Grid Operation

Presentation Outlines
Introduction
Load Dispatch Centre
Load Forecasting

SCADA
Conclusion

Introduction

History
Starting of utility services
1st utility service started in Nov1897 with
commissioning of a 130 KW hydro station
at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in WB

2300 volts single phase 83.3 cycle

Cost of installation 1.2 Lakh

Electrical Power System

Hydro

Gas or CC

Nuclear

Coal
5

Overview of Regional Grids

Power system in the country is
divided into five regional grids
namely Northern, Western,
Southern, Eastern and North
Eastern grids

NR
NER

Except for Southern grid,

remaining four regional grid
operate in synchronism

WR

SR

N&
ANDAMA
R
NICOBA

P
EE
DW
HA
KS
LA

Southern grid is connected to

Eastern and Western grids
through asynchronous links

ER

Evolution of the Grid

August 2006
North synchronized
With Central Grid

Five Regional Grids

Two Frequencies

March 2003
West synchronized
With East & Northeast
NEW Grid

October 1991
East and Northeast
synchronized
Central Grid

South

SR Synch
By 2014

MERGING OF MARKETS

North
West

South
Grid

East

Installed Capacity: 211 GW

Northeast

Five Regional Grids

Five Frequencies

Inter Regional
Capacity:
>23 GW

Renewable: 25.8 GW

The
Electrical
Regions
N-E-W Grid

NORTHERN
REGION

NORTHEASTERN
REGION

EASTERN
REGION

WESTERNRE
GION

SOUTH Grid
2

SOUTHERN
REGION

POWERGRID - NRLDC

Fuel-wise & Sector-wise Capacities

Fuel wise break-up (MW)
Thermal

1,41,713

66.9%

Coal

1,21,610

57.4%

Gas

18,903

8.9%

Diesel

1,200

0.6%

Hydro

39,416

18.6%

4,780

2.3%

25,856

12.2%

2,11,766

100.0%

Nuclear

Renewable

TOTAL

Sector wise break-up

(MW)
Private
Sector
29.49%
Central
Sector
29.73%

State
Sector
40.77 %

(As on 31.01.2013, excluding captive capacity of 34444

MW connected to grid)

(Source-CEA)

Total generation in 2011-12 : 849.41 BU

9

Area : 1010,000 SQ KMS

Population : 330 Million
Peak Demand : 42 GW
Max energy Consumption:875 MU

REGIONAL
GRIDS
Area : 255,090 SQ KMS
Population : 40 Million
Peak Demand : 2 GW
Max energy consumption : 35 MU

NORTHERN
REGION

NORTHEASTERN
REGION

INSTALLED CAPACITY
NORTHERN :-

58.02 GW

EASTERN :-

27.19 GW

SOUTHERN :-

54.45 GW

WESTERN :-

69.54 GW

NORTH-EASTERN :-

TOTAL

EASTERN
REGION
WESTERN
REGION
Area : 951470 SQ KMS
Population : 244 Million
Peak Demand : 36 GW
Max energy consumption :710 MU

Area : 433680 SQ KMS

Population : 240 Million
Peak Demand : 15 GW
Max energy consumption:300 MU

SOUTHERN
REGION
Area : 636280 SQ KMS
Population : 232 Million
Peak Demand : 34 GW
Max energy consumption :700 MU

Total 3,287,263 sq. km area

Total than
3,287,263
sq. kmpeople
area
More
1.2 Billion
More than 1 Billion people

2.47 GW

211.7 GW

Annual Per Capita Consumption

Year
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12

Annual Per Capita

Consumption (kWh)
631.4
671.9
717.1
733.5
778.6
818.8
879.22

Conventional Generation Resource

distribution
Hydro
Jammu

Ludhiana

SIKKIM

NEPAL

BHUTAN

Partabpur

RAPP Jaipur

Guwahati

Lucknow
Patna

Gandhinagar
Pipavav

Bhopal

WR

BANGLA
DESH

AN

ER

Vindhyachal
Indore

NER

CHICKEN
NECK

Kolkata

Korba

Talcher/Ib Valley
Raipur
Bhubaneswar

Tarapur
Mumbai
Hyderabad

Vizag
Simhadri

SR
Kozhikode
Mangalore

Bangalore

Kayamkulam
Thiruvananthapuram

LEGEND
Generation
Coal

Krishnapatnam

Kaiga

Ennore
South Madras
Chennai

Hydro

Cuddalore

Lignite
Coastal

Kudankulam
COLOMBO

Nuclear

SRI LANKA

MM
AR

Delhi

MY

NR

Coal
Load-Centre

Renewable Energy resource

Solar map
Wind map

Transmission Sector
Transmission Network
Voltage
Ckt. Km
MVA
765 kV

6459

45000

400 kV

114672

163212

220 kV

139716

240274

HVDC

9432

11000

2.7 Lakh
Ckt. Km

4.5 Lakh
MVA

TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
HVDC:
BIPOLE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rihand Dadri
Chandrapur Padge
Talcher Kolar
Balia - Bhiwadi

BACK To BACK
1.
2.
3.

Vindhyachal
Bhadravati
Gazuwaka

TCSC :
1.
2.
3.

FSC :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Legend:

Location of FSC & TCSC

Muzaffarpur Gorakhpur D/C

Purnea Muzzafarpur D/C
Raipur Raigarh D/C

- 18
Muzaffarpur Gorakhpur D/C
Purnea Muzaffarpur D/C
Raipur Raigarh D/C
Gooty Bangalore 2 * S/C
Nsagar Cuddapah 2 * S/C
Kanpur Ballabgarh S/C
Panki Muradnagar S/C
Rengali Indravati S/C
Jeypore Gazuwaka D/C
Meramandali Jeypore S/C
Balia Lucknow D/C
Ranchi Sipat D/C
Seoni Khandwa D/C
Allahabad Mainpuri D/C
Unnao Bareilly D/C
Gorakhpur Lucknow D/C
Bareilly Mandaula D/C
Pampore Kishenpur 220 kV D/C

Regional Interconnections

Regional Interconnections

Regional Interconnections

Regional Grids Geographical

Inter regional
Link

30,500MW
MW
56089
2454 MW

68185 MW

53361 MW

26837
MW
16,000

Installed Generation Capacity

( as on 31.01.2013 : Source CEA Report)

Current ~ 211 GW

MW capacity

NER-ER

1,250

ER-NR

9,500

ER-SR* (excl.
Talcher-Kolar
bipole)

1,100

ER-WR

2,800

SR-WR

1,500

WR-NR

4,400

Other 132 KV
Links

600

Talcher Kolar
HVDC Bipole

2,500

Total as on
date

>2300

ER-NR interregional links

Capacity

Muzaffarpur-Gorakhpur D/C

2000

Biharshariff-Balia 400 kV D/C

1200

Patna-Balia 400 kV D/C

1200

Barh-Balia 400 kV D/C

1200

Pusauli-Balia 765 kV @ 400 kV

1100

Gaya-Fatehpur 765 kV

2000

Pusauli-Sahupuri 220 kV S/C

100

Karmansa-Sahupuri 220 kV S/C

100

Sonnagar-Rihand 132 kV S/C

50

10

Garhwa-Rihand 132 kV S/C

50

11

Pusauli HVDC back-to-back

500

Total

9500

ER-NER interregional links

Capacity

Birpara-Salakati 220 kV D/C

250

Malda-Bongaigaon 400 kV D/C

1000
1250

ER-SR interregional links

Capacity

Gazuwaka HVDC Back to back

1000

Talcher-Kolar HVDC Bipole

2500

Balimela-Upper Sileru 220 kV S/C

100

Total

3600

ER-WR

Capacity

Rourkela-Raipur 400 kV D/C

1400

Ranchi-Sipat 400 kV D/C

1000

Budhipara-Korba 220 kV D/C +S/C

400

IR
> 23
GW

NR-WR interregional links

Capacity

Vindhyachal HVDC Back to back

500

Agra-Gwalior 765 kV@400 kV S/C+S/C

2200

Kankroli-Zerda 400 kV D/C

1200

Auraiya-Malanpur 220 kv D/C

Badod/Kota-Morak 220 kV D/C

2800

WR-SR

Capacity

Bhadravati HVDC back-to-back

1000

250

Kohlapur-Belgaum 220 kV D/C

250

250

Ponda-Nagjheri 220 kV D/C

250

4400

1500

765 kV Ring Under Construction

International Interconnections
Nepal

Bhutan

Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV

Radial links with Nepal
Net import by Nepal
(about 10% of Nepal demand)

Tala: (400 kV) 1020 MW

Chukha: (220 kV) 336 MW
Kurichu: (132 kV) 60 MW
Net import by India

India- Bhutan synchronous links

400 kV Tala-Binaguri D/C
400 kV Tala-Malbase-Binaguri
220 kV Chukha-Birpara D/C
220 kV Chukha-Malbase-Birpara
132 kV Kurichu-Bongaigaon
Sri Lanka
(Proposed)
Madurai(India) and
Anuradhapura(Sri-Lanka)
through 500 KV HVDC
under sea cable
Maps not to scale

Bangladesh
(Proposed) 400 KV AC line between
Baharampur(India) and
Bheramara(Bangladesh) with 500
MW HVDC sub-station at Bheramara

Typical Northern Region Demand Curve

Monsoon

Demand (GW)

30

28

Summe

25

Winter

23

Winter

Monsoon

Summar

20

00

02

04

06

08

10

12
Hour

Note: Above Graph Shows Plot of Actual Demand Met

14

16

18

20

22

Seasonal Variation in Power Flow

Patterns

Frequency Profile (New Grid)

Mandated Frequency Band: 49.7 to 50.2 Hz

Peak demand met

125 GW

Load
Distribution

Energy Consumption
2500 MU /day
Source: NASA Satellite Picture

Load Dispatch Centres

Players in Power Sector

Generators
Central/State GENCO, IPP, Captive

CTU
Inter-State Trans. system,
Open Access

STU
Intra-State Tr./Sub-tr. system

DISCOMS

Consumers
Industries, household,
agriculture

System
Operator
Power
Exchange
Traders

Functions of System Operator

Operational planning
Assessment of Transfer Capability
Frequency Control
Voltage Control
Issuing Switching Instructions
Managing Congestion in Transmission System
Setting power order of HVDC stations
Arming and Disarming of System Protection
Schemes
Restoration of equipment post disturbances
Grid Event Analysis
29

Functions of System Operator

Generation Resource Scheduling
Providing common and equal information
access to all market players
Facilitating Open Access
Metering System Design, Meter Data Collection,
Validation and Processing
Energy Accounting and Settlement
Calculation of Losses
Pool Account Administration
Market Surveillance and Analysis
30

Jurisdiction of Load Despatch Centers

NLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated
operation of National Power System

5
33

RLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated
operation of power system in the
concerned region
SLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated
operation of power system in a state

Information Flow hierarchy

Unified Load
Despatch & data
acquisition

National
Level

NLDC

Region
Level

RLDC

State HQ
Level

SLDC

Group of District
Level

SUB LDC
.

RTU
Plant/Sub Station
Level

Role of NLDC
NLDC apex body to ensure integrated operation of
the national power system
Functions of NLDC

Supervision over RLDCs

Scheduling & Despatch of electricity over inter-regional links
Monitor grid operations and grid security
Coordination with RPC for regional outage schedule
Coordinate with RLDC for energy accounting of inter-regional
exchange of power
Coordination for restoration of synchronous operation of
national grid with RLDCs
Coordination of trans-national exchange of power
Nodal agency for the collective transactions
33

Role of RLDC
RLDC apex body to ensure integrated operation of
the power system in the concerned region
Functions of RLDC
Optimum scheduling & Despatch of electricity within region
Exercise supervision and control over ISTS
Metering and data collection to Keep accounts of the
quantity of electricity transmitted through the regional grid
Real time operations for grid control and despatch of
electricity within the region through secure and economic
operation of the regional grid
Operation o regional UI pool account, regional reactive
energy account and congestion charge account
System restoration following grid disturbances
Operation of ancillary services
34

Role of SLDC
SLDC apex body to ensure integrated operation of
the power system in the State
Functions of SLDC
Optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity within state
Monitor grid operations
Keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted
through the state grid
Exercise supervision and control over intra state transmission
system
Real time operations for grid control and despatch of
electricity within the state through secure and economic
operation of the state grid in accordance with grid standards
and state grid code

35

Provisions in IEGC
Operating philosophy
Frequency: 49.7 - 50.2 Hz
Voltage

765 kV level: 800 - 728 kV

400 kV level: 420 - 380 kV
220 kV level: 245 - 198 kV
132 kV level: 145 122 kV

Decentralized scheduling
Notional control area
Frequency linked despatch

Specific expectations
Faithful capacity
declaration
Reliable telemetry
Frequency regulation
Voltage regulation
Black start
Share DR/EL post event

Operating Code System Security Aspects

Comply with the directions of RLDC /SLDC to ensure
integrated grid operation and for achieving maximum
economy and efficiency in operation of power system
No part of grid to be isolated except under emergency
No important element to be opened without
instruction or concurrence of RLDC
All tripping to be reported to RLDC as soon as possible
The reason (to the extent determined) and the likely
time of restoration shall also be intimated
All reasonable attempts shall be made for the
elements restoration as soon as possible

Operating Code Frequency Control

Operating Frequency Range revised - 49.7Hz to 50.2Hz
Action for curtailing over drawal to be initiated at
49.8Hz
No overdrawal when frequency is 49.7Hz or below
Frequency Linked despatch guidelines to be followed
SEBs /distribution licensees to abide by the demand
management measures of the SLDCs
Automatic Load disconnection (Demand side
Management) scheme

Operating Code Voltage Control

Generating units of above 50 MW size
AVRs (Automatic Voltage Regulators) in operation
PSS (Power System Stabilizers) shall be got properly tuned

Operating Code RGMO

All generating units (> 200 MW) and hydro units (> 10
MW) to have governor in operation w.e.f. 01.08.2010
When system freq is below 50.2Hz, any improvement
in frequency shall not lead to reduction in generation
When system frequency is above 50.2Hz, any fall in
frequency shall not lead to increase in generation
Increase limited to 105% of MCR
Ripple filter of +/- 0.03 Hz shall be provided
small changes in frequency are ignored for load correction
prevent governor hunting

To have a droop setting of between 3% and 6%

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

States should avoid drawing VArs from EHV grid
To encourage reactive power management for
maintaining voltages within limits, VArs to be priced as
under
State to pay
for VAr drawal when voltage is below 97%
for VAr injection when Voltage is above 103%

State to get payment

for VAr drwal when voltage is above 103%.
for VAr injection when voltage is below 97%

Initial rate 10 paise/KVArh w.e.f. 01.04.2010 to be

escalated at 0.5 paise/KVarh every year

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

RLDC may direct to curtail drawal/injection of VArs for
grid security
Switching in/out of 400 KV bus and line reactors and
tap changing of 400/220 KV ICTs as per instructions of
RLDC
ISGS to supply/absorb VArs as per RLDC instructions
within capability curve

Load Forecast
The three step procedures
Distribution load forecast are

involved

in

Analysis of past trends of growth in electricity

demand
System load forecast viz. Forecasts of load for the
entire study area
Spatial or small area load forecast viz. Divide the
utility service area into sufficiently large number of
small areas and forecast for each small area

The steps involved in the load

forecasting process are

Data collection
Data validation
Selection of methodologies
Development of assumptions
Development of energy and demand forecasts
Comparison with the historical load growth
data

Load forecast implications

The term load forecast refers to a systematic

procedure for determining the future load
requirements in quantitative details to permit
important system expansion decision to be
made
The accuracy of forecast is crucial to electric
utility since it dictates the planning of
generation and transmission and distribution
facilities

System load forecast techniques

Techniques Based on Extrapolation
Involves fitting a trend curve to the basic historical
data, using method of least squares

Techniques Based on Co-relation

Relates the system demand to various
demographic and economic factors such as
population, value added, net domestic product
etc.

End-use Method
The demand of each category of consumer is
assessed and summed up to arrive at the total
consumption

What is SCADA
A Real - Time System which provides
Correct, Current and Consistent data
Facility to Monitor & Control
A SCADA System gathers and displays information,
and permits control of selected elements
SCADA Host Systems

RTUs in the field

LAN
FEP

Radio Station
MMIs

Remote MMI

Substation RTU
47

Why SCADA
A normal system has the following problems
Power System in general is complex
Manual monitoring not easy
Information not available when it is required
Communication not reliable
A small disturbance may lead to system black-outs,
if not identified and corrective actions not taken
within a small time
A SCADA System having high performance can solve
all these problems

SCADA Versus PMU

49

SCADA Versus PMU

50

SCADA Versus PMU

51

Handling huge amount of data at the Control Center @ 40 ms !!

Power System
Visualization

Voltage phasors from four locations

Display for phase angle difference

Graphical Excellence is that which gives to the viewer the greatest number of ideas in the
shortest time with least ink in the smallest space . Edward R. Tutte

Wide
Area
Measurement
System

WAMS Architecture (pilot project)

WAMS Architecture (pilot project)

WAMS Architecture (pilot project)

14 PMUs with PDC installed in different regions
9 PMUs with PDC in NR
Vindhyanchal-Thermal Generation Pooling Station, KanpurTransmission Pooling Station, Moga-Hydro Pooling Station, DadriLoad Center, Agra, Bassi, Hisar, Kishenpur and Karcham Wangtoo

3 PMUs with PDC in SR by Kalkitech in collaboration with

POWERGRID
2 PMUs with PDC in WR by Infosys in collaboration with
POWERGRID

In addition to this another 50 PMUs approximately

along with PDC are under various stages of
implementation, which are scheduled for operation
this year
56