply the total
demand.

8.3

WASTE TREATMENTS

Special care should be given for secure storage and recycling of toxic wastes, in particular those
containing mercury.

8.4

LIVING AND TECHNICAL QUARTERS

Living and technical quarters shall be designed and built according to recognized standards, complying
with the local regulations concerning safety for the public, based on environmental conditions, including
earthquake analysis, if applicable.
When no local regulations exist, API RP-2A will be applied.

8.5

ESCAPE ROUTE & LIFESAVING

Special attention is to be drawn on the following aspecs:

1) Access arrangements are to be carefully designed to ensure ease of access for escape and
rescue teams, taking into account the required first aid equipment, including the transportation of
injured persons. Entrance points need probably to be provided with both watertight and airtight
doors, support devices to the escape routes must ensure adequate ventilation, even during an
incident.
2) The general requirements for means of escape, and lifesaving are to comply with the SOLAS
Reg. II-2/13.
3) Safety and protective equipment is to be provided in accordance with relevant requirements of
the Part D, Ch 9, of the Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships.
4) The existence of regulations by the National Authorities, with additional requirements for such
installations operating in their territorial waters.

8.6

SECURITY

The operator of the facility shall provide a security system aimed at restricting the access to some
specific reserved areas of site to authorised persons, only.
Access (arrivals and derpartures) should be strictly controlled at access gates to the terminal.

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9
9.1

FIRE PROTECTION

GENERALITIES

The fire hazard remains the major risk for this kind of installations. The main objective of the safety code
is then to reduce the probability of occurrence of any accident of this type, keeping in mind the huge
confined quantity of LNG to be stored, processed, loaded and/or offloaded in offshore LNG terminals.
The probability that a person in or adjacent to the terminal will be exposed to an unacceptable safety
hazard as a result of the design and construction of the terminal, has to be reduced to very low levels, to
be decided in agreement with the Administration.
The implementation of the fire safety system must take into account this major objective of reducing the
probability of injury of any person in the terminal or in adjacent areas, caused by any fire accident.
These risks of injury due to fire are addressed here after, as being those caused by:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

fire or explosion occurring

fire or explosion impacting areas beyond its point of origin
collapse of physical elements due to a fire or explosion
fire safety systems failing to function as expected
persons being delayed in or impeded from moving to a safe place during a fire emergency

The fire safety functional requirements are:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

To minimize the risk of accidental ignition.

To limit the severity and effects of fire or explosions.
To retard the effects of fire on areas beyond its point of origin.
To retard failure or collapse due to the effects of fire.
To protect emergency egress facilities from the effects of fire.
To protect facilities for notification, suppression and emergency response from the
effects of fire.
To facilitate the timely movement of persons to a safe place in an emergency.
To notify persons, in a timely manner, of the need to take action in an emergency.
To facilitate emergency response.
To notify emergency responders, in a timely manner, of the need to take action in an
emergency.

In case of floating structures, reference is made in general to Part D, Ch 9, Section 11, of the Rules for
the Classification of Steel Ships.

9.2

PASSIVE PROTECTION

9.2.1 GENERAL
While in a confined area, the rise in LNG temperature will result in the rise of vapour tension. In open air,
a considerable amount of gas (600 liters of gas for 1 liter of liquid) is released, which is liable to quickly
form an explosive gas/air mixture.
To prevent major accidents, four passive protection measures are therefore recommended, as follows:
1. Prevention and detection of liquid leaks of gas
2. Limitation of evaporated amount of LNG, in case of a leak, by confining the leak within bonds
(compartmented areas, and liquefied gas recovery system).
3. Removal of ignition sources from possible leakage areas, to locate them at minimum safe
distances from these sites
4. Passive fire protection structures

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The concept of safety distance shall be duly observed, specially between LNG storage tanks, and others
hydrocarbon storage tanks, as well. This safety distance concept is aimed at preventing fire to escalate
from one tank to another. The determination of suitable distances are subject to specific justification ,
including regulatory requirements, codes and standard recommendations, as well as, results from risk /
hazard analysis.

9.3

FIRE DETECTION AND LIQUEFIED GAS RECOVERY SYSTEM

9.3.1 LIQUEFIED GAS LEAK-DETECTION

Two types of leak detectors can be used:
1. low temperature thermal detectors. In harzadous areas (manifolds, valves at lower tank), it is
recommended to provide a TV-monitoring system.
2. Gas detectors for locations presenting a particularly high risk of leakage, such as, areas around
manifolds. These detectors shall always be placed under cone-shaped collectors.

9.3.2 FLAME DETECTION

Flame detectors shall normally be used only in case of processing areas associated with the storage
plant.

9.3.3 LIQUEFIED GAS RECOVERY SYSTEM

Pumps provided for the liquefied gas recovery system shall be of low suction height (maximum of 50 cm)
and capable of sucking a diaphasic mixture, without presenting any cavitation problem.
A safety wall able to withstand a gas fire for one hour shall be provided to suitably protect recovery lines
and control rooms.

9.4

FIRE PROTECTION

9.4.1 WATER SUPPLY AND FIRE MAINS

Water pressure in fire mains shall be suitable for the proper operation of drencher nozzles (pressure will
depend on type of drencher nozzle fitted and on effective rate of water jet, but it will never be under 4
bars of effective pressure) and of fire water hoses (7 bars of effective pressure). Five to six bars of
effective pressure shall be maintained in fire mains when not in use.
Fire-mains shall include:
Anti-hammering devices (water hammering being prejudicial to drencher nozzles)
Isolating valves, to isolate any defective pipe sections. Valve locations are to be lit and
suitably protected against thermal radiation.
Constituent materials of mains and pumps shall be corrosion resistant, in particular to seawater
corrosion.

9.4.2 DRENCHER NOZZLE SYSTEM

Open type drencher nozzles shall be supplied through control stations, including:
One direct-passage gate valve with position indicator (position displayed at control station)
and locking device (valve locked in open position while in normal service)
One automatic quick-opening valve able to be operated locally or from control room.
Valve hand control device shall remain easily accessible in the event of a disaster. Lighting above 20
LUX shall be provided to illuminate the device (considered as vital power consumer).

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9.4.3 FOAM FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM

Foam systems shall be provided with sufficient capacity to cover the largest primary drainage area and
the associated vessels. Attention is to be drawn with respect to the selection of the foam expansion rate
and foam discharge rate, as well.
Foam systems shall be provided with remote control from the control station or through low temperature
detection (with alarm signal displayed in control room).
Sufficient reserve of foam forming liquid available to cover ten times the surface of all concerned items is
to be provided, as well (about 0.8 liters per square meter of surface to be covered).
To the fixed foam fire-extinguishing systems, it can be advantageously to add monitor or foam-making
branch pipes controlled from control room and coupled to a TV-monitoring system.

9.4.4 TESTING OF FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Periodical tests of fire-fighting systems shall be made to check that:
No line or drencher nozzle is clogged
Water discharge rate is as required and correctly distributed to all drencher nozzles, at the
designed pressure
Water pressure at drencher nozzles and hydrants is as required
Fire detectors and remote measuring, detection and control systems operate normally

9.4.5 POWDER FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Every storage area shall be provided with fire-extinguishing powder system. Fire-extinguishing powder
shall be compatible with the foam used.
Moreover, hand vent masts of release valves shall be suitably protected by a powder system of sufficient
capacity.

9.5

INSTRUMENTATION

The following information on fire-extinguishing systems shall be displayed at control room:

Position of check valves
Operation of automatic valves
Failure in electric power supply
Failure in fire-detection circuits
In addition to this, it shall be possible to open automatic valves from control room.
Continuous monitoring system shall be provided for all cable connections, depending on their
importance, and cables shall be of flame-resisting or incombustible type.

9.6

PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL

In addition to protective isotherm clothing, personnel shall be protected against radiant heat by means of
screesns fitted in suitable locations, especially in the axis of pathways located in the vicinity of storage
tanks.

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10 SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

10.1 SCOPE
The design review concerns safety equipment & systems regarding the offshore LNG terminal as
described in [1.2], the plans, the drawings and other documents covering structures, equipment and
systems developed by the Designer and submitted to the Society for approval, appraisal and information.

10.2 EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

10.2.1 SCOPE OF WORK
An independent evaluation is made by the Society with respect to the safety of the proposed installation.
Relevant data are to be submitted to the Society, for assessment, on the following items:
- Passive safety systems
- Mechanical equipment
- Equipment, machinery & electrical installations in hazardous areas, including:
- Ignition sources
- Explosion prevention
- Process and utilities, including:
- Design philosophy specification P.F.DS & P & IDs
- Emergency shutdown & gas relieving systems
- Process/utilities systems corrosion control

10.2.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The design review of installations is made in view of the following Regulations, Rules and Standards :
Rules for the Construction and Classification of Offshore units, NR 445 to 456
Rules for the classification of steel ships (where applicable)
A list of applicable Rules and Standards is given for reference in [12 ].

10.2.3 DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED

The documents to be reviewed for approval, for appraisal or for information will be fixed by the Society
from a list of documents intended to be issued for the Project and prepared by the Contractor
Engineering Department.
The Society may require other documents not mentioned in the provided list when deemed necessary for
classification issues.
In addition to this list, the Safety Analysis Report and relevant Studies are to be made available for
information.

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10.2.4 DESIGN REVIEW

The contents of design review of Equipment & Process covered the fields detailed hereafter in [10.2.4.1
to 10.2.4.4]:

10.2.4.1

PASSIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS

The assessment will cover the following topics:

the general arrangement & layout of the passive safety systems including, but not be limited
to:
marine environment
risk segregation
safety equipment.
the classification of the units areas versus:
sources of hazards
extent of hazardous areas
the passive fire protection with respect to:

structural integrity
fire partitions
materials fire resisting characteristics
locations of fire divisions
fire protection of living quarters
the liquefied natural gas storage systems with respect to, but not be limited to:
the capacity of systems to ensure the safe containment of LNG
the safe internal and offloading transfer
the prevention of the formation of flammable mixtures as well as the presence of ignition
sources
the suitability of mechanical and electrical equipment
the safety control systems
the ship piping systems with respect to:
bilge & ballast
venting and sounding
the escape routes
the active safety systems
the ventilation with respect to:
the general arrangement
the natural ventilation (particularly applicable to open modules concept)
the mechanical ventilation systems
the segregation
the fire & gas detection systems with respect to:
the design review objectives
the detection philosophy
the voting system(s)
the activation of alarm & safety functions
the power supplies
the active fire protection with respect to:
the general arrangement
the fire water systems
the total flooding systems
the other systems
the life saving appliances (lsa) for appraisal of the adequacy to meet applicable requirements
with respect to:
the unit life saving crafts
the unit individual life saving appliances
the safety plan

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the alarm & intercommunication system with respect to:

the alarm system
the internal communication system
the navigation aids for appraisal

10.2.4.2

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

The design review will give emphasis to the following :

design arrangement and materials specification of pressure piping and more generally shells
under pressure (see process design review),
protection and segregation of pipes carrying hazardous or toxic substances,
checking of utilities directly in connection with plant safety systems (instrument air),
capacity of drain system and segregation between hazardous and safe drains,
relief system of pressurised piping and capacity.
The design of lifting appliances is reviewed for approval and is performed as part of the process of
verification/classification of appliances onboard an offshore installation, following the provisions of
Bureau Veritas Rules for lifting appliances NI 184, or other agreed standard.
Consideration will be given to type approval already obtained by Suppliers.

10.2.4.3

EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, & ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN HAZARDOUS

AREAS

The design review will give emphasis to the items as defined in [10.2.4.3.1 to 10.2.4.3.2] hereunder.

10.2.4.3.1 IGNITION SOURCES

The review for appraisal aims at ascertaining that all equipment, either continuously or intermittently
operating (hot work for instance), liable to produce ignition sources are either located outside hazardous
areas or adequately protected (enclosures).
Equipment considered as ignition sources placed in safe areas will also be subject to review as regards
their isolation (shut down, hot surface protection etc ...) in the event of upset or emergency conditions.

10.2.4.3.2 EXPLOSION PREVENTION

To ascertain that due care has been exercised to reduce explosion risks, consideration will be given to
equipment as defined hereafter:

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Electrical equipment
1. Operating temperatures with respect to the ignition temperature of gases or vapours
which may be released at a given location.
2. Safety type of protection, according to agreed standards.
3. Lighting fixtures
4. Wiring design to ascertain compliance with the following :
protection against damage,
suitability for use under emergency/upset conditions (geographical) segregation of
network),
suitability for use hazardous areas.

Other equipment
1. Gas turbines including :
turbine room classification accounting for air renewal, differential pressure under
operating conditions with adjacent hazardous areas or with turbines acoustic hood,
alarms
location and protection of auxiliary equipment : valves, piping branches, piping, gas
supply etc...

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2.

Diesel engines including:

air intakes and exhaust outlets location
exhaust spark arrestors and cooling arrangements including alarm for loss of
circulation
protection of fuel injection piping
over speed protection coupled to gas detection at intake
protection of hot surfaces
Gas boilers
Heaters (including electrical and naked flame if applicable)
Piping thermal insulation according to hydrocarbon fluids ignition temperature, grouping
and applicable standards.
Equipment used for maintenance (hot work etc ...)

3.
4.
5.
6.

10.2.4.4

PROCESS AND UTILITIES

The review will cover the following areas as defined in [10.2.4.4.1 to 10.2.4.4.3].

10.2.4.4.1 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY SPECIFICATION P.F.D'S & P & ID'S

The design review will consider for appraisal the following points:

Piping mechanical
Layout of piping with regard to areas segregation, mechanical damages possibly sustained,
fire, flow, condition, etc...
Check of design computation in accordance with applicable Codes/Standard.
Verification that stresses induced by hammer effects, if applicable, have been accounted
for.
Verification of adequacy of materials, conformity with applicable codes fabrication testing
procedures.
Check of corrosion protection design.

Process and Utilities vessels & mechanical equipment

Process, utilities vessels and equipment according to applicable (retained) Codes &
Standards.
Pressure vessels, etc.. including review of specifications detailing :
design parameters (temperatures, pressures, environmental loads, etc...),
design criteria (calculation basis and calculation notes with reference to Codes and
Standards retained),
material, fabrication and control procedures.

10.2.4.4.2 EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN & GAS RELIEVING SYSTEMS

Design review will be conducted to ascertain that control engineering is adequate to prevent the release
of hydrocarbons from the process and, if they occur, to minimise their adverse consequences. The two
objectives are respectively to be reached by the review of plant safety system (P.S.S.) an emergency
support systems (E.S.S.)
The review will be conducted to ascertain that abnormal conditions within the process equipment are
detected by Process Shutdown System (PSD) and that the process or part of the process are adequately
shutdown to safeguard against casually situations.
The review of the Emergency support systems will be conducted to ascertain that the systems are
designed to quickly and safely sectionalise or shutdown all plant activities and to minimise the
consequences of hydrocarbons release.

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The review will include :

pressure relieving, venting and flaring system adequacy,

gas and fire detection/protection systems as well as emergency power system already dealt
with in the preceding sections,

liquid containing systems to collect and safely dispose of released liquid hydrocarbons, to
initiate alarms and shutdowns,

emergency shutdown (E.S.D.) systems to enable partial or total shut-down, either manually
or automatically, of the plant activities,

subsurface safety valves and their control system.

and will concern the following items:

Platform safety
Review of the platform safety analysis performed for each process component under worst
input/output conditions to be later integrated in the entire process flow stream.
Review of the two (primary and secondary) levels of protection : independence of control
devices (for birth monitoring and shut-down unless otherwise accepted), functional
difference between the two levels of protection, total coverage by each level of protection of
possible configurations and consequences of a given failure, etc...
Review of logic diagram and cause and effect chart.
Review of the choice of protection systems and devices :

fail safe design,

continuous operation (not by-passing),

automatic operation of detecting devices,

automatic and manual shut-down devices

activation signals at control centre(s)

Review of testing possibilities in service

Review of valves arrangements and securing

Process shutdown (PSD)

Review of P.S.D. will be made of :
Shut-down time after detection

Shut-down location (individual shut-downs, cascading shutdown, shut-down of

primary energy source, etc...)
Shut-down energy (capacity and reliability) and associated equipment (accumulators,
piping/bleed port sizing, actuating mechanism, etc...)
Suitability for use in hazardous areas for electrical components.

Emergency shutdown systems

In addition to the same topics as given under P.S.D. the review will also include
Location of manual activation stations,
Shut-down levels : in a given area ; process activities ; all plant activities (process
and utilities) except essential emergency services, total platform shut-down.

Shutdown valves
The review will bear upon :
check of location in relation to process flow schematics and operating parameters,
check of isolating valves location with regards to fire protection system,
check of valves design, particularly of fire resisting properties.

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Pressure relieving systems

The review will include the following :
Sizing of all PSVs and rupture discs under all process upsets and emergency
conditions. Check of valve types, materials in relation to gas outlet temperature, etc...
Header and piping : check of pressure drop and back pressure computation under
different upset/emergency conditions (several PSV and depressurising valves
simultaneously operating).
Check of possible slug (hydrates) formation
Check of scrubbing capacity of K.O. drum
Check of flare radiation computation and radiation levels with regards to safety
requirements
Check of gas dispersion calculations under upset conditions (emergency blowdown),
flare blow out.

10.2.4.4.3 PROCESS/UTILITIES SYSTEMS CORROSION CONTROL

Certification review will be conducted of methods of protection against corrosion.

10.3 MONITORING / CONTROL SYSTEM

10.3.1 GENERAL
LNG terminal shall include monitoring and control room.
All the information from control systems shall be displayed at control room. All remote control devices
and emergency shut-off devices shall be capable of activation from control room

10.3.2 SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS

a) Control room shall be located in such a way to remain operational even in the event of failure in
any system of the terminal
b) Qualified personnel shall attend the control station at all times
c) If the terminal includes several control stations, they shall be interconnected by several
communication systems
d) Control station shall be capable of transmitting possible alarms to any part of the terminal liable
to be attended by watch personnel

10.3.3 OPERATING MANUAL

Attention is drawn on that LNG terminals shall be provided with the Operating Manual, listing all
necessary instructions for loading/unloading operations, emergency shut-off, etc. The Operating Manual
shall be kept at control station and be readily available to the personnel in charge. It shall be submitted
to the relevant Authorities.

10.3.4 CONTROL DEVICES

10.3.4.1

GENERAL

Control devices shall fulfil their function under any normal conditions of service and shall be arranged so
as to permit their monitoring and maintenance.

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10.3.4.2

CONTROL DEVICES FAIL-SAFE SYSTEM

Control devices for main components of the terminal system shall be designed to automatically switch
over to fail-safe system in the event of power failure (fail-safe design).
Control devices with electric power supply shall be supplied by two independent sources of power.
Whenever auxiliary generators are provided as the emergency power source, their location shall be such
that they can operate in the event of major damage to any part of the system.

10.3.4.3

EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN SYSTEMS (ESD)

10.3.4.3.1 CONCERNED EQUIPMENT

Following equipment shall be provided with emergency shut-off systems:
a) Liquefying units
b) Tanks
c) Vaporizers
d) Transfer systems

10.3.4.3.2 EMERGENCY SHUT-OFF AUTOMATIC ACTIVATION

Emergency shut-off system shall be, as a rule, automatically activated, and especially in the following
cases/
a) Service temperature beyond the fixed limits
b) Service pressure beyond the fixed limits
c) High level of the liquid
d) Gas concentration near the equipment being over 40 % of the Lower Explosive Limit
e) Outbreaks of fire near the equipment

10.3.4.3.3 EMERGENCY SHUT-OFF PROCEDURE

Emergency shut-off system, when released , shall stop the concerned equipment. If applicable, it shall
also include the depressurization of the equipment.
Whenever emergency shut-off is liable to cause serious damage to the equipment or represent additional
hazards, no automatic shut-off shall be provided for this specific situation.
Necessary arrangements shall, nevertheless, be made to limit the escape of gas or the outflow of liquid.

10.3.4.3.4 EMERGENCY SHUT-OFF CONTROL SYSTEM

For the equipment under the continuous watch of qualified personnel, it can be accepted that the events
listed in 10.3.4.3.2 above, trigger off only one alarm of the emergency shut-off system being handoperated.
Hand-operated emergency shut-off devices shall be easily accessible and located at a reasonable
distance from the equipment they serve, with relevant protection of personnel from any injury.

10.3.4.3.5 STORAGE SYSTEMS EMERGENCY SHUT-DOWN

LNG storage unit shall be provided with emergency shut-off for the whole installations on the site.
Emergency shut-down systems shall be activated from control room.

10.3.4.4

CONTROL AND ALARM DEVICES

10.3.4.4.1 DETECTION DEVICES

Detection devices shall be provided for the following:
Control of parameters, which represent a potential danger for the equipment during its operation,
being liable to cause a dangerous situation.
Fire or fammable gas detection (in areas where a fire is liable to break out)
Continuous gas detection in buildings with equipment liable to contain flammable fluids

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Alarm device shall be provided at control station and inside of the concerned building.
triggered off when the gas concentration reaches 25 % of the Lower Limit of Flammability.

It shall be

10.3.4.4.2 VAPOUR CLOUD DETECTION SYSTEM

LNG terminal shall be provided with continuous flammable gas detection system.
Such systems shall trigger off an alarm at control station when gas concentration reaches 25 % of the
Lower Limit of Flammability.
Gas sensors shall be fitted next to possible sources.
Storage site shall be provided with, at least, two sets of portable gas detectors, able to measure the
flammable gas content.
Detecting instruments shall be periodically calibrated and checking entered in the Fire record.

10.3.4.4.3 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

Continuous fire detection system shall be provided in locations where outbreaks of fire are liable to be a
hazard to persons or property.
Fire detection system shall trigger off an alarm locally and at control station.

10.3.4.4.4 ALARM SYSTEMS

Sensors required in this chapter should trigger off alarms when critical levels are reached.
Such alarms include, in particular, light and sound signals displayed at control room.
Morever, the nature and location of potential danger, pointed out by alarms, shall be clearly indicated.

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11 CONSTRUCTION SURVEY & COMMISSIONING

11.1 GENERAL
11.1.1 SCOPE OF THE WORK
During the fabrication, building, installation and commissioning of the terminal the following activities are
to be covered under the supervision of the Society:

before the construction starts, review of the fabrication documents,

organization of the Surveyor Program (witness, hold points, )

at the beginning of the construction, appraisal of the procedure defining the content of the
manufacturing record book,

during construction, inspection of the significant main phases of the construction, survey of
testing of equipment and systems,

commissioning witness.

11.1.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

The applicable technical documents are selected amongst the following documents which define the
technical requirements for the performance of the Classification or Certification activities on the
construction survey :
Bureau Veritas approved design documentation (design drawings, material specifications,
fabrication specifications, data sheets, ...)
Bureau Veritas Rule Note "Construction Survey of Steel Structures of Offshore Units and
Installations" ( NR 426)
Guidance Note "Inspections at works for the classification of steel ships & offshore units" (NR
266)
Bureau Veritas Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Offshore Units, NR 445 to 456
Bureau Veritas Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships Part D, Materials.
Other recognised Standards, where suitable for design of concrete and steel structures in a
marine environment, as agreed between parties for specific aspects of the project

11.2 REVIEW OF FABRICATION DOCUMENTS FOR STRUCTURES

The following fabrication documents (to be issued by the Contractor) are to be submitted to the Society
for appraisal, before the construction starts :

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Contractor QA/QC manual

Quality Control plans

Structural, equipment and systems drawings, as per rules

Fabrication procedures

Welding procedure specifications and supporting qualifications

Qualifications of steel welders and welding operators

Concrete fabrication

Qualifications of NDT operators

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Equipment and systems testing procedures

Coordination procedure(s) and Planning

List of Subcontractors and Vendors

Fabrication standards

Records of testing equipment calibration

11.3 SURVEY OF FABRICATION OF STRUCTURES AND SUB-ASSEMBLIES

A surveillance program is to be set according to the capabilities shown by the Contractor with regard to
its quality organization.

11.3.1 PRELIMINARY
A quality audit is performed by the Society to check the QA system of the Contractor and to demonstrate
that the procedures needed to obtain the required quality are existing. The way these procedures are
implemented is also checked.

11.3.2 SURVEY EXTENT

A random inspection of the significant main phases of the construction is to be performed, mainly to
check the implementation of the mentioned procedures in [4.3.1], during the progress of the construction.
The whole responsibility of the Quality Control operations is left to the Q.C. department of the Contractor,
The role of the Society is to monitor the compliance of the construction with the applicable rules by
random verification covering the following fields:

Materials

Material traceability

Cuttings and welding preparations

Main fit-ups

Preheating

Welding consumables

Welding parameters

Visual random checks on weld aspects and fillet weld throats dimensions.

Identification of NDT operators in relation with the approved list.

Non destructive testing

Heat treatments and other fabrication operations (forming, straightening,...)

Final visual examination of the sub-assemblies to verify the absence of distortions

or damages, and the correct removal of temporary attachments.

Contractor'
s Site queries

Contractor'
s Non conformity reports

Contractor'
s Modifications / changes

Contractor'
s release notes

Closing out the relevant Contractor'

s punch-list.

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11.4 SURVEY OF EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS INSTALLATION AND TESTING

11.4.1 GENERAL
This section defines the installation, equipment & systems which will be surveyed and should be
submitted to testing. The following activities on the construction site are concerned:

mechanical equipment & piping installation

electrical equipment installation

structural fire protection

cathodic protection installations

as defined in [11.4.2 to 11.4.5] hereafter.

11.4.2 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT & PIPING INSTALLATION

The survey and testing of the mechanical equipment & piping installation will cover the following items:
Pressure Vessels/Exchangers, storage tanks.

Pumps, Compressors, which are covered by the rules.

Fired heaters and boilers

Gas turbines/Diesel engines.

Piping systems

Lifting equipment, at special request of the owner.

H.V.A.C.

11.4.3 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION

The survey and testing of the electrical equipment installation will cover the following
items:

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Generators/Motors

Switchboards

Transformers

Batteries

Cables

Lighting and small power sub-circuit socket outlets

Grounding

Electrical instrumentation

Fire and Gas detection and protection (Alarms and public address, Navigation
aids)

Emergency Supplies

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11.4.4 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION

For Classification purpose the involvement of the Society will be limited to the Inspection of the passive
fire protection installations and blast protection arrangements.
The following activities are concerned :

Review of certificates of passive fire protection materials (wall/ceiling panels, fire bats, doors,
windows, deck insulation, surface lining, paint systems, floor covering, etc. ...)

Check installation of passive fire protection materials in accordance with approved drawings
and specifications.

11.4.5 CATHODIC PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS

In particular, it will be verified:

the certificate of inspection at works of the anodes and the storage conditions.

that the electrical continuity with the protected structures is ensured if the anodes are clamped
and not welded (resistivity tests should have been done by the builder).

that the number and location of the anodes are in accordance with the approved design.

11.5 MANUFACTURING RECORDS BOOK REVIEW

At the beginning of the construction a procedure defining the content of the manufacturing record book is
to be established by the Contractor and submitted to the Surveyor for appraisal.
During the construction, the quality control records, selected by the Surveyor, are reviewed by him.
These records are to be checked and signed by the Contractor'
s QC engineer before submittal to the
Surveyor.
NDT tasks and records in the process of fabrication are to be carried out according to the acceptable
procedures and methodologies.
Periodically the Surveyor checks specific NDT or testing operations (from the beginning to the reporting)
and verifies the correct implementation of the approved procedures and the operators qualifications.
The quality control records are to be listed for each structure /system on registers such as material
registers and weld registers, according to a previously agreed procedure. These registers are to be
provided by the Contractor.
At the end of the fabrication the quality control registers/records are compiled by the Contractor in a
manufacturing record book.

11.6 COMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES

The Surveyor will witness the terminal commissioning, as required by the Rules and will issue the
corresponding contractual documents.

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11.6.1 SCOPE
As the commissioning of systems or parts of systems will be completed at the construction site, a
reduced commissioning programme limited to the outstanding items will be carried out offshore.
The commissioning is associated with operating the plants and includes:

where possible, the checking of the protection devices (the adjustment being made previously to
the commissioning period),

checking of the remote control devices including the alarm system running,

witness the endurance tests and examination of results of tests.

11.6.2 ORGANISATION OF THE SURVEY

The Bureau Veritas Surveyor is to be provided with all commissioning procedures and programmes
enough time before commissioning commences, so that he may indicate which checks/tests he wishes to
attend.

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12 APPENDIX 1:

RULES & STANDARDS

12.1 BASIC RULES

The basic rules will be the following:

Bureau Veritas Rules & Rule-Related Documents

Title

Rules for the Classification of Offshore Units

Introduction
Chap. 1 Classification
Chap 2 Maintenance of class
Chap 3 Stability, subdivision and freeboard
Chap 4 Environmental conditions- loadings
Chap 5 Steel structures
Chap 7 Equipment & safety
Chap 8 Control systems and automation
Chap 10 Floating storage, production and offloading units
Towage at sea of vessel of floating units
Rules for the classification and certification of lifting appliances of ships
and offshore units
Procedure for review of loading instruments and load master
Rules and Regulations for the classification of steel ships and offshore
installations - Materials
Inspections at works for the classification of steel ships and offshore
units
Model procedure on inclining experiment
Fatigue Strength of Welded Ship Structures
Guidelines for corrosion protection of sea water ballast tanks and hold
spaces
Corrosion protection of offshore units and installations. Recommended
practice
Approval of computerised equipment
Recommendations on the quality of software onboard
Construction survey of offshore units and installations Rule Note
Electrical systems on board offshore units and installations
Certification of synthetic fibre ropes for mooring systems
Piping systems on board offshore units and installations
Process systems on board offshore units and installations
Safety features of offshore units and installations
Classification of Mooring Systems for Permanent Offshore Units

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NR 445 DTO
NR 446 DTO
NR 447 DTO
NR 448 DTO
NR 449 DTO
NR 450 DTO
NR 451 DTO
NR 453 DTO
NR 454 DTO
NR 456 DTO
NR 183 DNC
NR 184 DNC
NI 189 DNC
NR 216 DNC
NR 266 DNC
NI 299 DNC
NI 393 DSM
NI 409 DNC
NR 423 DTO
NR 424 DNC
NI 425 DNC
NR 426 DTO
NR 428 DTO
NI 432 DTO
NR 458 DTO
NR 459 DTO
NR 460 DTO
NI 493 DTM

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IMO Regulations
SOLAS
MARPOL
ILCC
MODU CODE
COLREG

12.2 OTHER RELEVANT CODES, STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

The following rules or standards are given as guidance. Other codes and standards recognised as
equivalent are acceptable
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & LAYOUT
API RP 2A -- WSD
API RP 2G
API RP 14 J
AREAS CLASSIFICATION
API RP 500 or 505
IP part 15
VENTILATION
API RP 500 or 505
GAS & FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
API RP 2G
API RP 14G
API RP 14C
API RP 14 J
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
SOLAS
API RP 14 G
NFPA 11, 11B, 12A, 17, 13, 14, 15, 20
HYDROCARBON STORAGE SYSTEMS
MARPOL
SOLAS
SHIP PIPING SYSTEMS
SOLAS
IMO MODU
SECONDARY & EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION & LOAD SHEDDING
IEC 79 and relevant IEC publications
API RP 14F
EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY & ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
IMO MODU
and as complement :
OCMA MEC-1
IEC 79 electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmosphere or as equivalent :
NFPA - NEC
CENELEC Electrical apparatuses for potentially explosive atmosphere
EN 500 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

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LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES & ESCAPE ROUTES

IMO MODU
SOLAS
HELIDECK FACILITIES
IMO MODU
ALARM & INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
MODU CODE
NFPA
LIFTING APPLIANCES
International and other regulations quoted in BV Rules
MOORING
API 2 SK
PROCESS DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND PIPING SPECIFICATIONS PFD'S AND P & ID'S
API RP 14E (piping)
ANSI B 31-3
ASME section VIII div. 1 and 2 or equivalent as :
BS 5500
BV Rules
CODAP
TEMA class R
API STD 660 - 661
API 650 atmospheric vessels
ASME section I and IV - fired units
API std 610, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619
API 7B - 11c - 7C - 11F
API 12J, separators, API 12L, treaters
UTILITY SYSTEMS, UFD'S AND PHILOSOPHY
Refer to previous .
PROCESS SAFETY SYSTEMS, EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN & GAS RELIEVING SYSTEMS
API RP 14E, RP 14C, RP 14J
API RP 520, RP 521
API RP 6D, RP 6F
PROCESS/UTILITIES SYSTEM CORROSION CONTROL
API RP 14E
NACE MR 01 75

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CONCRETE
Euro Code 2 Unified Code on Concrete
Euro Code 8 Code on Earthquake Engineering
ISO CD 19903 Fixed Concrete Structures
BS-8110 Structural Use of Concrete
th
NS3473 Concrete Structures, 4 Edition Norwegian Council for Building Standardisation, Nov
1992
CSA S474-94 Concrete Structures, Part IV of the Code for the Design, Construction and
Installation of Fixed Offshore Structures, 1994
ACI 213R Guide for Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete
ACI 311.4R Guide for Concrete Inspection Programs
ACI 318 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete
ACI 357R-84 Guide for the Design and Construction of Fixed Offshore Concrete Structures
ACI 357.2R-88 State-of-the-Art Report on Barge-like Concrete Structures
ASTM C330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
ACMC-ICCMC Asian Concrete Model Code 2001
LNG
NFPA 59A Standard for the production, storage and handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 2001
edition
NFPA 59 Standard for the storage and handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases at utility gas plants,
1995 edition
BS-7777 Flat-bottomed, vertical, cylindrical storage tanks for low temperature service
EN 1473 Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas Design of onshore installations
LIGHTING AND AIDS TO NAVIGATION
IALA Regulations
LOADING/OFFLOADING SYSTEMS
OCIMF Design and Construction Specification for Marine Loading Arms, 1987
EN 1474 Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas - Design and testing of
loading/unloading arms
SIGITTO Gas transfer guide and Gas handling procedures

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