Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bahasa Inggris SNMPTNN
Bahasa Inggris SNMPTNN
BAB 1
TENSES
A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/
Adverb (A)
() S + dont/doesnt + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C
() S + be (is, am, are) + not + C
(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan:
Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja.
Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.
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Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now.
() She is not being very sad right now.
(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The population of the world is rising very fast.
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B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A
() S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + C
() S + will/shall not + be + C
(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will go to Jakarta next week.
() I will not go to Jakarta next week.
(? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow.
() I will not be there tomorrow.
(? ) Will you be there tomorrow?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day
after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next
week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
b. Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila
syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find
many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.
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Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will be coming there next week.
() I will not be coming there next week.
(? ) Will you be coming there next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be being in London next month.
() I will not be being in London next month.
(? ) Will you be being in London next month?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow
at ... o clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be
visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 oclock.
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
() I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
(? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this
week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.
() I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
year.
(? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
year?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan
masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu
mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
she arrives.
C. PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V2 + C/O/A
() S + did not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + C
() S + be (was,were) not + C
(? ) Was/were + S + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) John came here yesterday.
() John did not come here yesterday.
(? ) Did John come here yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was in the hospital yesterday.
() She was not in the hospital yesterday.
(? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday,
in 1973, the day before yesterday.
Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C
() S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?
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Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.
() I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
() He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain
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BAB 2
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang
digunakan sebagai syarat meliputi: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan
syarat), dan susunan inversi.
TENSE
IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
FAKTA
PRESENT
If + S + VI
S + will + VI
FUTURE
PAST
If + S + V2
S + would + VI
PRESENT
PAST PERFECT
If + S + had + V3
S + would have + V3
PAST
Keterangan:
1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang tidak
mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk tipe 2 adalah present (tidak
terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk tipe 3 adalah past
(tidak terjadi di waktu lampau).
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past
Tense adalah were.
3. Letak If Clause tidak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah
satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan.
Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat,
dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat
(If Clause).
Contoh:
1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible
that he will pass the exam)
2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesnt
study, so he doesnt pass the exam)
3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He
didnt study, so he didnt pass the exam)
FAKTA
Possibility (will + V1)
V1/is, am, are
V2/was, were
Kalimat Positif (+)
Kalimat Negatif(-)
FAKTA
He doesnt study so he doesnt pass the exam. (VI (-))
He didnt study so he didnt pass the exam. (V2 (-))
Keterangan:
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk positif V2
(studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negatif VI (doesnt
study).
- Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk positif had V3
(had studied), maka fakta harus negatif V2 (didnt study).
Tipe
1
2
3
Contoh:
Noninversi
If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her
house.
If the weather were fine now, we would go
swimming.
If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.
Inversi
Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to
her house.
Were the weather fine now, we would go
swimming.
Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not
have been late to school.
PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+))
If he had studied he would have passed the exam.
(Had V3 (+))
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BAB 3
A. SUBJUNCTIVE
B. CAUSATIVE
Subjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemukakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan
dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat
subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian,
yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as
though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).
1. Present Subjunctive
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a. Rumus:
S + has/have/had + obyek aktif (manusia) + V1
Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I have John wash my car.
Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.
b. Rumus
S + get/got/gotten + obyek aktif (manusia) + to + V1
Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1
Contoh:
I get John to wash my car.
Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.
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BAB 4
A. TO INFINITIVE
Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No
Penggunaan
Contoh
Sebagai subject.
Menerangkan tujuan.
Rumus: alasan + to infinitive (tujuan)
B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Fungsi dan Penggunaan
No
Penggunaan
Contoh
Swimming is my hobby.
I like swimming.
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Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Cant help/stand (tidak It is no use waiting for her.
tahan), no use (tidak ada gunanya)
10
Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the film. I think it is worth seeing.
kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.
11
Catatan khusus:
Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to?
Jawabannya adalah:
1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.
2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga
sekarang.
Contoh:
I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi)
I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang
masih dilakukan)
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2. Sentence Pattern
- Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund)
Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Participle)
- Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund)
Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (participle)
Keterangan:
Kalau setelah bentuk ing, tidak ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai Subject, sehingga
bentuk ing tersebut berfungsi sebagai subject dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada koma, berarti kalimat
tersebut sudah mempunyai Subject dan berbentuk Participle.
BAB 5
Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacammacam, yaitu: Infinitive (V1), To infinitive (To V1), Past
(V2), Past Participle (V3), dan Present Participle (V-ing).
Present participle (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan aktif
sedangkan Past Participle (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif.
A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V-ing
S + P ...
Having + V3
Keterangan:
V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat
mengandung tiga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
- Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test
(He passed the test because/as/for, since he
studied)
- Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take
the gun (After I have opened the drawer, I take
the gun)
- Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV
(While he is studying he watches the TV)
2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada
Saat yang Sama
S + V + V-ing + Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball
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B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
V3
+ S + P ...
Having + been + V3
Keterangan:
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BAB 6
DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
A. DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli
suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.
Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip
dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.
B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/
bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/
pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi
tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech:
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/
statement)
a. Direct : He says: I go to school everyday.
Indirect : He says that he goes to school
everyday.
b. Direct : Doni said: I am doing my job here
now.
Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job
there then.
Raja Buku
Doni
said
told
that
Catatan:
- Kedua bentuk mempunyai arti yang sama.
- Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimatnya tidak ada perubahan tenses, yang berubah hanya kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata
keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a)
- Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya
ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan
adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)
2. Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request)
a. Positive Imperative
Direct : Doni said: Close the door!
Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.
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C. PERUBAHAN TENSES
Asked
Me
Told
Him
Advised
Her
Commanded
Joko
Ordered
The Girl
Doni
Direct
Close the
door
to
b. Negative Imperative
Direct : Doni said: Dont close the door!
Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door.
Doni
Asked
Me
Told
Him
Commanded
Joko
Ordered
The boy
Not
To
Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
Close the
door
Perubahan
pada
asked
Doni
wondered
If/
whether
wanted to know
I knew
Stephen
Covey
Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
Keterangan
Tempat
(Adverb of
Place)
Demonstrative
Adjective
inquired
Catatan:
Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: Yes, I do
atau No, I dont.
b. Dengan kata tanya
Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?
Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.
Me
Him
Asked
Her
Joko
Doni
who
inquired
who
Direct
is
Stephen
Covey
is
Keterangan
Waktu
(Adverb of
Time)
about
Stephen Covey
about
Stephen Covey
She/He
They
Her/His
Their
Here
There
This
That
These
Those
Now
Today
Then
That day
The next day
The day after
The following day
The day before
____ before
Yesterday
________ ago
The day before
yesterday
Last ____
Next ____
Indirect
I
We
My
Our
Tomorrow
Stephen
Covey
The Girl
wanted
to know
Indirect
Catatan:
Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who,
whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when,
how)
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BAB 7
DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause +
Question word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary
Dependent clause
Keterangan:
- Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom,
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb.
- That
- If atau whether (Yes/No Question)
Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai
verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan
Dependent-independent Clause:
be afraid expect explain
hope to be learn
agree teach be worried
sorry believe tell
ask decide hope
feel learn think
promise say see
show suppose understand
guess hear imagine
know remember wonder
Contoh:
1. Diawali kata tanya
I dont know where he comes from.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- where he comes from = anak kalimat/
dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali that
You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- that Joni will come with me tonight = anak
kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri)
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3. Diawali if/whether
I dont know if/whether she can come on time.
- I dont know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- if/ whether she can come on time = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri)
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BAB 8
PASSIVE VOICE
S + V+O
Pasif
S + to be V3 + by ____
Contoh:
S + to be Ving + O
Pasif
S + to be being V3 + by ___
Contoh:
Aktif: John is bitting Mary.
Pasif: Mary is being bitten by John.
3. Pola Perfect
Aktif
Pasif
S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O
4. Pola Future
Aktif
Pasif
S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O
Contoh:
Aktif: John will bite Mary.
Pasif: Mary will be bitten by John.
Keterangan:
Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif
adalah sebagai berikut.
a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat
aktif.
b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek
kalimat aktif.
c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek
kalimat aktif.
d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif berubah
menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.
C. PASIF UNIK
need
S + want + Ving
require
need
atau S + want + tobe V
3
require
Contoh:
The room needs cleaning atau
The room needs to be cleaned.
Contoh:
Aktif: John has bitten Mary.
Pasif: Mary has been bitten by John.
Raja Buku
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BAB 9
CONJUNCTION
A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan
dengan konjungsi lain.
a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... .
Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.
b. Either... or... = baik... atau... .
Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... .
Contoh: He has neither food nor water.
d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi
juga... .
Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive Adverb
Conjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang
berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.
a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun
Contoh: She doesnt earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu
Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.
c. Thus = dengan demikian
Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.
d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu
Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich.
e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula
Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.
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B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang tidak
setara.
1. Keterangan Sebab
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because,
because of, due to, on account of the fact that,
owing to the fact that... = karena.
Contoh:
a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick.
kalimat
b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.
noun
2. Keterangan Pertentangan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even
though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/
walaupun.
Contoh: He is happy although he has no money
at all.
3. Keterangan Syarat
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya),
unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on
condition that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama),
otherwise (jika tidak).
Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4. Keterangan Waktu
Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (ketika),
since (sejak), after (setelah), before (sebelum),
as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean time
(sementara itu), till/until (sampai).
Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.
5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga),
so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat...
sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).
Contoh: They studied hard in order that they
passed the exam.
6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara
Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolaholah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...),
than (daripada).
Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a
daze.
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BAB 10 MODALS
Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.
A. MODAL PRESENT
Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1
Modal
Fungsi
Contoh
menyatakan persetujuan
ijin
May I go now?
menyatakan keharusan
kemampuan
I can sing.
menyatakan kebolehan/ijin
B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1
Modal past
Keterangan
Fungsi
Contoh
Would
= akan
bentuk past
dari will
Should
= akan
bentuk past
dari will
bentuk past
dari will/has
to/have to
Might
= mungkin,
boleh
bentuk past
dari may
menyatakan kebolehan/ijin
Could
bentuk past
= dapat, mampu dari can
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C. MODAL PERFECT
Fungsi
Contoh
Must have + V3
kesimpulan lampau
Might have + V3
kemungkinan lampau
Should have + V3
Could have + V3
BAB 11
Raja Buku
Contoh:
- The minister together with the wives and
children attends the meeting.
- The ministers together with the wives and
children attend the meeting.
3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh:
The number of students does the exam.
4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A
number of students do the exam.
5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody,
someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no
body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal
maka kata ganti jamak.
Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikuti oleh verb
tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak.
Contoh:
-
Everyone likes her. They are happy.
-
Nobody knows their faults.
6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither
of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Each of students studies hard.
7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu,
uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat.
- Two hours is not enough to do the test.
8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperti shoes,
trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak.
Contoh: His glasses are nice.
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O = Ordinative
Contoh: one, two, three, second, first, dsb.
Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan
akhiran -er, -est
E = Epithet/Adjective = kata sifat
Contoh: nice, fantastic, strong, beautiful, small
C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat
Contoh: American man
C
H = Head = kata benda utama
Pada kata: The three beautiful American women,
head-nya adalah women.
Kadang epithet/adjective pada noun phrase lebih
dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:
Keterangan:
- D = Determiner
Contoh:
a. Articles
b. Possessive
c. Demonstrative
d. Quantitatives
Keterangan:
- Di =
- Si =
- A =
- T =
- Sha =
- C =
- M =
- PA =
-
a, an, the
my, your, our, her, his, its
this, that, these, those
some, many, a lot of,
much, little, any, few,
Di
Si
Epithet
Sha
descriptive enumerator :
size = ukuran :
age = umur :
temperature = suhu :
shape = bentuk :
colour = warna :
Material = bahan :
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective:
PA
Rumus Lengkap:
D
Di
Si
Epithet
T
Sha
PA
Contoh:
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.
D
The
most intelligent
Di
Si
handsome
tall
young
Epithet
T Sha
-
black
PA
welltrained
C
French
H
Actor
The
two
Raja Buku
Di
clever
Si
fat
A
old
Epithet
T
Sha
-
C
white
M
-
PA
bored
English
teachers
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BAB 13 DERIVATION
1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat
bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek,
predikat, obyek, dan keterangan.
2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan
yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan
penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik
kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata
keterangan.
Contoh
ion, -tion
-ment
agreement, appointment
-ance, -ence
attendance, difference
-ness
-t
Raja Buku
Akhiran
Contoh
-al
-age
-ity
-hood
-ship
Contoh
-ze, -ize
-en
-d
-fy, -ify
-ve
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Contoh
- ive
-ous
dangerous, suspicious.
-ful
beautiful, powerful.
-less
-y
-ly
Raja Buku
Akhiran
Contoh
-able
-ing
-ish
Reddish, childish.
-al
-ic
basic, sympathetic.
-ed
bored, satisfied.
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A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung and.
Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu positif dan negatif.
1. Positif
Untuk kalimat positif digunakan kata hubung so
dan too.
Polanya:
a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1 + auxiliary + (V) and S2 + auxiliary + too
S1 + auxiliary + (V) and so + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- Anton is handsome and Joko is too.
- Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary:
S1 + V1 and S2 + do/does + too
S
+ V1 and so + did + S2
1
Contoh:
- I like Madonna. He likes Madonna.
I like Madonna and he does too.
I like Madonna and so does he.
- He came there. She came there.
He came there and she did too.
He came there and so did she.
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu:
1. auxiliary - Past did, was, were
2. auxiliary - Present is, am, are, do, does
2. Negatif
Untuk kalimat negatif digunakan kata hubung
either dan neither.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary not (V) and S 2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (V) and neither + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- He is not studying. She is not studying.
He is not studying and she is not either.
He is not studying and neither is she.
Raja Buku
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A. UNTUK ORANG
1. Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P
Contoh:
The boy is kind.
He visits her house.
Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind.
2. Pengganti Obyek
Polanya: Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P
Contoh:
The girl is cute.
He loves her indeed.
Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute.
3. Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya: Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun
Contoh:
The man is charming.
His hair is white.
Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is
charming.
B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek
Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P
Contoh:
The book is good.
The book is written by Covey.
Gabungan: The book which is written by Covey is
good.
Raja Buku
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