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Sia3e SSM 03
Sia3e SSM 03
Section 3.1
Are You Ready for This Section?
R1. Substitute x = 5 and y = 4, and simplify:
2 x 3 y = 2(5) 3(4)
= 10 12
= 2
R2. 2(4) 3(1) ! 11
8 + 3 ! 11
11 = 11 True
Yes, (4, 1) is on the graph of 2x 3y = 11.
R3. y = 3 x 7
Let x = 0, 1, and 2.
x = 0 : y = 3(0) 7
y = 07
y = 7
R5. 4 x 3 y = 15
3 y = 4 x + 15
4 x + 15
y=
3
4
y = x5
3
4
The slope is
and the y-intercept is 5.
3
R6. The additive inverse of 4 is 4 because
4 + (4) = 0.
R7. 2 x 3 ( 3 x + 1) = 36
2 x + 9 x 3 = 36
11x 3 = 36
11x = 33
33
x=
= 3
11
The solution set is {3}.
Section 3.1 Quick Checks
x = 1: y = 3(1) 7
y = 37
y = 4
x = 2 : y = 3(2) 7
y = 67
y = 1
Thus, the points (0, 7), (1, 4), and (2, 1) are
on the graph.
3. 2 x + 3 y = 7
3 x + y = 7
a.
2
5
(2,1)
(1,4)
8
178
(0,7)
(1)
(2)
b.
10
y = 2x 5
(3, 1)
10
10 x
y = 3x + 10
10. 2 x + y = 1
(1)
2 x + 2 y = 10 (2)
2x + 2y = 10
(2, 3)
5
5
5
2x + y = 1
(1)
11. y = 3x 5
5 x + 3 y = 1
(2)
179
(1)
14. 2 x 3 y = 6
8 x + 3 y = 3
(2)
1
2
1
Substituting
for x in equation (1), we obtain
2
1
2 3 y = 6
2
1 3 y = 6
3 y = 7
7
y=
3
1 7
The solution is the ordered pair , .
2 3
x=
15. 2 x + y = 4
(1)
5 x + 3 y = 7
(2)
180
5
3x + y = 2
6x 2y = 1
1
1
(12) + y = 7
3
5
1
4+ y = 7
5
1
y=3
5
y = 15
The solution is the ordered pair (12, 15).
3x + 2y = 8
6x 4y = 16
21. 2 x 3 y = 16 (1)
3 x + 2 y = 19 (2)
3.1 Exercises
23. a.
25. a.
(5, 2)
5 ( 3) + 3 ( 7 ) = 15 + 21 = 6
Because these values satisfy both equations
(1) and (2), the ordered pair (3, 7) is a
solution of the system.
5 ( 5 ) + 3 ( 3) = 25 + 9 = 16 6
10 (1) 4 ( 2 ) = 10 8 = 18
Because these values satisfy both equations
(1) and (2), the ordered pair (1, 2) is a
solution of the system.
1
1
3 x + 5 y = 7 (1)
22.
1 x 2 y = 4 (2)
6
5
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 60,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 30, and
add the results.
20 x + 12 y = 420
5 x 12 y = 120
25 x = 300
x = 12
Substituting 12 for x in equation (1), we obtain
b.
10 ( 2 ) 4 ( 1/ 2 ) = 20 + 2 = 18
Because these values satisfy both equations
(1) and (2), the ordered pair ( 2, 1/ 2 ) is a
solution of the system.
181
(1)
31. y = 3x
y = 2 x + 5
(2)
5
(1, 3)
5
y = 2x + 5
y = 3x 5
5
2x + y = 2
5
x + 3y = 9
(3, 4)
5
35. y = x + 1
2
y + 2 x = 10
(1)
(2)
1
Substituting x + 1 for y in equation (2), we
2
get
1
x + 1 + 2 x = 10
2
1
2 x + 1 + 2 x = 2 (10 )
2
x + 2 + 4 x = 20
3x = 18
x=6
Substituting 6 for x in equation (2), we obtain
y = 2 ( 6 ) + 10 = 12 + 10 = 2.
The solution is the ordered pair (6, 2).
182
37. x = y
3
3 x y = 3
Substituting
(1)
(2)
2
y for x in equation (2), we obtain
3
2
3 y y = 3
3
2 y y = 3
y = 3
Substituting 3 for y in equation (1), we obtain
2
x = ( 3) = 2 .
3
The solution is the ordered pair ( 2, 3) .
39. 2 x 4 y = 2
(1)
x + 2 y = 0
(2)
x + y = 10, 000
(1)
41.
0.05 x + 0.07 y = 650
(2)
1
2 + 5 y = 3
2
1 + 5 y = 3
5 y = 4
4
y=
5
4
1
The solution is the ordered pair , .
5
2
3y = 9
y=3
Substituting 3 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x + 3 = 5
x = 8
The solution is the ordered pair (8, 3).
(1)
49. 0.05 x + 0.1 y = 5.25
0.08 x 0.02 y = 1.2
(2)
45. x + 2 y = 5
(1)
3 x + 3 y = 9
(2)
= 2.25
x = 25
Substituting 25 for x in equation (1), we obtain
0.05(25) + 0.1y = 5.25
1.25 + 0.1y = 5.25
0.1y = 4
y = 40
The solution is the ordered pair (25, 40).
3 y = 24
y = 8
Substituting 8 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x + 2(8) = 5
x 16 = 5
x = 11
The solution is the ordered pair (11, 8).
47. 2 x + 5 y = 3
(1)
5
1
(2)
x + 4 y = 2
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 4 and
add the result to equation (1).
2 x + 5 y = 3
4 x 5 y = 2
2 x
= 1
1
x=
2
Substituting 1 / 2 for x in equation (1), we obtain
0.09 x
51. 3 x + y = 1
6 x 2 y = 4
(1)
(2)
2
6x 2y = 4
1
53. 5 x 2 y = 2
(1)
10 x + 4 y = 3
(2)
183
10 x 4 y = 4
10 x + 4 y = 3
0=7
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
{( x, y )
x + 3 y = 6} .
y
x
y = 2
3
4
x + 3y = 6
4 2
2
10x + 4y = 3
1
1
1
5x 2y = 2
55.
y = x +1
(1)
2
2 x 4 y = 4
(2)
1
Substituting x + 1 for y in equation (2), we
2
obtain
1
2 x 4 x + 1 = 4
2
2 x 2 x 4 = 4
4 = 4
The system is dependent. The solution is
{( x, y ) | 2 x 4 y = 4}.
y
(1)
(2)
x
Equation (2) solved for y is y = + 2.
3
x
Substituting + 2 for y in equation (1), we
3
obtain
x
x + 3 + 2 = 6
3
xx+6=6
6=6
The system is dependent. The solution is
184
y
4
4 2
1
2
x + 3y = 9
2
4
4 2x 4y = 4
1
2
y = x+1
4
2
x
2
2 4
2
57. x + 3 y = 6
x
3 y = 2
1
59. x 2 y = 6
(1)
3
1
x + 3 y = 9
(2)
2
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2, and add
the results.
x 6 y = 18
x + 6 y = 18
0=0
The system is dependent. The solution is
x 2 y = 6.
( x, y )
3
1
x 2y = 6
3
61. x + 3 y = 0
(1)
2 x + 4 y = 30
(2)
63. x = 5 y 3
(1)
3 x + 15 y = 9
(2)
22 y = 60
60
30
y=
=
22
11
30
for y in equation (1), we
Substituting
11
obtain
30
2 x 4 = 18
11
120
= 18
2x +
11
120
11 2 x +
= 11(18)
11
22 x + 120 = 198
22 x = 78
78 39
=
x=
22 11
30
39
The solution is the ordered pair , .
11
11
1
5
(1)
67. x y = 5
6
3
x + 2 y = 1
(2)
5
Because none of the variables have a coefficient
of 1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 6,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 5, and add
the results.
5 x 2 y = 30
5 x + 2 y = 5
0 = 25
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
69. 2 x + y = 5
(1)
5 x + 3 y = 1
(2)
(1)
71. 3 x 2 y = 2
6 x + 4 y = 4
(2)
1
( x 3)
2
1
3
y 1 = x +
2
2
1
5
y = x+
2
2
y 1 =
y 5 = 1( x 4 )
y 5 = x4
y = x +1
185
1
5
(2)
y = 2 x + 2
Substituting x + 1 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
1
5
x +1 = x +
2
2
5
1
2 ( x + 1) = 2 x +
2
2
2x + 2 = x + 5
3x = 3
x =1
Substituting 1 for x in equation (1), we
obtain y = 1 + 1 = 2.
The solution is the ordered pair (1, 2).
+
=
+
=
3
A
3
B
1
11
or
9
A
B
11
(2)
(
)
(
)
2 9 A = 2 ( 11)
2
18 A + 1 = 22
18 A = 21
21 7
=
A=
18 6
Thus, for the system to have x = 3, y = 1 as a
solution, then A =
186
7
1
and B = .
2
6
81. 3x + y = 5
x+ y =3
x + 3 y = 7
(1)
(2)
(3)
=2
x =1
Substituting 1 for x in equation (1), we obtain
3 (1) + y = 5
3+ y = 5
y=2
The point (1, 2) is a solution to the first two
equations. Check to see if it is a solution to
equation (3).
x + 3y = 7
1
+
( ) 3( 2) ! 7
1+ 6 = 7
The solution of the system is the ordered pair
(1, 2).
2x
x+y=3
x + 3y = 7
3x + y = 5
(1, 2)
x
4 2
2
4
83.
y = x5
3
4 x 6 y = 30
x 5 y = 11
Substituting
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
x 5 for y in equation (2), we
3
obtain
4 x 6 x 5 = 30
3
4 x 4 x + 30 = 30
30 = 30
These two equations form a dependent system.
2
Substituting x 5 for y in equation (3), we
3
obtain
x 5 x 5 = 11
3
10
x x + 25 = 11
3
7
x = 14
3
x=6
Substituting 6 for x in equation (1), we obtain
2
y = ( 6) 5
3
y = 45
y = 1
The solution of the system is the ordered pair
(6, 1).
(1)
93. 4 x 3 y = 1
8 x + 6 y = 2
(2)
4
2
4 2
x 5y = 11
4
(6, 1)
2
x 5
3
4x 6y = 30
y=
(1)
(2)
Section 3.2
Are You Ready for This Section?
R1. Step 1: Identify what you are looking for.
Step 2: Give names to the unknowns.
Step 3: Translate the problem into the language
of mathematics.
Step 4: Solve the equation(s) found in Step 3.
Step 5: Check the reasonableness of your
answer.
Step 6: Answer the question.
187
x y = 22 (2)
Multiply equation (2) by 3 and add the result to
equation (1).
2x + 3y = 9
3x 3 y = 66
= 75
5x
x = 15
Substituting 15 for x in equation (2), we obtain
x y = 22
15 y = 22
y = 7
The two numbers are 15 and 7.
2. Let c represent the cost of a cheeseburger and let
s represent the cost of a medium shake.
(1)
4c + 2s = 10.10
3c + 3s = 10.35
(2)
2(2 y ) + 2 y = 360
4 y + 2 y = 360
6 y = 360
y = 60
Substituting 60 for y in equation (2), we obtain
x = 2(60) = 120.
The length is 120 yards, and the width is
60 yards.
4. Because angles a and c are supplemental, and
because angles a and e must be equal, we obtain
the following system
( x + 3 y ) + ( 3x + y ) = 180
x + 3 y = 5x + y
Simplify each equation.
(1)
4 x + 4 y = 180
4 x + 2 y = 0
(2)
0.05
0.05a
0.10
0.10b
120, 000
7200
Cashews
Peanuts
Trail mix
Price per
pound
7.00
2.50
4.00
Number of
pounds
c
p
30
Revenue
7c
2.5 p
4 ( 30 ) = 120
Against Wind
( West )
With Wind
( East )
Distance
Rate
Time
1200
aw
1200
a+w
1200 = 3 ( a + w )
Simplify each equation.
(1)
4a 4w = 1200
3a + 3w = 1200
(2)
b.
189
R, C
R (x ) = 230x
10,000
8,000
6,000
(30, 6900)
4,000
2,000
10 20 30 40 50
Number of trees
d.
R ( x) = C ( x)
230 x = 160 x + 2100
70 x = 2100
x = 30
R ( 30 ) = 230 ( 30 ) = 6900
C ( 30 ) = 160 ( 30 ) + 2100 = 6900
5 y = 115
y = 23
Substituting 23 for y in equation (2), we obtain
x + 3 ( 23) = 81
x + 69 = 81
x = 12
The 1st number is 12 and the 2nd number is 23.
190
2 y = 70
y = 35
Substituting 35 for y in equation (2), we obtain
x + 3 ( 35 ) = 165
x + 105 = 165
x = 60
The flat set-up fee is $60 and the rental rate is
$35 per hour.
15. Let x and y represent the length and width of the
rectangle, respectively.
(1)
2 x + 2 y = 120
x = y + 20
(2)
=
+
4
y
7
x
2
y
(2)
9x
= 36
x=4
8b = 108, 000
b = 13,500
Substituting 13,500 for b in equation (1), we
obtain
s + 13,500 = 36, 000
s = 22,500
Invest $22,500 in stocks and $13,500 in bonds.
21. Let a represent the weight of Arabica beans to be
used and let r represent the weight of African
Robustas beans to be used. We organize the
information in the table below, using the formula
Price per pound number of pounds = Revenue.
Arabica
African
Robustas
Blend
Price
per
pound
9.00
Number
of
pounds
a
11.50
11.5r
10.00
100
10(100) =1000
Revenue
9a
x
y
3
9
(2)
=
)
(
Divide both sides of equation (1) by 2, divide
both sides of equation (2) by 3, and add the
results.
x + y = 13
x y =3
2 x = 16
x=8
Jonathon and Samantha can row at a rate of
8 miles per hour in still water.
25. Let t represent the time for both cars. Let d
represent the distance traveled by the Lincoln.
Then the distance traveled by the Infiniti is
d + 100. We obtain the following system by
utilizing the formula rate time = distance :
(1)
40t = d
50t = d + 100
(2)
191
27. a.
R ( x) = 12 x
C ( x) = 5.5 x + 9880
R, C
R(x ) = 12x
25,000
20,000
(1520, 18240)
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
50
2, 0
00
2,
0
50
1, 0
00
1,
50
Number of units
b.
R ( x) = C ( x)
12 x = 5.5 x + 9880
6.5 x = 9880
x = 1520
R (1520 ) = 12 (1520 ) = 18, 240
C (1520 ) = 5.5 (1520 ) + 9880 = 18, 240
The break-even point is (1520, 18,240).
5% loan
8% loan
Total
192
P
x
y
750,000
r
0.05
0.08
t
1
1
1
I
0.05x
0.08y
52,500
= 132
x = 12
Substituting 12 for x in equation (2), we obtain
3 (12 ) y = 17
36 y = 17
y = 19
y = 19
st
The 1 number is 12 and the 2nd number is 19.
11x
( rn + rw ) 18 = 126
( rn rw ) 63 = 126
Expanding these equations yields the system to
be solved.
18rn + 18rw = 126 (1)
63r 63r = 126 (2)
w
n
Multiply equation (1) by 7 and multiply equation
(2) by 2. Add the results.
+
+
+
=
10
x
5
y
9
x
8
y
180
(2)
(
)
(
)
45 y = 360
y =8
Substituting 8 for y in equation (2), we obtain
19 x + 13 ( 8 ) = 180
19 x + 104 = 180
19 x = 76
x=4
Thus, x = 4 and y = 8.
39. Let x represent the number of milligrams of the
first liquid and let y represent the number of
milligrams of the second liquid to be used. Then
the amount of vitamin C in the two liquids is
0.20x + 0.50y. The amount of vitamin D in the
two liquids is 0.30x + 0.25y. This results in the
following system:
(1)
0.20 x + 0.50 y = 40
0.30 x + 0.25 y = 30
(2)
0.8 x
= 40
x = 50
Substituting 50 for x in equation (1), we obtain
0.20 ( 50 ) + 0.50 y = 40
10 + 0.50 y = 40
0.50 y = 30
y = 60
To fill the prescription, 50 milligrams of the first
liquid and 60 milligrams of the second liquid
must be mixed.
41. Let h represent the number of calories in an
order of chicken nuggets and let c represent the
number of calories in a medium Coke.
(1)
2h + c = 770
3h + 2c = 1260
(2)
= 280
h = 280
Substituting 280 for h in equation (1), we obtain
2 ( 280 ) + c = 770
560 + c = 770
c = 210
An order of chicken nuggets has 280 calories. A
medium Coke has 210 calories.
43. Let a represent the amount of the 10% alloy and
b represent the amount of the 25% alloy. We
organize the information in the table below,
using the formula
% titanium amount alloy = amount titanium
% Amt alloy Amt titanium
10% alloy
0.10
a
0.1a
25% alloy 0.25
b
0.25b
Blend (16%) 0.16
100 g
0.16 100 = 16
Using the columns for the amount of alloy and
amount of titanium, we obtain the following
system.
a + b = 100 (1)
0.1a + 0.25b = 16
(2)
193
S ( p) = 2000 + 3000 p
D ( p ) = 10,000 1000 p
S, D
S(p) = 2000 + 3000p
10,000
8,000
100,000
4,000
2,000
A, B
b.
(3, 7000)
6,000
Salary ($)
45. a.
10
c.
M (t ) = 0.25t + 14.4
F (t ) = 0.29t + 12
Percent
(60, 29.4)
F(t) = 0.29t + 12
c.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
R ( x ) = 60 x
C ( x ) = 3500 + 35 x
R, C
R(x) = 60x
10,000
8,000
(140, 8400)
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
20
0
16
0
12
80
M (t ) = F (t )
0.25t + 14.4 = 0.29t + 12
2.4 = 0.04t
60 = t
The percent of male and female college
graduates will be equal approximately
A( x) = B ( x)
15, 000 + 0.01x = 25,000 + 0.0075 x
0.0025 x = 10, 000
x = 4, 000, 000
$4,000,000 of sales is required for the two
options to result in the same salary is.
40
194
51. a.
b.
20
10
(4, 55000)
S ( p) = D ( p)
2000 + 3000 p = 10, 000 1000 p
2000 + 4000 p = 10, 000
4000 p = 12, 000
p=3
30
60,000
20,000
47. a.
40,000
80,000
Number of desks
d.
R ( x) = C ( x)
60 x = 3500 + 35 x
25 x = 3500
x = 140
The number of desks at which the revenue equals cost is 140 desks.
R (140 ) = 60 (140 ) = 8400
C (140 ) = 3500 + 35 (140 ) = 8400
The cost and revenue for producing and selling 140 desks will both be $8400.
t
Winning time (seconds)
22.8
22.4
22.0
21.6
21.2
= Womens
20.8
= Men
s
20.4
20.0
19.6
19.2
0
8 16 24 32 40 48
Number of years
since 1968
c.
Answers may vary. We use the points ( 4, 20.00 ) and ( 36, 19.79 ) .
d.
Answers may vary. We use the points ( 0, 22.50 ) and ( 32, 21.84 ) .
m=
195
t
Winning time (seconds)
22.8
22.4
22.0
21.6
21.2
= Womens
20.8
= Men
s
20.4
20.0
19.6
19.2
0
8 16 24 32 40 48
Number of years
since 1968
e.
Now, 1968 + 176 = 2144 will be the year in which we predict the winning times for men and women will be
equal.
Men: y = 0.0065625 (176 ) + 20.02625 18.87
Answers will vary. Our prediction in part (e) is not very reliable. Neither data set is very linear, so the linear
models that we found in parts (c) and (d) are suspect.
g.
Answers will vary. The winning times for the 2012 Olympic games are:
men: 19.32 seconds
women: 21.69 seconds
Section 3.3
Are You Ready for This Section?
R1. Substitute x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3:
3x 2 y + 4 z = 3(1) 2(2) + 4(3)
= 3 + 4 + 12
= 19
Section 3.3 Quick Checks
1. If a system of equations has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent. If a system of equations has infinitely many
solutions, the system is said to be consistent and the equations are dependent.
2. A solution to a system of equations consists of values for the variables that are solutions of each equation of the
system.
196
b.
6. x + y + z = 3
2 x 2 y z = 7
3 x + y + 5 z = 5
y
z
4
3
1
(2)
4 y + 8 z = 4
(3)
Add equations (2) and (3).
4 y 3 z = 1
4 y + 8 z = 4
5 z = 5
Once again rewriting the system, we have
(1)
x + y + z = 3
(2)
4 y 3z = 1
5 z = 5
(3)
Solving equation (3) for z, we obtain
5 z = 5
z = 1
Back-substituting 1 for z in equation (2), we
obtain
4 y 3 ( 1) = 1
4 y + 3 = 1
4 y = 4
y =1
Back-substituting 1 for y and 1 for z in
equation (1), we obtain
x + 1 + (1) = 3
x = 3
The solution is the ordered triple ( 3, 1, 1) .
7. 2 x
4 z = 7
x
y
+
=5
6
2y z = 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
197
(2)
12 y 4 z = 17
2y z = 2
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 6 and add
the result to equation (2).
12 y 6 z = 12
12 y 4 z = 17
10 z = 5
Once again rewriting the system, we have
4 z = 7
(1)
2 x
(2)
12 y 4 z = 17
10 z = 5
(3)
1
for z in equation (2), we
2
obtain
1
12 y 4 = 17
2
12 y 2 = 17
12 y = 15
15 5
y=
=
12 4
Back-substituting
(2)
y + z = 9
y + z = 9
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 1 and
add the result to equation (3).
yz =9
y + z = 9
0 = 18
Once again rewriting the system, we have
(1)
x y + 2 z = 7
(2)
y + z = 9
0 = 18
(3) False
1
for z in equation (1), we
2
obtain
9. x y + 3z = 2
x + 2 y 5 z = 3
2 x y + 4 z = 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
2 x 4 = 7
2
2 x 2 = 7
2 x = 5
5
x=
2
5 5 1
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
2 4 2
(1)
8. x y + 2 z = 7
x
y
z
=
2
3
5
(2)
x 2 y + 3z = 2
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add
the result to equation (2).
198
(2)
y 2 z = 1
y 2 z = 1
(3)
y
z
2
1
(2)
0=0
(3) True
Thus, the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
Solve equation (2) for y.
y = 2z 1
Substituting 2 z 1 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
x ( 2 z 1) + 3z = 2
x 2 z + 1 + 3z = 2
x + z +1 = 2
x+ z =1
x = z +1
(2)
3 x + 3 y + 4 z = 95
x + y + 2 z = 35
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 2 and
add the result to equation (1).
2 x 2 y 4 z = 70
2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 81
y
= 11
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 3 and
add the result to equation (2).
3x 3 y 6 z = 105
3x + 3 y + 4 z = 95
2 z = 10
y
= 11
(2)
2 z = 10
(3)
From equation (2), we know y = 11. Solving
equation (3) for z, we obtain
2 z = 10
z=5
Substituting 11 for y and 5 for z and 11 in
equation (1), we obtain
2 x + 3(11) + 4(5) = 81
2 x + 33 + 20 = 81
2 x + 53 = 81
2 x = 28
x = 14
The company can manufacture 14 twenty-oneinch mowers, 11 twenty-four-inch mowers, and
5 forty-inch mowers.
3.3 Exercises
11. a.
b.
x+ y+z =5
(1)
13.
(2)
2 x 3 y + 2 z = 8
3x y 2 z = 3
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add
the result to equation (2).
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 10
2 x 3 y + 2 z = 8
y + 4 z = 18
(4)
199
4 y 5 z = 12
(5)
4 y 16 z = 72
4 y 5 z = 12
21z = 84
z=4
Substituting 4 for z in equation (4), we obtain
y + 4 ( 4 ) = 18
y + 16 = 18
y = 2
y = 2
Substituting 2 for y and 4 for z in equation (1),
we obtain
x + ( 2 ) + 4 = 5
x+2=5
x=3
The solution is the ordered triple ( 3, 2, 4 ) .
15. x 3 y + z = 13
3 x + y 4 z = 13
4 x 4 y + 2 z = 0
Multiply equation (1) by
to equation (2).
3x + 9 y 3z = 39
3x + y 4 z = 13
10 y 7 z = 26
(1)
(2)
(3)
3 and add the result
(4)
(5)
26 z = 52
z = 2
200
x 3 ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) = 13
x + 12 2 = 13
x + 10 = 13
x=3
The solution is the ordered triple (3, 4, 2).
17. x 4 y + z = 5
(1)
(2)
4x + 2 y + z = 2
4 x + y 3 z = 8
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4 and
add the result to equation (2).
4 x + 16 y 4 z = 20
4x + 2 y + z = 2
18 y 3z = 18
(4)
3 y 2 z = 6
(5)
16 y + 6 z = 52
18 y + 12 z = 36
18 y 3z = 18
9 z = 18
z=2
Substituting 2 for z in equation (5), we obtain
3 y 2 ( 2 ) = 6
3 y 4 = 6
3 y = 2
2
y=
3
2
Substituting for y and 2 for z in equation
3
(1), we obtain
4 x + 4 y 8 z = 24
3 x 4 y + 3 z = 2
x
5 z = 26
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 1, and
add the result to equation (5).
x + 5 z = 30
x 5 z = 26
0 = 4
Because we have arrived at a contradiction, this
system of equations has no solution.
2
x 4 + 2 = 5
3
8
x+ +2 =5
3
8
3 x + + 2 = 3 ( 5)
3
3 x + 8 + 6 = 15
3x = 1
1
x=
3
2
1
The solution is the ordered triple , ,
3
3
= 12
19. x 3 y
y
z
=
9
2
3
2 x
+z=7
2 .
(1)
(2)
(3)
6 y + z = 17
(4)
20 y
= 60
y = 3
2 x 3 y + z = 12 (2)
3 x 4 y + 3z = 2 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3, and add
the result to equation (2).
3 x + 3 y 6 z = 18
2 x 3 y + z = 12
x
5 z = 30
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4, and add
the result to equation (3).
23.
x+ y+z =4
(1)
x
y
z
+
=
2
2
6
(2)
x + 2 y + 5 z = 18
(3)
Add equations (1) and (2).
x+ y +z = 4
2 x y + 2 z = 6
x
+ 3z = 10
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2, and add
the result to equation (3).
4 x 2 y + 4 z = 12
x + 2 y + 5 z = 18
3x
+ 9 z = 30 (5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 3, and
add the result to equation (5).
3x 9 z = 30
3x + 9 z = 30
0= 0
True
Thus, the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
Solve equation (4) for x.
x + 3 z = 10
x = 3z 10
Substituting 3z 10 for x in equation (1), we
obtain
( 3z 10 ) + y + z = 4
y + 4 z 10 = 4
y = 4 z + 14
The solution to the system is
{( x, y, z ) | x = 3z 10, y = 4 z + 14,
+ 3z = 5
(1)
25. x
=1
(2)
2 x + y
y + 6 z = 11 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2, and add
the result to equation (2).
201
(1)
(2)
(3)
29. x y + z = 5
2 x + y z = 2
x 2 y + 2 z = 1
(1)
(2)
(3)
y + z = 12
(4)
(5)
0 = 32
False
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
=4
y=2
(4)
202
5 y + 2 z = 13
3
2x 2 + 2 = 1
2
2x 2 + 3 = 1
2x = 0
x=0
3 y + 3 z = 4
27. 2 x y + 2 z = 1
2 x + 3 y 2 z = 3
4 x y + 6 z = 7
2y
31.
2 y z = 3
= 10
2 x + 3 y
4 x
+ 3z = 11
(1)
(2)
(3)
6 y + 3z = 9
(4)
12 y = 0
y=0
x
y
z
=
2
2
(2)
x 5 y 4 z = 8
(3)
Add equations (1) and (2).
x 2y + z = 5
2 x + y z = 2
x y = 7 (4)
Multiply equation (1) by 4 and add to equation
(3).
4 x 8 y + 4z = 20
x 5 y 4z = 8
5 x 13y
= 28 (5)
Multiply equation (4) by 5 and add to equation
(5).
5 x 5 y = 35
5 x 13y = 28
18 y = 63
63
7
=
y=
18
2
7
Substituting for y in equation (4), we obtain
2
7
2 = 7
2
7
x + = 7
2
7
x =
2
7
x=
2
7
7
Substituting for x and for y in equation
2
2
(1), we obtain
7
7
2 + z = 5
2
2
7
+z =5
2
3
z=
2
7 3
7
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
2 2
2
(1)
35. x + 2 y z = 1
x
y
z
+
+
=
2
7
4
11
(2)
x + 3 y + z = 4
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and
add the result to equation (2).
2 x 4 y + 2 z = 2
2 x + 7 y + 4 z = 11
3y + 6z = 9
(4)
y + 2z = 3
(5)
0=0
True
203
(1)
37. x + y + z = 5
(2)
3 x + 4 y + z = 16
x 4 y + z = 6
(3)
Add equations (1) and (3).
x+ y+z =5
x 4 y + z = 6
3 y + 2 z = 1
3 y + 4z = 7
(4)
(5)
6 y 4z = 2
8 y + 4 z = 2
2 y = 0
y=0
Substituting 0 for y in equation (4), we obtain
3 ( 0 ) + 2 z = 1
2 z = 1
1
z=
2
1
Substituting 0 for y and for z in equation
2
(1), we obtain
1
x +0+ = 5
2
11
x=
2
1
11
The solution is the ordered triple , 0, .
2
2
x+ y+z =3
39.
1
1
x + y + z =
2
2
x + 2 y + 3z = 4
(1)
3 y 4 z = 7
3y + 4z = 7
0=0
1
2
( x, y , z ) x = z + ,
3
3
4
7
(2)
x y + z = 2 ( 1) + 3 = 6
(3)
x + y z = 2 + ( 1) 3 = 2
So, the system below has the solution (2, 1, 3).
x + y + z = 4
x y + z = 6
x + y z = 2
(4)
True
expressions x + y + z, x y + z, and x + y z:
x + y + z = 2 + ( 1) + 3 = 4
3 y + 4z = 7
(5)
8 y + 4 z = 2
43. a.
If f(1) = 6, then a ( 1) + b ( 1) + c = 6
or a b + c = 6.
2
If f ( 2 ) = 3, then a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c = 3 or
4a + 2b + c = 3.
b.
a
b
c
6
(2)
+
=
4a + 2b + c = 3
(3)
Add equations (1) and (2).
a+b+c = 4
a b + c = 6
2 a + 2c = 2
(4)
6a
+ 3c = 9
(5)
a = 2
a = 2
Substituting 2 for a in equation (4), we
obtain
2 ( 2 ) + 2 c = 2
4 + 2 c = 2
2c = 2
c =1
Substituting 2 for a and 1 for c in equation
(1), we obtain
2 + b + 1 = 4
b=5
Thus, the quadratic equation that contains
(1, 6), (1, 4), and (2, 3) is
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1.
(2)
3i1 + 2i3 = 3
4i2 + 2i3 = 22
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3 and add
the result to equation (2).
3i1 3i2 + 3i3 = 0
3i1
+ 2i3 = 3
3i2 + 5i3 = 3
(4)
26i3 = 78
i3 = 3
Substituting 3 for i3 in equation (2), we obtain
3i1 + 2 ( 3) = 3
3i1 + 6 = 3
3i1 = 3
i1 = 1
Substituting 3 for i3 and 1 for i1 in equation (1),
we obtain
1 i2 + ( 3) = 0
i2 + 4 = 0
i2 = 4
i2 = 4
The currents are i1 = 1 , i2 = 4 , and i3 = 3.
9b + 7r + 5l = 28, 400
(2)
1 ( 9b ) + 1 ( 7 r ) + 5l = 18,300
(3)
2
2
Simplify equation (3) and rewrite the system.
1
1
( 9b ) + ( 7r ) + 5l = 18,300
2
2
4.5b + 3.5r + 5l = 18,300
Rewriting the system, we have
b + r + l = 4100
9
b
7r + 5l = 28, 400
+
(1)
(2)
(3)
205
9b 9r 9l = 36,900
9b + 7 r + 5l = 28, 400
2r 4l = 8500
(4)
5l = 8200
l = 1640
Substituting 1640 for l in equation (4), we obtain
2r 4 (1640 ) = 8500
2r 6460 = 8500
2r = 1940
r = 970
Substituting 1640 for l and 970 for r in equation
(1), we obtain
b + 970 + 1640 = 4100
b + 2610 = 4100
b = 1490
There are 1490 box seats, 970 reserve seats, and
1640 lawn seats in the stadium.
49. Let c represent the number servings of Chex
cereal, let m represent the number of servings of
2% milk, and let j represent the number of
servings of orange juice.
= 470 (sodium) (1)
220c + 125m
26
c
12
m
26
j
89
(carbs)
(2)
+
+
=
c + 8m + 2 j = 20
(protein)
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 13 and
add the result to equation (2).
13c 104m 26 j = 260
26c + 12m + 26 j = 89
13c 92m
= 171
(4)
206
(2)
0.03t + 0.05m + 0.09c = 1210
t c = 7000
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 0.05 and
add the result to equation (2).
0.05t 0.05m 0.05c = 1250
0.03t + 0.05m + 0.09c = 1210
0.02t
+ 0.04c = 40
(4)
0.02c = 100
c = 5000
Substituting 5000 for c in equation (3), we
obtain
t 5000 = 7000
t = 12, 000
Substituting 5000 for c and 12,000 for t in
equation (1), we obtain
12, 000 + m + 5000 = 25, 000
m + 17, 000 = 25, 000
m = 8000
Sachi should invest $12,000 in Treasury bills,
$8000 in municipal bonds, and $5000 in
corporate bonds.
x
z
6
(2)
+
=
y + z = 12
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 1 and
add the result to equation (2).
x y
= 14
x
+z=6
y + z = 8
(4)
Add equations (3) and (4).
y + z = 12
y + z = 8
2z = 4
z=2
Substituting 2 for z in equation (3), we obtain
y + 2 = 12
y = 10
Substituting 2 for z in equation (2), we obtain
x+2=6
x=4
Therefore, AM = 4, BN = 2, and OC = 10.
1
1
2
x+ y z =0
55.
(1)
5
2
3
3
1
1
(2)
x y + z = 10
5
4
2
1 x + 1 y 1 z = 4
(3)
5
4
6
Simplify each equation and rewrite the system.
1
1
2
(1) 30 x + y z = 30 ( 0 )
2
3
5
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 0
1
1
3
(2) 20 x y + z = 20 (10 )
4
2
5
12 x 5 y + 10 z = 200
1
1
1
(3) 60 x + y z = 60 ( 4 )
4
6
5
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240
12 x 5 y + 10 z = 200
12 x + 15 y 10 z = 240
(1)
(2)
(3)
30 y 20 z = 240
(4)
10 y
= 40
y = 4
x + 2 y 3z + 2w = 12
Add equations (1) and (4).
x+ y+ z+w=3
x + 2 y 3 z + 2 w = 12
3 y 2 z + 3w = 15
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
y+z
=1
(6)
y + 5z + w = 5
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(7)
207
17 z
=0
z=0
2x + 3y = 12
10
(1)
3x + y = 7
2.
2 x + 3 y = 12 (2)
Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is
y = 3x + 7. Equation (2) in slope-intercept form
2
is y = x 4. Graph each equation and find the
3
point of intersection.
208
10
(3,2)
10
3x + y = 7
(1)
x = 2 3y
3.
3
x
10
y
5
(2)
+
=
4 x + 3 y = 1 (1)
4.
(2)
2 x y = 3
Because the coefficient of y in equation (2) is 1,
we use substitution to solve the system.
Equation (2) solved for y is y = 2 x 3 .
Substituting 2 x 3 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
4 x + 3 ( 2 x 3 ) = 1
4 x + 6 x 9 = 1
10 x 9 = 1
10 x = 8
8 4
x=
=
10 5
4
for x in equation (2), we obtain
Substituting
5
(1)
2 x + y + 3z = 10
(2)
7. x 2 y + z = 10
4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2 and
add the result to equation (1).
2 x + 4 y 2 z = 20
2 x + y + 3z = 10
4
2 y = 3
5
8
15
y=
5
5
7
y =
5
7
y=
5
7
4
The solution is the ordered pair , .
5
5
(1)
x + 3y = 8
5. 1
1
5 x + 2 y = 1 (2)
Because equation (2) contains fractions, we
choose to use the elimination method to solve
the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2,
multiply both side of equation (2) by 10, and
add the results.
2 x + 6 y = 16
2 x 5 y = 10
y=6
Substituting 6 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x + 3( 6) = 8
x + 18 = 8
x = 10
The solution is the ordered pair (10, 6).
(1)
8 x 4 y = 12
6.
10 x + 5 y = 15 (2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 5,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 4, and add
the results.
40 x 20 y = 60
40 x + 20 y = 60
0=0
True
The system is dependent. The solution is
{( x, y ) 8x 4 y = 12}.
5 y + z = 10
(4)
5 y + 8 z = 25
(5)
7 z = 35
z=5
Substituting 5 for z in equation (4), we obtain
5 y + 5 = 10
5 y = 15
y = 3
Substituting 5 for z and 3 for y in equation (1),
we obtain
2 x + ( 3) + 3 ( 5 ) = 10
2 x 3 + 15 = 10
2 x + 12 = 10
2 x = 2
x = 1
The solution is the ordered triple (1, 3, 5).
x + 2 y 2 z = 3 (1)
8. x + 3 y 4 z = 6 (2)
4 x + 5 y 2 z = 6 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 1 and
add the result to equation (2).
x 2 y + 2 z = 3
x + 3y 4z = 6
y 2z = 3
(4)
3 y + 6 z = 6
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
(5)
209
0=3
False
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
4a
= 1800
a = 450
Section 3.4
Are You Ready for This Section?
65
r
48
m
35
b
55,
640
(2)
+
+
=
m b = 150
(3)
Multiply equation (1) by 65 and add the result
to equation (2).
65r 65m 65b = 78, 000
65r + 48m + 35b = 55, 640
17m 30b = 22,360
(4)
Multiply equation (3) by 17 and add the result to
equation (4).
210
x 4y = 3
x 4y + 4y = 3+ 4y
x = 4y + 3
x 2z = 4
4 x y + z 3 = 0
gets rearranged as
x + 2 y 2 z = 11
x + 0 y 2 z = 4
4 x y + z = 3
Thus, the augmented matrix is
1 2 2 11
1 0 2 4 .
3
4 1 1
R1 = r1
3 1 16
2
1 2 10
=
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
3 1 16
1 2
=
0 7
1 2
=
0 1
z = 1
3 x
x + 4 y
=0
9.
1 2
5
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
4 5 11
1
5
=
4
1
+
4
4
2
+
5
4
5
+
11
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
=
0 3
5
9
1 5 13
( R1 = 5r2 + r1 )
0 1 2
0
1
2
1 0
=
0 1
11. True
3
2
10
14
R2 = r2
7
10
2
1
3
3
3 1 3 14
1 1 2
7
= 0 0 3 3
( Interchange r1 and r2 )
0
2
3
7
1 1 2
= 0 2 3
0 0 3
7
7
1 1 2
= 0 1 32
0 0
1
72
1
R2 = 2 r2
R3 = 1 r3
3
3
7
(2)
y z =
2
2
z =1
(3)
211
2 0 4 9
R1 = r1
4 6 1 14
3
1
1 2 1 2
R = 2r1 + r2
= 2 0 4 9 2
R3 = 4r1 + r3
4 6 1 14
3
1
1 2 1 2 R = 1 r
2
2
3
= 0 3 2 10
1
0 0 3 12 R3 = r3
3
3
1
1 2 1 2
2 10
= 0 1
3 3
0 0 1 4
(1)
x + 2 y z = 2
2
10
y+ z =
(2)
3
3
z=4
(3)
212
32
1
x + ( 4) =
23
2
1
x +1 4 =
2
1
7
x = +3 =
2
2
7 2
The solution is the ordered triple , , 4 .
2 3
15. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1
5 6
2
R1 = r1
6 15 18
2
1
3
=
( R2 = 6r1 + r2 )
2
6 15 18
1
3
=
2
0 0 0
x + y = 3
(1)
0=0
(2)
The statement 0 = 0 in equation (2) indicates that
the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
The solution to the system is
{( x, y ) | 2 x + 5 y = 6}.
16. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1 1
3
8
R2 = 2r1 + r2
2 3 10 19
R = r +r
3 1 3
1
2
7
11
1 1 3
= 0 1 4
0 1 4
1 1 3
= 0 1 4
0 0 0
8
3
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
8
3
(2)
y 4z = 3
0=0
(3)
2 3 4
R1 = r1
10 15 2
2
2
1
=
( R2 = 10r1 + r2 )
2
10 15 2
1
2
=
2
0 0 22
x y = 2
(1)
0 = 22
(2)
The statement 0 = 22 in equation (2) indicates
that the system is inconsistent. The system has
no solution. The solution set is or { }.
18. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1 2 1 5
2 1 4 3
( R1 = 1 r1 )
3
1
5
0
1 2 1
= 2 1 4
3 1 5
1 2 1
= 0 5 2
0 5 2
5
3
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
5
13
15
R2 = r2
5
1 2
= 0 1
0 5
1 2
= 0 1
0 0
1
2
5
2
1
2
5
5
13
5
15
5
13
5
2
( R3 = 5r2 + r3 )
2
13
(2)
y+ z =
5
5
0=2
(3)
1 3
19.
2 5
2
1
1 1 1
21. 2 1 3
4 2 5
3
1
= 13
2 x + y
x y + 4 z = 4
Thus, the augmented matrix is
1 0 1 2
2 1 0 13
1 1 4 4
27. 2 x + 5 y = 3
4 x + y = 10
213
29. x + 5 y 3z = 2
3 y z = 5
4 x
+ 8z = 6
31. x 2 y + 9 z = 2
y 5z = 8
z=
3
33. a.
1 3 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 5 1
1
3
2
=
2
1
+
2
2
3
+
5
2
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
) + 1
1 3
=
0 1
b.
35. a.
2
5
1 3 2
0 1 5
1
3
=
1
0
1
(
)
( 1)
1 3 2
=
0 1 5
1 1 1
2 5 3
1 3 2
( R2 = 1 r2 )
2
1( 5 )
4
3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1
1
1
= 2 (1) + 2 2 (1) + 5 2 ( 1) + 3
3
2
1
1 1 1
=0 3 5
1 3 2
b.
214
1 1
0 3
1 3
1
= 0
1 + ( 1)
1 1
= 0 3
0 2
1
5
2
4
11
1
4
11
( R3 = r1 + r3 )
1
1
3
5
1 + ( 3) 1 + 2
1
5
1
4
2 ( 4 ) + ( 3)
4
11
4 + 1
4
11
37. a.
1 1
0 5
0 4
1
= 0 + 0
4
3
1
3
2
1 1
0 1
0 4
= 0
1
2 ( 0 )
1 1
= 0 1
0 2
4
8 + ( 3 )
1
1
4 + 5 2 + 3
2
4
1 1 1
= 0 1 5
0 4 2
b.
( R2 = r3 + r2 )
4
5
4
5
1
5
2
1
1
R3 = r3
2
1
5
1
1
( 4 ) ( 2 )
2
2
1 4
5 5
1 4
5
1
( 8)
2
2 3 1
R1 = r1
1 4 28
2
3
1
1
=
( R2 = r1 + r2 )
2
2
1 4 28
3
1
1 2
2
2
=
R2 = r2
11
55
11
0
2
2
3 1
1
=
2 2
0 1 5
x + y =
(1)
2
2
y = 5
(2)
1
2
1
2
16
x=
=8
2
The solution is the ordered pair (8, 5).
x+
3
( 5 ) =
2
15
x =
2
R = 3r1 + r3
4 3
3 2 1
1 5 2 23
1
1 35
= 0 7
R2 = r2
0 13 7 65
5 2
23
1
1
= 0
1
5
( R3 = 13r2 + r3 )
7
0 13 7 65
1 5 2 23
1
7
0 1
5
=
r3
7
R3 =
62
0 0 62 0
1 5 2 23
1
5
= 0 1
7
0 0 1 0
Write the system of equations that corresponds
to the row-echelon matrix.
(1)
x + 5 y 2 z = 23
1
y+ z =5
(2)
z=0
(3)
215
0 15 4 7
0
4 5 0
1
r2
= 0 20 2 13 R2 =
20
0 15 4 7
0
0
4 5
1
13
= 0 1
( R3 = 15r2 + r3 )
10
20
4
7
0 15
0
0
4 5
1
13
2
0 1
=
10
20 R3 = r3
11
11
11
0 0
2
4
4 5
0
0
1
13
= 0 1
10
20
1
0 0
2
Write the system of equations that corresponds
to the row-echelon matrix.
=0
(1)
4 x + 5 y
1
13
y z =
(2)
10
20
1
z=
(3)
2
1
Substituting
for z in equation (2), we obtain
2
1 1
13
y =
10 2
20
1
13
=
y
20
20
12
3
=
y=
20
5
3
Substituting for y in equation (1), we obtain
5
3
4x + 5 = 0
5
4x 3 = 0
4x = 3
3
x=
4
3 1
3
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
5 2
4
216
0=0
(2)
R3 = 8r1 + r3
8 16 1 21
1 2 1 3
= 0 0 1 1
( R3 = 9r2 + r3 )
0
0
9
3
1 2 1 3
= 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 6
Write the system of equations that corresponds
to the row-echelon matrix.
(1)
x 2 y + z = 3
=
z
1
(2)
0 = 6
(3)
The statement 0 = 6 in equation (3) indicates
that the system is inconsistent. The system has
no solution. The solution set is or { }.
49. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1 1 2 4
R2 = 4r1 + r2
4 0 3 4
R = 2r + r
1
3
3
2 2 1 4
1 1 2 4
1
= 0 4 5 12
R2 = r2
0 4 5 12
1 1 2 4
5
3 ( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
= 0 1
4
0 4 5 12
1 1 2 4
5
3
= 0 1
4
0 0
0 0
Write the system of equations that corresponds
to the row-echelon matrix.
(1)
x + y 2z = 4
4
(2)
y z =3
5
0=0
(3)
x + z + 3 2z = 4
4
5
8
x + z z =1
4
4
3
x = z +1
4
The solution is the ordered triple
3
5
( x, y, z ) | x = z + 1, y = z + 3,
.
4
4
y
=
2
(2)
(2)
y + 5 z = 2
0=4
(3)
This system is inconsistent. The solution is or
{ }.
55. x 2 y z = 3
(1)
(2)
y 2 z = 8
(3)
z =5
This system is consistent and independent.
Substituting 5 for z in equation (2), we obtain
y 2 ( 5 ) = 8
y 10 = 8
y=2
Substituting 5 for z and 2 for y in equation (1),
we obtain
x 2 ( 2) 5 = 3
x 45 = 3
x 9 = 3
x = 12
The solution is the ordered triple (12, 2, 5 ) .
57. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1 3 18
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 1
1
1 3
=
0 7
1 3
=
0 1
18
35
R2 = r2
7
18
5
(2)
y = 5
1 2 3
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 4 10
1 2 3
=
0 0 4
The system is inconsistent. The system has no
solution. The solution set is or { } .
217
1 6
=
0 20
1 6
=
0 1
8
25
r2
R2 =
20
54
(2)
y=
4
This system is consistent and independent.
5
Substituting for y in equation (1), we obtain
4
5
x 6 = 8
4
15
x+ =8
2
1
x=
2
5
1
The solution is the ordered pair , .
4
2
63. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
4 1 8
1
2 1 4
R1 = r1
4
1 1 2
4
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 12 4
1 1 2
4
=
0
0 0
The system is dependent. The solution to the
system is {( x, y ) 4 x y = 8} .
218
1
3
3
3
1
2
15
1 1 1
= 0 5 1
0 4 1
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1 1
1 15
4 1
1 1
1 15
0 15
1 1
1 15
0 1
0
19
15
0
19
5
15
0
159
1
5
0
19
5
1
R2 = r2
5
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
( R3 = 5r3 )
1
19
(2)
y+ z =
5
5
z =1
(3)
3
2
3
3
1 3 2
= 2 1 1
3 2 3
1
=2
3
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
3 2
1 1
2 3
3 2
5 3
11 9
3
1
2
53
11 9
3
1
0
3
1
0
14
13
3
14
13
3
14
15
45
14
3
45
14
3
12
12
5
2 14
35
3
5
1
2
53
3
1
7
2
( R1 = 1 r1 )
1 3 1
= 2 1 3
3 1 7
4
1
( R1 = 1 r1 )
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
1 3 1
= 2 1 3
3 1 7
4
1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
R2 = r2
5
1 3 1
= 0 5 5
0 10 10
4
7
14
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
( R3 = 11r2 + r3 )
1 3 1
= 0 5 5
0 0 0
4
7
R3 = r3
12
(2)
5 y + 5 z = 7
0=0
(3)
3
y z =3
(2)
z = 5
(3)
219
1
5
2
3
1 5 2
= 2 3 1
3 1 4
3
5
( R1 = 1 r1 )
1 5 2
= 2 3 1
3 1 4
3
5
R2 = 2r1 + r2
R = 3r + r
1
3
3
3
1
1 5
2
= 0 7
5
0 14 10
1 5 2
= 0 7 5
0 0 0
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
3
1
1
7
2
2
1 7 2
= 3 1 4
2 1 3
1 7 2
= 0 20 2
0 15 7
1 7
2
1
= 0 1 10
0 15 7
1
= 0
0
1
= 0
7 2
1
1 10
0 11
2
7 2
1
1 10
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
2
3
20
5
2
3
20
11
4
2
3
20
12
R2 = 3r1 + r2
R = 2 r + r
1
3
3
(1)
x + 7 y 2z = 2
1
3
y z =
(2)
10
20
1
z=
(3)
2
This system is consistent and independent.
1
Substituting for z in equation (2), we obtain
2
1 1 3
y =
10 2 20
1
3
=
y+
20 20
2
1
=
y=
20 10
1
1
Substituting for z and
for y in equation
2
10
(1), we obtain
1 1
x + 7 2 = 2
10 2
7
x + +1 = 2
10
17
x+ =2
10
3
x=
10
1
3 1
, .
The solution is the ordered triple ,
10 10 2
R2 = r2
20
( R3 = 15r2 + r3 )
R3 = r3
11
0 10 2 5
R1 = r1
6 0 4 8
= 0
6
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
= 0
0
5
3
2
3
10 2
0 4
5
3
5
8
2
3
10 2 5
10 0 4
5
2
2
3
3
10 2 5
2
1 0
5
5
2
2
3
3
2
1 0
5
10 2 5
5
3
1
0
5
3
1
0
2
3
2
2
0
5
2 1
2
2
3
2
0
5
1 1
2
( R3 = 6r1 + r3 )
1
5 2
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
2
3 5
R3 = r3
10
( Interchange r2
5 2 2 1
x + + = 2
3 5 3 2
2 1
x+ = 2
3 3
1
x+ =2
3
5
x=
3
and r3 )
( R3 = 10r2 + r3 )
R3 = r3
2
2
(2)
=
y
(3)
z=
2
This system is consistent and independent.
2
1
2
We have y = and z = . Substituting
for
2
5
5
1
y and for z in equation (1), we obtain
2
0 2 1 7
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 2 1
3
9
( R3 = 2r2 + r3 )
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 0 5
3
9
25
R3 = r3
5
1 0 1
= 0 1 2
0 0 1
3
9
+
=
y
2
z
9
(2)
z = 5
(3)
This system is consistent and independent.
Substituting 5 for z in equation (2), we obtain
y + 2 ( 5 ) = 9
y 10 = 9
y =1
Substituting 5 for z in equation (1), we obtain
x ( 5 ) = 3
x+5 = 3
x = 2
The solution is the ordered triple ( 2, 1, 5 ) .
79. a.
a + b + c = 0.
2
If f ( 2 ) = 3, then a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c = 3 or
4a + 2b + c = 3.
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
221
(2)
a+b+c = 0
4a + 2b + c = 3
(3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system
and then put it in row echelon form.
1
1
4
1
= 0
1 1
1 1
2 1
6
0
R2 = 1r1 + r2
R = 4r + r
1
3
3
1 1
2 0
6 3
6
6
21
R2 = r2
2
1 1 1
= 0 1 0
0 6 3
6
3
21
( R3 = 6r2 + r3 )
1 1
= 0 1
0 0
1 1
= 0 1
0 0
6
3
R3 = r3
3
1
0
3
1
0
1
6
3
= 3
(2)
b
c =1
(3)
This system is consistent and independent.
We have b = 3 and c = 1. Substituting 3
for b and 1 for c in equation (1), we obtain
a ( 3 ) + 1 = 6
a+4 =6
a=2
Thus, the quadratic equation that contains
(1, 6), (1, 0), and (2, 3) is
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1.
81. Let t represent the amount to be invested in
Treasury bills, let m represent the amount to be
invested in municipal bonds, and let c represent
the amount to be invested in corporate bonds.
(1)
t + m + c = 20, 000
+
+
=
0.04
t
0.05
m
0.08
c
1070
(2)
t c = 3000
(3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
222
1
1
1
20,000
0.04 0.05 0.08
1070
0
3000
1
1
1
1
20, 000
1
270
= 0 0.01 0.04
2
17, 000
0 1
20, 000
1 1 1
27, 000
= 0 1 4
0 1 2 17, 000
1 1 1 20, 000
= 0 1 4 27, 000
0 0 2 10, 000
1 1 1
= 0 1 4
0 0 1
R2 = 0.04r1 + r2
R3 = 1r1 + r3
( R2 = 100r2 )
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
1
R3 = r3
2
20, 000
27, 000
5000
(2)
m + 4c = 27, 000
c = 5000
(3)
Substituting 5000 for c in equation (2), we
obtain
m + 4 ( 5000 ) = 27, 000
m + 20, 000 = 27, 000
m = 7000
Substituting 5000 for c and 7000 for m in
equation (1), we obtain
t + 7000 + 5000 = 20, 000
t + 12, 000 = 20, 000
t = 8000
Therefore, Carissa should invest $8000 in
Treasury bills, $7000 in municipal bonds, and
$5000 in corporate bonds.
83. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in reduced row echelon form.
2 1
1
( R1 = 2r1 + r2 )
3 2 5
1 0 3
=
3 2 5
1 0
3
=
0 2 14
1 0 3
=
0 1 7
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
1
R2 = r2
2
x = 3
y = 7
R3 = 3r1 + r3
3
2
1
0
1 1 1
= 0 1 6
0 5 4
3
19
1 0 5
= 0 1 6
0 0 26
1 0 5
= 0 1 6
0 0 1
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
22
19
104
22
19
4
2
5
R1 = r1 + r2
R3 = 5r2 + r3
1
R3 = r3
26
R1 = 5r3 + r1
R2 = 6r3 + r2
( R2 = 1 r2 )
2
5
y = 5
z = 4
The solution is the ordered triple ( 2, 5, 4 ) .
87. Answers will vary. One possibility follows:
First, perform row operations so that the entry in
row 1, column 1 is 1. Second, perform row
operations so that all the entries below the 1 in
row 1, column 1 are 0s. Third, perform row
operations so that the entry in row 2, column 2 is
1. Make sure that the entries in column 1 remain
unchanged. If it is impossible to place a 1 in row
2, column 2, then use row operations to place a 1
in row 2, column 3. (If any row with all 0s
occurs, then place it in the last row of the
matrix.) Once a 1 is in place, perform row
operations to place 0s below it. Continue this
process until the augmented matrix is in row
echelon form.
1
(or divide
5
each entry of row 2 by 5). That is, use the row
1
operation R2 = r2 .
5
1 4 1
3
3
0
1
(1)
x + y = 1
(2)
y = 3
Substituting 3 for y in equation (1), we obtain
4
x + ( 3) = 1
3
x 4 =1
x=5
The solution is the ordered pair (5, 3).
93. Write the augmented matrix of the system.
2 3 2 12
3 1 2
0
3
4 3 1
Enter the system into a 3 by 4 matrix, [A]. Then,
use the ref( command along with the frac
command to write the matrix in row echelon
form with the entries in fractional form. Since
the entire matrix does not fit on the screen, we
need to scroll right to see the rest of it.
223
1 3
4
0 1
0 0
14
5
13
3
4
9
13
(1)
x + 4 y 4 z = 4
5
9
y+ z =
(2)
13
13
z=7
(3)
224
18
=3
6
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. A matrix is square if the number of rows and the number of columns are equal.
3.
5 3
= 5 ( 6 ) 4 ( 3) = 30 12 = 18
4 6
4.
2 5
= 2 ( 7 ) 1( 5 ) = 14 + 5 = 9
1 7
3 2
= 3 ( 1) ( 2 )( 2 ) = 3 + 4 = 1
2 1
1 2
Dx =
= 1( 1) 1( 2 ) = 1 2 = 3
1 1
3 1
Dy =
= 3 (1) ( 2 )(1) = 3 + 2 = 5
2 1
5. D =
Dy 5
Dx 3
= =5
=
= 3 ; y =
D 1
1
D
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ( 3, 5 ) .
x=
4 2
= 4 ( 3) ( 6 )( 2 ) = 12 12 = 0
6 3
Since D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
6. D =
7.
2 3 5
4 1
0 1
0 4
0 4 1 = 2
( 3)
+5
8 7
3 7
3 8
3 8 7
= 2 4 ( 7 ) 8 ( 1) + 3 0 ( 7 ) 3 ( 1) + 5 0 ( 8 ) 3 ( 4 )
= 2 ( 28 + 8 ) + 3 ( 0 + 3) + 5 ( 0 12 )
= 2 ( 20 ) + 3 ( 3) + 5 ( 12 )
= 40 + 9 60
= 91
8.
3 2
1
1 3
1 3
1 1
1 1 3 = 3
2
+1
1 5
5 5
5 1
5 1 5
= 3[1(5) (1)(3)] 2[1(5) (5)(3)] + 1[1(1) (5)(1)]
= 3(5 3) 2(5 15) + 1(1 + 5)
= 3(8) 2(20) + 1(4)
= 24 + 40 + 4
= 20
225
Dx 2 1
= =
D 4 2
D y 8
y=
=
= 2
D
4
D
4
z= z =
= 1
4
D
9. x =
1 1 3
4 3 1
2 0 5
3 1
4 1
4 3
=1
( 1)
+3
0 5
2 5
2 0
= 1 3 ( 5) 0 (1) ( 1) 4 ( 5 ) ( 2 )(1) + 3 4 ( 0 ) ( 2 )( 3)
10. D =
= 1(15 0 ) ( 1)( 20 + 2 ) + 3 ( 0 + 6 )
= 1(15 ) ( 1)( 22 ) + 3 ( 6 )
= 15 + 22 + 18
= 55
2 1 3
9 3 1
7 0 5
3 1
9 1
9 3
= 2
( 1)
+3
0 5
7 5
7 0
= 2 3 ( 5) 0 (1) ( 1) 9 ( 5) 7 (1) + 3 9 ( 0 ) 7 ( 3)
Dx =
1 2 3
4 9 1
2 7 5
9 1
4 1
4 9
=1
( 2 )
+3
7 5
2 5
2 7
= 1 9 ( 5 ) 7 (1) ( 2 ) 4 ( 5 ) ( 2 )(1) + 3 4 ( 7 ) ( 2 )( 9 )
Dy =
= 1( 45 7 ) ( 2 )( 20 + 2 ) + 3 ( 28 + 18 )
= 1( 38 ) ( 2 )( 22 ) + 3 ( 46 )
= 38 + 44 + 138
= 220
226
1 1 2
4 3 9
2 0 7
3 9
4 9
4 3
=1
( 1)
+ ( 2 )
0 7
2 7
2 0
= 1 3 ( 7 ) 0 ( 9 ) ( 1) 4 ( 7 ) ( 2 )( 9 ) + ( 2 ) 4 ( 0 ) ( 2 )( 3)
Dz =
= 1( 21 0 ) ( 1)( 28 + 18) + ( 2 )( 0 + 6 )
= 1( 21) ( 1)( 46 ) + ( 2 )( 6 )
= 21 + 46 12
= 55
D y 220
Dx 55
D
55
=
=4; z = z =
=1
=
= 1 ; y =
55
55
D
D
D 55
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple ( 1, 4, 1) .
x=
3.5 Exercises
11.
4 2
= 4 ( 3) 1( 2 ) = 12 2 = 10
1 3
13.
2 4
= 2 ( 3) 1( 4 ) = 6 + 4 = 2
1
3
1 1
= 1( 1) 1(1) = 1 1 = 2
1 1
4 1
Dx =
12 1
= 4 ( 1) ( 12 )(1) = 4 + 12 = 16
15. D =
Dy =
1 4
= 1( 12 ) 1( 4 ) = 12 + 4 = 8
1 12
D y 8
Dx 16
=
= 8 ; y =
=
=4
D 2
D 2
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ( 8, 4 ) .
x=
2 3
= 2 (1) ( 3)( 3) = 2 + 9 = 11
3 1
3 3
Dx =
= 3 (1) ( 10 )( 3) = 3 + 30 = 33
10 1
2
3
Dy =
3 10
= 2 ( 10 ) ( 3)( 3) = 20 + 9 = 11
17. D =
D y 11
Dx 33
=
=3; y=
=
= 1
11
D
D 11
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair (3, 1).
x=
227
3
6
1
Dx =
4
3
Dy =
6
19. D =
4
= 3 ( 8) ( 6 )( 4 ) = 24 + 24 = 48
8
4
= 1( 8 ) 4 ( 4 ) = 8 16 = 8
8
1
= 3 ( 4 ) ( 6 )(1) = 12 + 6 = 18
4
25.
+ 3 0 ( 4 ) 1( 5 )
= 3 ( 40 + 8) 2 ( 0 + 2 ) + 3 ( 0 5 )
= 3 ( 48) 2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 5)
= 144 4 15
= 163
D y 18 3
Dx 8
1
=
=
=
= ; y=
6
D 48 8
D 48
1 3
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair , .
6 8
x=
2 x 6 y = 12
21. The system in standard form is:
3x 5 y = 11
2 6
D=
= 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 6 ) = 10 + 18 = 8
3 5
12 6
11 5
= 12 ( 5 ) 11( 6 )
= 60 + 66
=6
2 12
Dy =
= 2 (11) 3 (12 ) = 22 36 = 14
3 11
Dx =
x=
D y 14
Dx 6 3
7
= = ; y=
=
=
8
4
D
D 8 4
7
3
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair , .
4
4
23.
2 0 1
3 8 3
1 5 2
8 3
3 3
3 8
=2
0
+ ( 1)
5 2
1 2
1 5
= 2 8 ( 2 ) 5 ( 3) 0 3 ( 2 ) 1( 3 )
+ ( 1) 3 ( 5 ) 1( 8)
= 2 ( 16 + 15) 0 ( 6 + 3) + ( 1)(15 8 )
= 2 ( 1) 0 ( 3) + ( 1)( 7 )
= 2 + 0 7
= 9
3 2 3
0 5 2
1 4 8
5 2
0 2
0 5
= ( 3)
2
+3
4 8
1 8
1 4
= 3 5 ( 8 ) 4 ( 2 ) 2 0 ( 8 ) 1( 2 )
27.
0 2 1
1 6 4
3 4 5
6 4
1 4
1 6
=0
2
+1
4 5
3 5
3 4
= 0 6 ( 5) 4 ( 4 ) 2 1( 5 ) ( 3)( 4 )
+ 1 1( 4 ) ( 3)( 6 )
= 0 ( 30 + 16 ) 2 ( 5 12 ) + 1( 4 18)
= 0 ( 14 ) 2 ( 7 ) + 1( 14 )
= 0 + 14 14
=0
1 1 1
29. D = 1 2 1
2 1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
=1
( 1)
+1
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 1 2 ( 2 ) 1( 1) ( 1) 1( 2 ) 2 ( 1)
+ 1 1(1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 4 + 1) ( 1)( 2 + 2 ) + 1(1 4 )
= 1( 5) ( 1)( 4 ) + 1( 3)
= 5+ 43
=6
4 1 1
1 2 1
5 1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
= 4
( 1)
+1
1 2
5 2
5 1
= 4 2 ( 2 ) 1( 1) ( 1) 1( 2 ) ( 5 )( 1)
Dx =
+ 1 1(1) ( 5 )( 2 )
= 4 ( 4 + 1) ( 1)( 2 5 ) + 1(1 + 10 )
= 4 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 3) + 1(11)
= 20 3 + 11
= 12
228
1 4 1
Dy = 1 1 1
2 5 2
=1
1 1
1 1
1 1
( 4 )
+1
2 2
2 5
5 2
4 1 1
Dx = 7 2 3
5 1 1
2 3
7 3
7 2
=4
1
+1
1 1
5 1
5 1
= 4 2 ( 1) ( 1)( 3) 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 3)
= 1 1( 2 ) ( 5 )( 1) ( 4 ) 1( 2 ) 2 ( 1)
+ 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 2 )
+ 1 1( 5 ) 2 (1)
= 4 ( 2 3) 1( 7 + 15 ) + 1( 7 10 )
= 4 ( 5 ) 1( 8 ) + 1( 17 )
= 20 8 17
= 45
= 1( 2 5 ) ( 4 )( 2 + 2 ) + 1( 5 2 )
= 1( 3) ( 4 )( 4 ) + 1( 7 )
= 3 + 16 7
=6
1 1 4
Dz = 1 2 1
2 1 5
=1
2 1
1 1
1 2
( 1)
+ ( 4 )
1 5
2 5
2 1
1
Dy = 5
2
7
=1
5
= 1 7 ( 1) 5 ( 3) 4 5 ( 1) 2 ( 3)
= 1 2 ( 5 ) 1(1) ( 1) 1( 5 ) 2 (1)
+ 1 5 ( 5 ) 2 ( 7 )
+ ( 4 ) 1(1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 7 + 15) 4 ( 5 + 6 ) + 1( 25 14 )
= 1( 8 ) 4 (1) + 1(11)
= 8 4 + 11
= 15
= 1( 10 1) ( 1)( 5 2 ) + ( 4 )(1 4 )
= 1( 11) ( 1)( 7 ) + ( 4 )( 3)
= 11 7 + 12
= 6
Dy 6
D
12
= = 1;
= 2; y =
x= x =
6
D 6
D
D
6
= 1
z= z =
6
D
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple
( 2, 1, 1) .
1 1 1
31. D = 5 2 3
2 1 1
2 3
5 3
5 2
=1
1
+1
1 1
2 1
2 1
= 1 2 ( 1) ( 1)( 3) 1 5 ( 1) 2 ( 3)
+ 1 5 ( 1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1( 2 3) 1( 5 + 6 ) + 1( 5 4 )
= 1( 5 ) 1(1) + 1( 9 )
= 5 1 9
= 15
4 1
7 3
5 1
3
5 3
5 7
4
+1
1
2 1
2 5
1 1
Dz = 5 2
2 1
2 7
=1
1 5
4
7
5
1
5 7
5 2
+4
2 5
2 1
= 1 2 ( 5) ( 1)( 7 ) 1 5 ( 5 ) 2 ( 7 )
+ 4 5 ( 1) 2 ( 2 )
= 1(10 + 7 ) 1( 25 14 ) + 4 ( 5 4 )
= 1(17 ) 1(11) + 4 ( 9 )
= 17 11 36
= 30
Dy
Dx 45
15
=
= 3; y =
=
= 1;
D 15
D 15
D
30
z= z =
=2
D 15
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple
( 3, 1, 2 ) .
x=
229
2 1 1
33. D = 1 2 2
Dx =
5 5 1
=2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1
+ ( 1)
5 1
5 1
5 5
= 2 2 ( 1) 5 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1)( 1) 5 ( 2 )
+ ( 1) ( 1)( 5) 5 ( 2 )
= 27
3 0
6 0
6 3
0
+1
2 1
27 1
27 2
= 27 3 (1) ( 2 )( 0 ) 0 6 (1) 27 ( 0 )
+ 1 6 ( 2 ) 27 ( 3)
= 2 ( 2 10 ) 1(1 10 ) + ( 1)( 5 10 )
= 27 ( 3 0 ) 0 ( 6 0 ) + 1( 12 + 81)
= 24 + 9 + 15
=0
= 81 0 + 69
= 12
= 2 ( 12 ) 1( 9 ) + ( 1)( 15 )
3
35. D = 1
5
1
=3
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
= 27 ( 3) 0 ( 6 ) + 1( 69 )
2 27
D y = 1 6
1 27
6 0
=2
27 1
2 0 27
Dz = 1 3 6
1 2 27
=2
1
0
1
1 0
1 6
+1
1 1
1 27
= 2 ( 6 0 ) 27 ( 1 0 ) + 1( 27 6 )
= 2 ( 6 ) 27 ( 1) + 1( 33)
= 12 + 27 33
=6
+ 1 1( 1) 1( 5 )
2 0
37. D = 1 3
1 2
3 0
=2
2 1
27
+ 1 ( 1)( 27 ) 1( 6 )
1 3
1 1
+1
5 5
5 1
= 3 ( 5 3) 1( 5 15 ) + 1( 1 + 5 )
= 3 ( 8 ) 1( 20 ) + 1( 4 )
= 24 + 20 + 4
=0
Since D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
1
0
1
= 2 6 (1) 27 ( 0 ) 27 1(1) 1( 0 )
= 3 1( 5) ( 1)( 3) 1 1( 5 ) ( 5 )( 3)
3 6
1 6
1 3
0
+ 27
1 27
1 2
2 27
= 2 3 ( 27 ) ( 2 )( 6 ) 0 1( 27 ) 1( 6 )
1 0
1 3
+1
1 1
1 2
= 2 3 (1) ( 2 )( 0 ) 0 1(1) 1( 0 )
+ 1 1( 2 ) 1( 3)
= 2 ( 3 0 ) 0 ( 1 0 ) + 1( 2 + 3)
= 2 ( 3) 0 ( 1) + 1( 5 )
= 6 0 + 5
= 1
230
27 0 1
6 3 0
27 2 1
+ 27
1( 2 ) 1( 3)
= 2 ( 81 + 12 ) 0 ( 27 6 ) + 27 ( 2 + 3)
= 2 ( 69 ) 0 ( 33) + 27 ( 5 )
= 138 0 + 135
= 3
Dy
Dx 12
6
=
= 12; y =
=
= 6;
D
1
D 1
D
3
z= z =
=3
D 1
The solution is the ordered triple (12, 6, 3) .
x=
5
39. D = 10
0
0
=5
1
3 0
0 3
1 2
3
10 3
10 0
3
+0
2
0 2
0 1
= 5 0 ( 2 ) 1( 3) 3 10 ( 2 ) 0 ( 3) + 0 10 (1) 0 ( 0 )
= 5 ( 0 3) 3 ( 20 0 ) + 0 ( 10 0 )
= 5 ( 3) 3 ( 20 ) + 0 ( 10 )
= 15 60 + 0
= 75
2 3 0
Dx = 3 0 3
9 1 2
0 3
3 3
3 0
=2
3
+0
1 2
9 2
9 1
= 2 0 ( 2 ) 1( 3) 3 3 ( 2 ) ( 9 )( 3) + 0 3 (1) ( 9 )( 0 )
= 2 ( 0 3) 3 ( 6 + 27 ) + 0 ( 3 + 0 )
= 2 ( 3) 3 ( 33) + 0 ( 3)
= 6 99 + 0
= 105
5 2 0
Dy = 10 3 3
0 9 2
=5
3 3
10 3
10 3
2
+0
0 2
0 9
9 2
= 5 3 ( 2 ) ( 9 )( 3) 2 10 ( 2 ) 0 ( 3) + 0 10 ( 9 ) 0 ( 3)
= 5 ( 6 + 27 ) 2 ( 20 0 ) + 0 ( 90 + 0 )
= 5 ( 33) 2 ( 20 ) + 0 ( 90 )
= 165 40 + 0
= 125
5
Dz = 10
0
0
=5
1
3 2
0 3
1 9
3
10 3
10 0
3
+2
0 9
0 1
9
= 5 0 ( 9 ) 1( 3) 3 10 ( 9 ) 0 ( 3) + 2 10 (1) 0 ( 0 )
= 5 ( 0 + 3) 3 ( 90 + 0 ) + 2 ( 10 0 )
= 5 ( 3) 3 ( 90 ) + 2 ( 10 )
= 15 270 + 20
= 275
D y 125
D
D
105 7
5
275 11
x= x =
=
= ; z= z =
= ; y=
=
D
3
D 75
D
75 5
3
75
5 11
7
The solution is the ordered triple , ,
.
5
3 3
231
1 1 1
41. D = 0 1 2
1 0 1
0 2
0 1
1 2
=1
1
+1
0 1
1 1
1 0
= 1[ 1(1) 0(2)] 1[0(1) (1)(2)] + 1[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(1 0) 1(0 + 2) + 1(0 1)
= 1(1) 1(2) + 1(1)
= 1 2 1
= 4
3 1 1
Dx = 1 1 2
0 0 1
1 2
1 1
1 2
=3
1
+1
0 1
0 1
0 0
= 3[(1)(1) 0(2)] 1[1(1) 0(2)] + 1[1(0) 0(1)]
= 3(1 0) 1(1 0) + 1(0 0)
= 3 1 + 0
= 4
1 3 1
Dy = 0 1 2
1 0 1
1 2
0 2
0 1
=1
3
+1
0 1
1 1
1 0
= 1[1(1) 0(2)] 3[0(1) (1)(2)] + 1[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(1 0) 3(0 + 2) + 1(0 + 1)
= 1 6 +1
= 4
1 1 3
Dz = 0 1 1
1 0 0
0 1
0 1
1 1
=1
1
+3
0 0
1 0
1 0
= 1[ 1(0) 0(1)] 1[0(0) (1)(1)] + 3[0(0) (1)(1)]
= 1(0 0) 1(0 + 1) + 3(0 1)
= 0 1 + (3)
= 4
D y 4
D
D
4
4
x= x =
=
= 1, z = z =
=1
= 1, y =
D 4
D 4
D 4
The solution is the ordered triple (1, 1, 1).
43.
232
x 3
=7
1 2
x ( 2 ) 1( 3 ) = 7
2x 3 = 7
2 x = 10
x=5
x 1 2
1 0 4 =5
3 2 5
45.
0 4
1 4
1 0
( 1)
+ ( 2 )
=5
2 5
3 5
3 2
x 0 ( 5 ) 2 ( 4 ) ( 1) 1( 5 ) 3 ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) 1( 2 ) 3 ( 0 ) = 5
x
x ( 8 ) ( 1)( 7 ) + ( 2 )( 2 ) = 5
8 x 7 4 = 5
8 x 11 = 5
8 x = 16
x = 2
47. a.
8
C
4
b.
1 5
1
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
= 1
2 1
D=
5
6
1
6
1 6
1 1
5
+5
1
1 1
1 1
1
1(1 1 1 6 ) 5 (1 1 1 6 ) + 5 (1 1 1 1)
2
1
= 1( 5 ) 5 ( 5) + 5 ( 0 )
2
1
= ( 5 + 25 + 0 )
2
1
= ( 20 )
2
= 10
Thus, the area of triangle ABC is 10 = 10.
=
49. a.
8
4
D
B
A
4
233
Triangle ABC is formed by the points (2, 1), (7, 2), and (8, 4).
y
8
4
D
B
2 7
1
1 2
2 1 1
1 2
= 2
2 1
D=
8
4
1
4
1 4
1 2
7
+8
1
1 1
1 1
1
2 ( 2 1 1 4 ) 7 (11 1 4 ) + 8 (1 1 1 2 )
2
1
= 2 ( 2 ) 7 ( 3) + 8 ( 1)
2
1
= ( 4 + 21 8 )
2
1
= (9)
2
= 4.5
Thus, the area of triangle ABC is 4.5 = 4.5.
=
c.
Triangle ADC is formed by the points (2, 1), (3, 3), and (8, 4).
y
8
4
D
B
A
4
2 3 8
1
1 3 4
2 1 1 1
1 3 4
1 4
1 3
= 2
3
+8
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
= 2 ( 3 1 1 4 ) 3 (1 1 1 4 ) + 8 (11 1 3)
2
1
= 2 ( 1) 3 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 )
2
1
= ( 2 + 9 16 )
2
1
= ( 9 )
2
= 4.5
Thus, the area of triangle ADC is 4.5 = 4.5.
D=
234
51. a.
b.
The areas of triangle ABC and triangle ADC are equal. (That is, the diagonal of the parallelogram forms two
triangles of equal area.) Thus, the area of parallelogram ABCD is 4.5 + 4.5 = 9.
x y 1
3 2 1 =0
5 1 1
2 1
3 1
3 2
x
y
+1
=0
1 1
5 1
5 1
x 2 (1) 1(1) y 3 (1) 5 (1) + 1 3 (1) 5 ( 2 ) = 0
x (1) y ( 2 ) + 1( 7 ) = 0
x + 2y 7 = 0
x + 2y = 7
m=
y2 y1 1 2 1
1
=
=
=
2
x2 x1 5 3 2
y y1 = m ( x x2 )
1
y 2 = ( x 3)
2
1
3
y2= x+
2
2
2 y 4 = x + 3
x + 2y = 7
53.
3 2
= 3 ( 4 ) 1( 2 )
1 4
= 12 + 2
= 14
Interchanging rows 1 and 2 and recomputing the determinant, we obtain
1 4
= 1( 2 ) 3 ( 4 )
3 2
= 2 12
= 14
The two determinants are opposites.
Answers may vary. In general, it is true that the value of a determinant will change signs if any two rows (or any
two columns) are interchanged.
235
2 x + 1 > 7
2 x + 1 1 > 7 1
2 x > 6
2 x 6
<
2 2
x < 3
a dashed line.
?
0 + 0 > 6
?
0 > 6 True
Therefore, (0, 0) is solution to 3 x + 2 y > 6.
Shade the half-plane that contains (0, 0).
y
(0, 0)
5
3x + 2y = 6
Section 3.6
R1. 3(2) + 2 7
?
6 + 27
8 7 True
Yes, x = 2 does satisfy the inequality
3x + 2 7.
2. 4 x + y < 5
2 x 5 y < 10
a.
(1)
(2)
4 + 2 < 5
2 < 5
236
2 10 <10
8 < 10
The inequality 4 x + y < 5 is not true
when x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a
solution.
b.
( y = x 4)
( 0 ) + 0 4
0 4
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x + y 4.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
12 + 1< 5
11 < 5
y
2x + y = 5
6 5 < 10
1 < 10
x + y = 4
4 2 < 5
6 < 5
strict, graph 3 x + y = 2
Test Point:
2 + 10 < 10
12 <10
The inequality 2x 5y < 10 is not true when
x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a solution.
3. 2 x + y 5
x + y 4
( 0, 0 ) :
using
( y = 3 x 2 )
using a
( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 0 > 2
0 > 2
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 3 x + y > 2.
Second, graph the inequality 2 x + 3 y < 3. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 2 x + 3 y = 3. Because the
inequality is strict, graph 2 x + 3 y = 3
( 0, 0 ) :
2 ( 0) + 3( 0) < 3
0<3
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 2 x + 3 y < 3.
Test Point:
2(0) + 0 5
05
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 2 x + y 5.
Test Point:
4. 3 x + y > 2
2 x + 3 y < 3
( y = 2 x + 5 )
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 5
a solid line.
237
2x + 3y = 3
3x + y = 2
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
2(0) + 3(0) 9
09
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 2 x + 3 y 9.
Second, graph the inequality 6 x 9 y 9. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 6 x 9 y = 9. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 6 x 9 y = 9
2
Test Point:
5
5
( 0, 0 ) :
6(0) 9(0) 9
09
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 6 x 9 y 9.
9. x + y 6
2 x + y 10
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality x + y 6. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x + y = 6. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph x + y = 6
( 0, 0 ) :
( y = 2 x + 10 )
?
2 ( 0 ) + 0 10
0 10
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 2 x + y 10.
Test Point:
238
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 10
using a solid line.
2x + 3y = 9
( 0, 0 ) :
6x 9y = 9
5
using a
0 + 06
06
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x + y 6.
Test Point:
( y = x + 6)
solid line.
10
(0,0)
(4,2)
(5,0)
10
10 x
x+y=6
10
2x + y = 10
( 0, 0 ) :
10,000
(10000, 0)
5,000
(25000, 0)
x + y = 3 + 2 = 5 4
3 x + y = 3 ( 3) + 2 = 11 10
The inequality x + y 4 is not true when
x + y = 5 + ( 1) = 4 4
3 x + y = 3 ( 5) + ( 1) = 14 10
3 x + 2 y = 3 ( 3) + 2 ( 2 ) = 13 < 12
2 x + 3 y = 2 ( 3) + 3 ( 2 ) = 0 >12
Neither inequality is true when x = 3 and
y = 2, so ( 3, 2 ) is not a solution.
( y = x + 25, 000 )
0 + 0 25, 000
0 25, 000
Thus, the solution set of x + y 25, 000 is the
half-plane containing (0, 0).
Test Point:
(10000, 15000)
15,000
10 15 20 25 x
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
00 00 00 00
Treasury notes ($)
b.
x + y 25, 000
x 10, 000
y 15,000
y 0
20,000
0
00
25,000
5,
(0,6)
b.
3 x + 2 y = 3 (1) + 2 ( 4 ) = 11 < 12
2 x + 3 y = 2 (1) + 3 ( 4 ) = 10 >12
The inequality 2 x + 3 y > 12 is not true
when x = 1 and y = 4, so (1, 4 ) is not a
solution.
239
x + y = 4 + 2 = 6 8
3 x + y = 3 ( 4 ) + 2 = 14 12
x = 4 0
y = 2 0
The inequality 3 x + y 12 is not true when
x = 4 and y = 2, so ( 4, 2 ) is not a solution.
b.
x + y = 2 + 5 = 7 8
3 x + y = 3 ( 2 ) + 5 = 11 12
x = 2 0
y = 5 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 2
and y = 5, so ( 2, 5 ) is a solution.
19. 3 x + 2 y < 12
2 x + 3 y > 12
17. x + y 4
3 x + y 10
10
3x + y = 10
x+y=4
10 x
10
10
240
2x + 3y = 12
10 x
10
3x + 2y = 12
1
21. x y 3
2
3
x+ y >3
2
1
y 3. To do so,
2
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
1
to obtain x y = 3. Because the inequality is
2
1
non-strict, graph x y = 3 ( y = 2 x 6 ) using
2
a solid line.
1
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 ( 0 ) = 0 3
2
First, graph the inequality x
1
y 3.
2
3
x + y > 3. To do
2
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
3
sign to obtain x + y = 3. Because the
2
3
inequality is strict, graph x + y = 3
2
3
3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 > 3
2
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
3
the solution set of x + y > 3.
2
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the
shaded region in the graph below) is the solution
to the system of linear inequalities.
Second, graph the inequality
10
10
1
x_ y=3
2
y
10
2x + y = 8
10 x
10
2x y = 8
25. 5 x + 3 y < 12
5 x 3 y < 9
10 x
_3 x + y = 3
2
23. 2 x + y < 8
2 x y > 8
( y = 2 x 8)
5x 3y = 9
5x + 3y = 12
5
241
27. y 8
x 3
x=3
10
y=8
10
29. x + y 6
3 x + y 12
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality x + y 6. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x + y = 6. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph x + y = 6 ( y = x + 6 ) using a
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0+0 = 0 6
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x + y 6.
Next, graph the inequality 3x + y 12. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain 3x + y = 12. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph 3 x + y = 12 ( y = 3x + 12 )
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 12
(4,0)
x+y=6
3x + y = 12
y 0
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0+0 = 08
(3,3)
(0,0)
10 x
10
(0,6)
(0,14)
(6,2)
(8,0)
18 x
x+y=8
4x + 2y = 28
(0,10)
(3,8)
(5,5)
(0,0)
(7,0)
10
3x + 2y = 25
10
33. 2 x + 3 y 30
3 x + 2 y 25
5 x + 2 y 35
x 0
y 0
2x + 3y = 30
x
5x + 2y = 35
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 30
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 2x + 3y 30.
Second, graph the inequality 3x + 2y 25. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 3x + 2y = 25. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 3 x + 2 y = 25
3
25
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 25
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 3x + 2y 25.
Third, graph the inequality 5x + 2y 35. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 5x + 2y = 35. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 5 x + 2 y = 35
5
35
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 5 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 35
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 5x + 2y 35.
35. 2 x + y 13
x + 2 y 11
x 4
y 0
First, graph the inequality 2x + y 13. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain 2x + y = 13. Because the inequality is
non-strict, graph 2 x + y = 13 ( y = 2 x + 13)
using a solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 0 = 0 13
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 2x + y 13.
Second, graph the inequality x + 2y 11. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain x + 2y = 11. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 11
1
11
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0 + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 11
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0 4
243
1
7
2 x + 6 y = 14 y = x + using a solid
3
3
line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) = 0 14
y
10
(5,3)
10
6
10
(4,5)
x=4
(11,0)
x
x + 2y = 11
2x + y = 13
b.
y 0
First, graph the inequality 450x + 50y 500.
To do so, replace the inequality symbol with
an equal sign to obtain 450x + 50y = 500.
Because the inequality is non-strict, graph
450 x + 50 y = 500 ( y = 9 x + 10 ) using a
solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
450 ( 0 ) + 50 ( 0 ) = 0 500
244
Cereal
37. a.
10 (0, 10)
5
(0.88, 2.04)
(7, 0)
5
Orange Juice
The three corner points of the unbounded
region are (0, 10), ( 0.88, 2.04 ) and (7, 0).
39. a.
x 5, 000
y 15, 000
y 0
( 0, 0 ) :
0 + 0 = 0 25, 000
b.
25,000
(5000, 15000)
20,000
(10000, 15000)
15,000
10,000
5,000
(20000, 5000)
(5000, 14375)
0
5,
00
10 15 20 25 x
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
00 00 00 00
( 20000,
64 2
= = 1. The y-intercept is 4. Thus, the
20 2
equation of the line is y = x + 4. Because the
shaded region is above this line, our inequality
will contain a greater than. Because the line is
solid, this means that the inequality is non-strict.
That is, our inequality will consist of greater
than or equal to. Thus, the linear inequality is
y x + 4.
m=
245
y 0
45. a.
x+ y 8
2 x + y 10
x0
y0
2x + y = 10
z = 2x + 3y
z = 0 : 2x + 3y = 0
3 y = 2 x
2
y= x
3
z = 12 : 2 x + 3 y = 12
3 y = 2 x + 12
2
y = x+4
3
z = 18 : 2 x + 3 y = 18
3 y = 2 x + 18
2
y = x+6
3
z = 24 : 2 x + 3 y = 24
3 y = 2 x + 24
2
y = x +8
3
z = 24
10
z = 18
z = 12
z=0
c.
246
10
x+y=8
2
2
2
2
6
4
6
4
51. x + y 4
3 x + y 10
( y x + 4)
b.
( y 3 x + 10 )
2 ( 4 ) ( 2 ) = 8 + 2 = 10
Because these values satisfy both equations,
the ordered pair (4, 2) is a solution of the
system.
2. a.
Let x =
1
, y = 1 in both equations (1) and
2
(2).
2
2 x + 3 y > 12 y > x + 4
1
2 2 + 5 (1) = 1 + 5 = 4
4 1 5 (1) = 2 5 = 3
2
Because these values satisfy both equations,
1
the ordered pair , 1 is a solution of the
2
system.
b.
3. a.
1. a.
2 ( 3) ( 1) = 6 + 1 = 7 10
1
in both equations (1) and
3
(2).
5 11
1
2 ( 1) + 5 3 = 2 + 3 = 3 4
4 ( 1) 5 1 = 4 5 = 17 3
3
3
3
55. x + y 6
( y x + 6)
3 x + y 12 y 3 x + 12
(
)
x 0
y 0
The inequalities x 0 and y 0 restrict the
graph to the first quadrant.
Chapter 3 Review
Let x = 1, y =
6 ( 3) 5 ( 6 ) = 18 30 = 12
3 6 = 3
These values satisfy both equations.
Therefore, the ordered pair (3, 6) is a
solution of the system.
247
6 (1) 5 ( 4 ) = 6 20 = 14 12
1 4 = 3
Although these values satisfy equation (2),
they do not satisfy the equation (1).
Therefore, the ordered pair (1, 4) is not a
solution of the system.
4. a.
8 ( 3) + 3 ( 0 ) = 24 + 0 = 24 7
Although these values satisfy equation (1),
they do not satisfy the equation (2).
Therefore, the ordered pair (3, 0) is not a
solution of the system.
b.
8 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 3) = 16 9 = 7
Because these values satisfy both equations,
the ordered pair (2, 3) is a solution of the
system.
5
2x + 3y = 9
5
x
(3, 1)
3x + y = 8
y = x + 2 (1)
9.
3
x + 3 y = 9 (2)
Equation (1) is already in slope-intercept form.
Equation (2) in slope-intercept form is
1
y = x 3. Graph each equation.
3
y
1
y = _ x + 2
3
y = 3 x + 1 (1)
7.
1
y = 2 x 6 (2)
The two equations are in slope-intercept form.
Graph each equation and find the point of
intersection.
y
2
5
5
5
5
5
x + 3y = 9
2 x 3 y = 0 (1)
10.
2 x y = 4 (2)
Equation (1) in slope-intercept form is y =
2
x.
3
1
y = _ x6
2
(2, 5)
y = 3x + 1
248
2x y = 4
2x 3y = 0
5
(3, 2)
y = x + 2 (1)
11.
4
y = 4 x 32 (2)
1
Substituting x + 2 for y in equation (2), we
4
obtain
1
x + 2 = 4 x 32
4
1
4 x + 2 = 4 ( 4 x 32 )
4
x 8 = 16 x + 128
17 x = 136
x=8
Substituting 8 for x in equation (2), we obtain
y = 4 ( 8 ) 32 = 32 32 = 0.
The solution is the ordered pair (8, 0).
y = x + 2 (1)
12.
4
3 x + 4 y = 8 (2)
3
Substituting x + 2 for y in equation (2), we
4
obtain
3
3x + 4 x + 2 = 8
4
3 x 3x + 8 = 8
8=8
The system is dependent. The solution is
( x, y ) y = x + 2 .
4
(1)
y = 3x 9
13.
4 x + 3 y = 1 (2)
Substituting 3x 9 for y in equation (2), we
obtain
4 x + 3 ( 3 x 9 ) = 1
4 x + 9 x 27 = 1
13x 27 = 1
13x = 26
x=2
Substituting 2 for x in equation (1), we obtain
y = 3 ( 2 ) 9 = 6 9 = 3.
The solution is the ordered pair (2, 3).
x 2 y = 7 (1)
14.
3x y = 4 (2)
Equation (1) solved for x is x = 2 y + 7.
Substituting 2 y + 7 for x in equation (2), we
obtain
3 ( 2 y + 7 ) y = 4
6 y + 21 y = 4
5 y + 21 = 4
5 y = 25
y = 5
Substituting -5 for y in equation (1), we obtain
x 2 ( 5 ) = 7
x + 10 = 7
x = 3
The solution is the ordered pair (3, 5).
2 x y = 9 (1)
15.
3x + y = 11 (2)
Add equations (1) and (2).
2x y = 9
3x + y = 11
5 x = 20
x=4
Substituting 4 for x in equation (2), we obtain
3 ( 4 ) + y = 11
12 + y = 11
y = 1
The solution is the ordered pair (4, 1).
x + 3 y = 4 (1)
16.
3 x 4 y = 2 (2)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3 and add
the result to equation (2).
3x + 9 y = 12
3x 4 y = 2
5 y = 10
y=2
Substituting 2 for y in equation (1), we obtain
249
(1)
x + y = 4
19.
=
2
x
3
y
12
(2)
3 x 2 y = 5 (1)
21.
4 x 5 y = 9 (2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3, and
add the results.
12 x 8 y = 20
12 x + 15 y = 27
7 y = 7
y = 1
Substituting 1 for y in equation (1), we obtain
3x 2 ( 1) = 5
3x + 2 = 5
3x = 3
x =1
The solution is the ordered pair (1, 1).
12 x + 20 y = 21 (1)
22.
(2)
3 x 2 y = 0
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 4 and
add the result to equation (1).
12 x + 20 y = 21
12 x + 8 y = 0
28 y = 21
21 3
y=
=
28 4
Substituting
3
for y in equation (1), we obtain
4
3
12 x + 20 = 21
4
12 x + 15 = 21
12 x = 6
6 1
x=
=
12 2
1 3
The solution is the ordered pair , .
2 4
6 x + 9 y = 3 (1)
23.
8 x + 12 y = 7 (2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3, and
add the results.
24 x + 36 y = 12
24 x 36 y = 21
0 = 33
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
6 x + 11 y = 2 (1)
24.
5 x + 8 y = 3 (2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 5,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 6, and
add the results.
30 x + 55 y = 10
30 x 48 y = 18
7 y = 28
y=4
Substituting 4 for y in equation (1), we obtain
6 x + 11( 4 ) = 2
6 x + 44 = 2
6 x = 42
x = 7
The solution is the ordered pair (7, 4).
251
(2)
x + 4 y = 2x + y
Simplify each equation.
9 x + 9 y = 180 (1)
x + 3 y = 0
(2)
252
Nickels
Quarters
Total
Number
of
Coins
n
q
40
Value
per
Coin
0.05
0.25
Total
Value
0.05n
0.25q
4.40
25%-HCl
Solution
40%-HCl
Solution
30%-HCl
Solution
Liters
of
Solution
Percent
HCl
Liters
of
HCl
25% = 0.25
0.25x
40% = 0.40
0.40y
12
30% = 0.30
0.30(12)
= 3.6
50 t + 1 = d (2)
2
Substituting 80t for d in equation (2) yields
1
50 t + = 80t
2
50t + 25 = 80t
30t + 25 = 0
30t = 25
25 5
t=
=
30 6
5
for t in equation (1), we obtain
Substituting
6
5
80 = d
6
200
2
d=
= 66
3
3
5
It will take
hour (that is, 50 minutes) for the
6
Mustang to catch up to the Grand Am. At that
2
time, the two cars will have traveled 66 miles
3
on the turnpike.
36. Let b represent the speed of the boat in still
water and let c represent the speed of the current.
The rate at which the boat will travel
downstream will be b + c, and the rate upstream
will be b c. Using the formula
rate time = distance, we obtain the following
system:
( b c ) 1.5 = 30 (1)
(2)
( b + c ) 1 = 30
Divide both sides of equation (1) by 1.5,
simplify equation (2), and add the results.
b c = 20
b + c = 30
2b = 50
b = 25
253
d.
M (t ) = 0.056t + 3.354
F (t ) = 0.103t + 1.842
x + y z = 1 (1)
39. x y + z = 7 (2)
x + 2 y + z = 1 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 1 and
add the result to equation (2).
x y + z = 1
x y+z =7
2 y + 2 z = 6
(4)
Number of Athletes
(in millions)
10.0
8.0
4.0
M(t ) = 0.056t +
.103t +
F ( t) = 0
3.354
1.842
(32.17, 5.16)
2.0
4
12 16
24 28 32 36
44 48
b.
y + z = 3
y + 2z = 0
3z = 3
z =1
Substituting 1 for z in equation (4), we obtain
2 y + 2 (1) = 6
2 y + 2 = 6
2 y = 4
y = 2
Substituting 2 for y and 1 for z in equation (1),
we obtain
x + ( 2 ) 1 = 1
x 3 =1
x=4
The solution is the ordered triple (4, 2, 1).
R ( x ) = 15 x
C ( x ) = 1200 + 2.50 x
c.
R, C
5x
38. a.
M (t ) = F (t )
0.056t + 3.354 = 0.103t + 1.842
0.047t + 3.354 = 1.842
0.047t = 1.512
t 32.17
Male and female participation will be the
same approximately 32 years after 1990,
which is the year 2022.
=1
b.
Revenue/Cost ($)
R(
x)
1800
1600
1400
1200 +
C(x) =
2.50x
(96, 1440)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
254
0
20
0
18
0
16
0
14
0
12
0
10
80
60
40
20
Number of Pies
R ( x) = C ( x)
15 x = 1200 + 2.50 x
12.50 x = 1200
x = 96
R ( 96 ) = 15 ( 96 ) = 1440
M, F
6.0
2 x 2 y + z = 10 (1)
40. 3 x + y 2 z = 4
(2)
5 x + 2 y 3z = 7
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and add
the result to equation (2).
(4)
= 1 (1)
x + 2 y
41. 3 y + 4 z = 7 (2)
2 x
z = 6 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and
add the result to equation (3).
2 x 4 y
=2
2x
z =6
4 y z = 8
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 4 and add
the result to equation (2).
16 y 4 z = 32
3 y + 4z = 7
13 y
= 39
y = 3
Substituting 3 for y in equation (4), we obtain
4 ( 3) z = 8
12 z = 8
z = 4
z=4
x + 2 y 3z = 4 (1)
42. x + y + 3z = 5
(2)
3 x + 4 y + 3z = 7 (3)
Add equations (1) and (2).
x + 2 y 3z = 4
x + y + 3z = 5
2x + 3y
=1
(4)
Add equations (1) and (3).
x + 2 y 3 z = 4
3x + 4 y + 3z = 7
4x + 6 y
=3
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 2 and
add the result to equation (5).
4 x 6 y = 2
4x + 6 y = 3
0 =1
False
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
(1)
3 x + y 2 z = 6
(2)
43. x + y z = 2
x 3 y + 2 z = 14 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 3 and add
the result to equation (1).
3x 9 y + 6 z = 42
3x + y 2 z = 6
8 y + 4 z = 48
(4)
Add equations (2) and (3).
x + y z = 2
x 3 y + 2 z = 14
2 y + z = 12
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (5) by 4 and
add the result to equation (4).
8 y 4 z = 48
8 y + 4 z = 48
0=0
True
Thus, the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
255
x + z 6 z = 2
2
1
x z 6 = 2
2
1
x = z+4
2
The solution to the system is
1
( x, y, z ) x = z + 4,
2
y=
(1)
9 x y + 2 z = 5
(2)
44. 3 x 4 y + 4 z = 3
15 x + 3 y 2 z = 10 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3 and add
the result to equation (1).
9 x 12 y + 12 z = 9
9 x y + 2 z = 5
13 y + 14 z = 4
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 5 and add
the result to equation (3).
15 x 20 y + 20 z = 15
15 x + 3 y 2 z = 10
17 y + 18 z = 5
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 17,
multiply both sides of equation (5) by 13, and
add the results.
221 y + 238 z = 68
221 y 234 z = 65
4z = 3
3
z=
4
256
3
for z in equation (4), we obtain
4
3
13 y + 14 = 4
4
21
13 y +
=4
2
21
2 13 y + = 2 ( 4 )
2
26 y + 21 = 8
26 y = 13
13 1
y=
=
26 2
1
3
Substituting
for y and
for z in equation (1),
2
4
we obtain
1
3
9 x + 2 = 5
2
4
1 3
9 x + = 5
2 2
9 x + 1 = 5
9 x = 6
6
2
x=
=
9
3
2 1 3
The solution is the ordered triple , , .
3 2 4
Substituting
4 x 5 y + 2 z = 8 (1)
45. 3 x + 7 y 3z = 21 (2)
7 x 4 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 4, and
add the results.
12 x 15 y + 6 z = 24
12 x 28 y + 12 z = 84
43 y + 18 z = 108
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 7,
multiply both sides of equation (3) by 3, and
add the results.
21x + 49 y 21z = 147
21x + 12 y 6 z = 15
61y 27 z = 162
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 3,
multiply both sides of equation (5) by 2, and add
the results.
46. 4 x + y + 3z = 2 (2)
2 x 3 y + 7 z = 4 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3, and
add the results.
12 x 8 y + 20 z = 28
12 x 3 y 9 z = 6
11y + 11z = 22
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 2 and
add the result to equation (2).
4 x + 6 y 14 z = 8
4 x + y + 3 z = 2
7 y 11z = 6
(5)
Add equations (4) and (5).
11y + 11z = 22
7 y 11z = 6
4 y
= 16
y=4
Substituting 4 for y in equation (4), we obtain
11( 4 ) + 11z = 22
44 + 11z = 22
11z = 22
z=2
Substituting 4 for y and 2 for z in equation (1),
we obtain
3 x 2 ( 4 ) + 5 ( 2 ) = 7
3x 8 + 10 = 7
3 x + 2 = 7
3 x = 9
x = 3
The solution is the ordered triple (3, 4, 2).
(2)
z = 2y
y = 3x 10
(3)
Writing the equations in the system in standard
form, we obtain
x + y + z = 180 (1)
(2)
2y z = 0
3 x y
= 10 (3)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain
x + y + z = 180
2y z = 0
x + 3 y = 180
(4)
Multiply equation (3) by 3 and add the result to
equation (4).
9 x 3 y = 30
x + 3 y = 180
10 x
= 210
x = 21
Substituting 21 for x in equation (3), we obtain
y = 3 ( 21) 10 = 63 10 = 53
Substituting 53 for y in equation (2), we obtain
z = 2 ( 53) = 106
Thus, angle x = 21, angle y = 53, and angle
z = 106.
48. Let b represent the number of calories in a
cheeseburger, let f represent the number of
calories in a medium order of fries, and let c
represent the number of calories in a medium
Coke.
(1)
b + f + c = 1000
2b + f + c = 1300 (2)
2b + f + 2c = 1590 (3)
Multiply equation (1) by 1 and add the result to
equation (3).
b f c = 1000
2b + f + 2c = 1590
+ c = 590
(4)
257
b f c = 1000
2b + f + c = 1300
= 300
3 1 7
49.
2 5 9
1 5 14
50.
1 1 3
5 1 4 6
51. 3 0 3 1
1 2 0 0
8 1 3 14
52. 3 5 6 18
21
7 4 5
x + 2 y = 12
53.
3 y = 15
3 x 4 y = 5
54.
x + 2 y = 7
x + 3 y + 4 z = 20
55.
y 2 z = 16
z=7
3 x + 7 y + 9 z = 1
56. 4 x + 10 y + 7 z = 5
2 x 5 y 6 z = 8
57. a.
1 5 22
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 9 40
1
5
22
=
2 (1) + ( 2 ) 2 ( 5 ) + 9 2 ( 22 ) + ( 40 )
1 5 22
=
0 1 4
258
b.
1 5 22
0 1 4
1
5
=
1
0
1
(
)
( 1)
1 5 22
=
1 4
0
58. a.
b.
59. a.
b.
( R2 = 1 r2 )
22
1( 4 )
1 4 7
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
3 7 6
1
7
4
=
3
1
3
3
4
7
3
7
6
+
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
7
1 4
=
0 5 15
1 4
0
5
1
= 1
( 0)
5
1 4
=
1
0
R2 = r2
5
7
15
4
1
( 5)
5
7
3
1
( 15)
5
1 2 1 1
2 1 3 3
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1 5 6 2
2
1
1
1
= 2 ( 1) + 2 2 ( 2 ) + ( 1) 2 (1) + 3 2 (1) + ( 3)
5
6
2
1
1 2 1 1
= 0 3 5 1
1 5 6 2
1 2 1 1
0 3 5 1
1 5 6 2
1
2
=
0
3
1 ( 1) + ( 1) 1 ( 2 ) + 5
1 2 1 1
= 0 3 5 1
0 3 5 1
( R3 = 1 r1 + r3 )
1
5
1 (1) + 6
1 (1) + 2
1
1
259
60. a.
b.
4
1 3 4
1
0 5 10 15
R2 = r2
0 4 7 7
5
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
= ( 0)
( 5 ) (10 ) ( 15 )
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
0
1 3 4 4
= 0
1
2 3
0 4 7 7
1 3 4
0
1
2
0 4 7
1
= 0
4 ( 0) + 0
1 3 4
= 0 1 2
0 0 1
4
3
7
3
1
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
4 (1) + ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) + ( 7 ) 4 ( 3 ) + 7
4
3
5
4
2
4
3
61. Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
1 2 1
( R2 = 1 r1 + r2 )
1 3 2
1 2
=
0 1
1
3
y = 3 (2)
R1 = r1
4 3 17
6
7
1 1
3
6
=
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
17
4 3
1 1 7
3
3
6
=
R2 = r2
13
65
13
0
3
3
1 1 7
3
6
=
5
0 1
260
(2)
y=5
This system is consistent and independent.
Substituting 5 for y in equation (1), we obtain
1
7
x ( 5) =
3
6
5
7
x =
3
6
3 1
x= =
6 2
1
The solution is the ordered pair , 5 .
2
63. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1
3 2 10
R1 = r1
2 1 9
3
10
2
1
3
3
=
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 1 9
1 2
10
3
3
3
=
R2 = r2
7
7
7
0
3
1 2 10
3
3
=
1
0 1
Write the system of equations that corresponds
to the row-echelon matrix
2
10
(1)
x + y =
3
3
y =1
(2)
This system is consistent and independent.
Substituting 1 for y in equation (1), we obtain
2
10
x + (1) =
3
3
2
10
x+ =
3
3
12
x = = 4
3
The solution is the ordered pair (4, 1).
R1 = r1
5 15 11
3
1 3 5
=
( R2 = 5r1 + r2 )
5 15 11
1 3 5
=
0 0 36
The system is inconsistent. The system has no
solution. The solution set is or { } .
65. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
1
4 2 6
R1 = r1
6 3 9
3
1
1
2 2
=
( R2 = 6r1 + r2 )
6 3 9
1 1 3
2 2
=
0
0 0
The system is dependent. The solution to the
system is {( x, y ) 4 x 2 y = 6} .
66.
1
4
1
=
0
1
=
0
4 4
8 7
4
4
24 9
4 4
1 83
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
1
R2 = r2
24
y=
(2)
8
This system is consistent and independent.
3
Substituting
for y in equation (1), we obtain
8
3
x + 4 = 4
8
3
x+ =4
2
5
x=
2
5 3
The solution is the ordered pair , .
2 8
261
0
5
1 2 2
= 0 4 5
0 5 3
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
0 5 3
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
13
0 0 4
1 2 2
= 0 1 54
0 0 1
11
16
7
11
4
7
11
4
13
11
4
4
8
R2 = r2
4
1 2 4
= 1 1 2
2 5 2
8
2
( R1 = 1 r1 )
( R3 = 5r2 + r3 )
1 2 4
= 1 1 2
2 5 2
8
2
R2 = r1 + r2
R = 2r + r
2
3
3
1 2 4
= 0 3 2
0 3 2
8
10
R3 = r3
13
1 2 4
= 0 3 2
0 0 0
5
y z = 4 (2)
z=4
(3)
( R3 = r2 + r3 )
8
10
4 2 6
2
R1 = r1
2 19 27 17
1 7
2
= 4 2
2 19
1 7
2
= 0 12
0 12
1 7
2
= 0 1
0 12
1 7
2
= 0 1
0 0
11
2
6
27
11
2
16
16
11
2
43
16
11
2
43
25
2
17
52
12
12
5
2
1
12
R2 = 4r1 + r2
R = 2r + r
1
3
3
R2 = r2
12
( R3 = 12r2 + r3 )
52
1
0
262
= 0
0
1
= 0
0
11
5
7
(1)
x 2 y + 2 z = 2
(2)
y z =1
0=0
(3)
1
3
3
9
1 3 3
= 3 5 4
5 3 7
9
8
1 3
3
= 0 4 5
0 12 8
R2 = 3r1 + r2
R = 5 r + r
1
3
3
9
19
36
19
4
21
9
19
4
3
19
4
36
( R3 = 12r2 + r3 )
1
R3 = r3
7
5
19
y+ z =
(2)
4
4
z=3
(3)
5
( x, y , z ) x = z + 1,
6
3 3
1 54
0 7
1 3 3
= 0 1 54
0 0 1
74
5
11
x z + 1 + z =
23
2
2
14
7 11
5
x z + z =
3
2 2
2
7 11
14
5
6 x z + z = 6
3
2 2
2
6 x 28 z 21 + 33z = 15
6 x + 5 z 21 = 15
6 x = 5 z + 6
5 z + 6
x=
6
5
x = z +1
6
y=
3
3
5
1
4
12 8
71.
3 4
= 3 ( 2 ) ( 1)( 4 ) = 6 + 4 = 10
1 2
72.
2 3
= 2 ( 9 ) ( 6 )( 3) = 18 18 = 0
6 9
73.
5 7
= 5 ( 6 ) ( 4 )( 7 ) = 30 + 28 = 2
4 6
74.
7 2
= 7 ( 3) 6 ( 2 ) = 21 12 = 9
6 3
R2 = r2
4
263
5 0 1
75. 2 3 1
3 6 4
2 1
2 3
3 1
=5
0
+1
6 4
3 4
3 6
= 5 3 ( 4 ) 6 ( 1) 0 2 ( 4 ) 3 ( 1)
+ 1 2 ( 6 ) 3 ( 3)
= 5 (18) 0 ( 5) + 1( 21)
= 90 + 0 + 21
= 111
1 4 5
76. 0 1 3
2 6 4
1 3
0 3
0 1
=1
( 4 )
+5
2 4
2 6
6 4
= 1 1( 4 ) ( 6 )( 3) + 4 0 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3)
+ 5 0 ( 6 ) 2 (1)
= 1( 14 ) + 4 ( 6 ) + 5 ( 2 )
= 14 + 24 10
=0
77.
1 2
= 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) = 3 4 = 1
2 3
1 2
= 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) = 3 2 = 5
Dx =
1 3
1 1
= 1(1) 2 ( 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
Dy =
2 1
79. D =
Dy
Dx 5
3
=
=5; y=
=
= 3
D 1
D 1
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair (5, 3).
x=
4 9
= 4 ( 6 ) ( 5 )( 9 ) = 24 + 45 = 69
5 6
13 9
Dx =
22 6
= 13 ( 6 ) 22 ( 9 ) = 78 198 = 276
80. D =
4 13
5 22
= 4 ( 22 ) ( 5 )( 13) = 88 65 = 23
Dy =
D y 23 1
Dx 276
=
= 4 ; y =
=
=
69
D 69 3
D
1
x=
3 0 1
6 7
2 7
2 6
0
+ ( 1)
2 6 7 =3
5 4
2 4
2 5
2 5 4
= 3 6 ( 4 ) 5 ( 7 ) 0 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 7 )
= 3 ( 11) 0 ( 6 ) 1( 2 )
= 33 + 0 + 2
= 31
78.
1 2 ( 5 ) 2 ( 6 )
2 3 1
1 3 7
5 4 8
3 7
1 7
1 3
=2
3
+1
4 8
5 8
5 4
= 2 3 ( 8 ) 4 ( 7 ) 3 1( 8) ( 5 )( 7 )
+ 1 1( 4 ) ( 5 )( 3)
= 2 ( 4 ) 3 ( 27 ) + 1( 11)
= 8 + 81 11
= 78
4 1
= 4 ( 5) 3 ( 1) = 20 + 3 = 23
3 5
6 1
= 6 ( 5 ) 7 ( 1) = 30 + 7 = 23
Dx =
7 5
4 6
= 4 ( 7 ) 3 ( 6 ) = 28 + 18 = 46
Dy =
3 7
81. D =
D y 46
Dx 23
=
= 1 ; y =
=
=2
23
D 23
D
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair (1, 2).
x=
1
2
2
Dx =
5
1
Dy =
2
82. D =
x=
1
= 1(1) 2 ( 1) = 1 + 2 = 3
1
1
= 2 (1) 5 ( 1) = 2 + 5 = 7
1
2
= 1( 5 ) 2 ( 2 ) = 5 4 = 1
5
Dy 1
Dx 7
= ; y=
=
D 3
D 3
7 1
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair , .
3 3
264
6 2
= 6 ( 5 ) 15 ( 2 ) = 30 30 = 0
15 5
Because D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
83. D =
12 1
= 12 ( 7 ) ( 6 )(1) = 84 + 6 = 90
6 7
6 1
Dx =
= 6 ( 7 ) 15 (1) = 42 15 = 27
15 7
12 6
Dy =
6 15
= 12 (15 ) ( 6 )( 6 ) = 180 + 36 = 216
84. D =
D y 216 12
D
27 3
= ; y=
=
=
x= x =
D
D 90 10
90
5
3 12
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair ,
.
10 5
1 2
2 4
0 3
5
2 4
3 4
3 2
=1
( 1)
+2
3 5
0 5
0 3
= 1[ 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 4 )] ( 1) [ 3 ( 5 ) 0 ( 4 )]
1
85. D = 3
= 1 ( 22 ) ( 1)(15 ) + 2 ( 9 )
= 22 + 15 + 18
= 55
+ 2 [3 ( 3 ) 0 ( 2 )]
= 1( 23) ( 1)( 3 ) + 9 ( 9 )
= 23 3 + 81
= 55
+ 9 [ 3 ( 3 ) 0 ( 2 )]
D y 110
Dx 275
=
= 2 ;
=
=5; y =
D
55
55
D
D
55
=1
z= z =
D 55
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple (5, 2, 1).
x=
3 3
1 2
5 4
1 2
7 2
7 1
=1
( 3 )
+ ( 3 )
6 4
6 5
5 4
= 1[1 ( 4 ) ( 5 )( 2 )] ( 3 ) [ 7 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 )]
1
86. D = 7
6
+ ( 3 ) [ 7 ( 5 ) 6 (1)]
= 1 ( 14 ) ( 3 )( 16 ) + ( 3 )( 41)
= 14 48 + 123
= 61
9 1 2
Dx = 7
2 4
1 3
5
2 4
7 4
7 2
=9
( 1)
+2
1 5
1 3
3 5
= 9 [ 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 4 )] ( 1) [ 7 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 4 )]
+ 2 [ 7 ( 3 ) ( 1)( 2 )]
= 9 ( 22 ) ( 1)( 31) + 2 ( 23 )
= 198 + 31 + 46
= 275
5 3 3
Dx = 24 1 2
9 5 4
1 2
24 2
24 1
= 5
( 3)
+ ( 3 )
5 4
9 4
9 5
= 5 1( 4 ) ( 5 )( 2 ) ( 3) 24 ( 4 ) ( 9 )( 2 )
+ ( 3) 24 ( 5 ) ( 9 )(1)
1
Dy = 3
0
9
2
7 4
1 5
7 4
3 4
3 7
=1
9
+2
1 5
0 5
0 1
= 1[ 7 ( 5 ) ( 1)( 4 ) ] 9 [ 3 ( 5 ) 0 ( 4 )]
= 1 ( 31) 9 (15 ) + 2 ( 3 )
= 31 135 6
= 110
1 1 9
Dz = 3 2
7
0 3 1
2 7
3 7
3 2
=1
( 1)
+9
3 1
0 1
0 3
= 1[ 2 ( 1) 3 ( 7 )] ( 1) [3 ( 1) 0 ( 7 )]
+ 2 [3 ( 1) 0 ( 7 )]
1 5 3
D y = 7 24 2
6 9 4
24 2
7 2
7 24
=1
( 5 )
+ ( 3)
9 4
6 4
6 9
= 1 24 ( 4 ) ( 9 )( 2 ) ( 5 ) 7 ( 4 ) 6 ( 2 )
+ ( 3) 7 ( 9 ) 6 ( 24 )
265
+ ( 5 ) 7 ( 5 ) 6 (1)
= 1(111) ( 3)( 207 ) + ( 5)( 41)
= 111 621 + 205
= 305
D y 427
D
61
=1; y =
=
=7;
x= x =
61
D
D 61
D
305
z= z =
= 5
D
61
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple (1, 7, 5).
1 1 1
87. D = 3 2 4
2 2 3
2 4
3 4
3 2
=1
1
+1
2 3
2 3
2 2
= 1 2 ( 3) 2 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 3) 2 ( 4 )
= 2 1 + 2
= 1
+ 1 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 )
1 1 1
Dx = 1 2 4
0 2 3
1 4
1 2
2 4
=1
1
+1
2 3
0 3
0 2
= 1 2 ( 3) 2 ( 4 ) 1 1( 3) 0 ( 4 )
= 2 + 3 2
= 1
+ 1 1( 2 ) 0 ( 2 )
1 1 1
D y = 3 1 4
2 0 3
1 4
3 4
3 1
=1
1
+1
0 3
2 3
2 0
= 1 1( 3) 0 ( 4 ) 1 3 ( 3) 2 ( 4 )
= 3 1 + 2
= 2
266
+ 1 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1)
1 1 1
Dz = 3 2 1
2 2 0
2 1
3 1
3 2
=1
1
+1
2 0
2 0
2 2
= 1 2 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1) 1 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 1)
= 22+2
=2
+ 1 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 )
D y 2
Dx 1
=
= 1; y =
=
= 2;
D 1
D
1
D
2
z= z =
= 2
D 1
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple (1, 2, 2).
x=
4 3 1
88. D = 4 2 3
8 5 2
2 3
4 3
4 2
=4
( 3)
+1
5 2
8 2
8 5
= 4 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 )( 3) ( 3) 4 ( 2 ) 8 ( 3)
+ 1 4 ( 5 ) 8 ( 2 )
= 4 (19 ) ( 3)( 32 ) + 1( 4 )
= 76 96 4
= 24
6 3 1
Dx = 3 2 3
12 5 2
2 3
3 3
3 2
= 6
( 3 )
+1
5 2
12 2
12 5
= 6 [ 2 ( 2 ) ( 5 )( 3)] ( 3) [ 3 ( 2 ) ( 12 )( 3)]
+ 1[ 3 ( 5 ) ( 12 )( 2 )]
= 6 (19 ) ( 3)( 42 ) + 1( 9 )
= 114 + 126 9
=3
4 6 1
D y = 4 3 3
8 12 2
3 3
4 3
4 3
=4
( 6 )
+1
12 2
8 2
8 12
= 4 3 ( 2 ) ( 12 )( 3) ( 6 ) 4 ( 2 ) 8 ( 3)
+ 1 4 ( 12 ) 8 ( 3)
= 4 ( 42 ) ( 6 )( 32 ) + 1( 24 )
= 168 192 24
= 48
= 3 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 1(1) 1( 1)
4 3 6
Dz = 4 2 3
8 5 12
2 3
4 3
4 2
=4
( 3)
+ ( 6 )
5 12
8 12
8 5
= 4 2 ( 12 ) ( 5)( 3) ( 3) 4 ( 12 ) 8 ( 3)
+ ( 6 ) 4 ( 5 ) 8 ( 2 )
= 4 ( 9 ) ( 3)( 24 ) + ( 6 )( 4 )
= 36 72 + 24
= 12
D y 48
D
3
1
x= x =
= ; y=
=
= 2;
D 24
8
D 24
D
12 1
z= z =
=
D 24 2
1
1
The solution is the ordered triple , 2, .
2
8
1 1 4
89. D = 4 3 3
3 2 1
3 3
4 3
4 3
=1
( 1)
+ ( 4 )
2 1
3 1
3 2
= 1 3 (1) ( 2 )( 3) ( 1) 4 (1) 3 ( 3)
= 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 0 ) + 0 ( 2 )
= 6 0 + 0
= 6
1 3 0
D y = 0 1 1
5 1 1
0 1
0 1
1 1
=1
( 3 )
+0
1 1
5 1
5 1
= 1 1(1) 1( 1) ( 3) 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
= 1( 0 ) ( 3)( 5 ) + 0 ( 5 )
= 0 + 15 + 0
= 15
1 1 0
90. D = 0 2 1
5 0 1
2 1
0 1
0 2
=1
1
+0
0 1
5 1
5 0
= 1 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
+ 0 0 ( 0 ) 5 ( 2 )
+ 0 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
1 1 3
Dz = 0 2 1
5 0 1
2 1
0 1
0 2
=1
1
+ ( 3 )
0 1
5 1
5 0
= 1 2 (1) 0 ( 1) 1 0 (1) 5 ( 1)
+ ( 3) 0 ( 0 ) 5 ( 2 )
+ ( 4 ) 4 ( 2 ) 3 ( 3)
= 1( 9 ) ( 1)(13) + ( 4 )(1)
= 9 + 13 4
=0
Because D = 0, Cramers Rule does not apply.
+ 0 1( 0 ) 1( 2 )
= 1( 2 ) 1( 5 ) + ( 3)( 10 )
= 2 5 + 30
= 27
D y 15
Dx 6
=
= 2; y =
=
= 5;
D 3
D 3
D
27
z= z =
= 9
D 3
Thus, the solution is the ordered triple
(2, 5, 9).
x=
91. a.
= 1( 2 ) 1( 5 ) + 0 ( 10 )
= 25+0
= 3
3 1 0
Dx = 1 2 1
1 0 1
2 1
1 1
1 2
= 3
1
+0
0 1
1 1
1 0
b.
2 x + 3 y = 2 ( 3 ) + 3 ( 5 ) = 9 > 8
The inequality x y > 2 is not true when
x = 3 and y = 5, so (3, 5) is not a solution.
267
2 x + y = 2 ( 1) + 2 = 4 5
The inequality 2 x + y 5 is not true when
x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a solution.
b.
2 x + y = 2 ( 3) + 4 = 10 5
Both inequalities are true when x = 3 and
y = 4, so (3, 4) is a solution.
93. a.
2
0
x
y = 1 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 2 and
y = 1, so (2, 1) is a solution.
94. a.
3 x y = 3 (1) 2 = 1 2
x = 1 0
y = 2 0
The inequality 3 x y 2 is not true when
x = 1 and y = 2, so (1, 2) is not a solution.
Let x = 2 and y = 3 in each inequality.
3 x 2 y = 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3) = 12 12
2 x + y = 2 2 + 3 = 1 15
( )
x = 2 0
y = 3 0
The inequality x 0 is not true when x = 2
and y = 3, so (2, 3) is not a solution.
b.
x = 4 0
y = 1 0
All four inequalities are true when x = 4 and
y = 1, so (4, 1) is a solution.
95. x + y 7
2 x y 5
0+0 = 07
b.
( 0, 0 ) :
2x y = 5
6
10
6
10 x
x+y=7
96. 2 x + 3 y > 9
x 3 y > 18
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) = 0 > 9
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of 2x + 3y > 9.
Second, graph the inequality x 3y > 18. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain x 3y = 18. Because the
inequality is strict, graph x 3 y = 18
10
x 3y = 18
10 x
10
2x + 3y = 9
10
x 4 y > 4
97.
x + 2 y 8
First, graph the inequality x 4y > 4. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x 4y = 4. Because the inequality is
1
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 4 ( 0 ) = 0 > 4
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x 4y > 4.
Second, graph the inequality x + 2y 8. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain x + 2y = 8. Because the inequality
1
is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 8 y = x + 4
2
2x 2y = 6
5
2 x y 2
99.
2 x 3 y 6
First, graph the inequality 2 x y 2 . To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 2x y = 2. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 2 x y = 2
Test Point:
x 4y = 4
x y = 2
( y = 2x + 2)
y
5
( 0, 0 ) : 2 ( 0 ) 0 = 0 2
x + 2y = 8
5 x
x y < 2
98.
2 x 2 y > 6
First, graph the inequality x y < 2. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
is non-strict, graph 2 x 3 y = 6 y = x 2
3
269
2x y = 2
5
2x 3y = 6
5
x 2
100.
y < 3
First, graph the inequality x 2. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x = 2. Because the inequality is nonstrict, graph x = 2 using a solid line.
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
02
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) :
0< 3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 5 ( 0 ) = 0 30
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 3x + 5y 30.
Next, graph the inequality 4x 5y 5. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain 4x 5y = 5. Because the inequality is
4
non-strict, graph 4 x 5 y = 5 y = x 1
5
3x + 5y = 30
(1.25, 0)
(8, 1.2)
10
x=2
3x + 2 y 10
x + 2 y 6
102.
x 0
y 0
y = 3
5
3x + 5 y 30
4 x 5 y 5
101.
x 8
y 0
First, graph the inequality 3x + 5y 30. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 3x + 5y = 30. Because the
270
4x 5y = 5
x
(8, 0)
10
x=8
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 10
line.
Test Point:
is non-strict, graph x + 2 y = 6 y = x + 3
2
Test Point:
( 0, 0 ) : 0.06 ( 0 ) + 0.08 ( 0 ) = 0 275
(0, 5)
(2, 2)
(6, 0)
x
x + 2y = 6
10
10
3x + 2y = 10
y
x = 500
4500
4000
3500
(500, 3500)
(500, 3062.5)
3000
(1500, 2500)
2500
y = 2500
2000
1500
1000
(2250, 1750)
(1250, 2500)
0.06x + 0.08y = 275
x + y = 4000
500
00
50
00
45
00
40
00
35
00
30
00
25
00
20
00
15
00
10
0
50
b.
y 2500
103. a.
0 + 0 = 0 4000
10
( 0, 0 ) :
271
b.
y 0
First, graph the inequality 6 x + 4 y 144. To
do so, replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign to obtain 6 x + 4 y = 144. Because
the inequality is non-strict, graph
3
6 x + 4 y = 144 y = x + 36 using a
2
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 6 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) = 0 144
Thus, the solution set of 6 x + 4 y 144 is
the half-plane containing (0, 0).
Second, graph the inequality x y + 4. To
do so, replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign to obtain x = y + 4. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x = y + 4
( y = x 4)
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 0 + 4
Thus, the solution set of x y + 4 is the
half-plane not containing (0, 0).
The two inequalities x 0 and y 0
require that the graph be in quadrant I.
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the
shaded region in the graph below) is the
solution to the system of linear inequalities.
104. a.
36
6x + 4y = 144
32
28
24
x=y+4
20
16
(16, 12)
12
8
4
0
(4, 0)
4
(24, 0)
8
12 16 20 24
2 x y = 0
1.
4 x 5 y = 12
y
2x y = 0
4x 5y = 12
(2, 4)
5
5 x + 2 y = 3 (1)
2.
(2)
y = 2x 6
Because equation (2) is solved for y, we use
substitution to solve the system.
Substituting 2 x 6 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
5 x + 2 ( 2 x 6 ) = 3
5 x + 4 x 12 = 3
9x = 9
x =1
Substituting 1 for x in equation (2), we obtain
y = 2 (1) 6 = 2 6 = 4.
The solution is the ordered pair (1, 4).
9 x + 3 y = 1 (1)
3.
x 2 y = 4 (2)
Because the coefficient of x in equation (2) is 1,
we use substitution to solve the system.
272
6 x 9 y = 5 (1)
4.
8 x 12 y = 7 (2)
Because none of variables have a coefficient of
1, we use elimination to solve the system.
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 4,
multiply both sides of equation (2) by 3, and
add the results.
24 x 36 y = 20
24 x + 36 y = 21
0 = 1
False
The system has no solution. The solution set is
or { } . The system is inconsistent.
2 x + y = 4 (1)
5. 1
1
3 x + 2 y = 2 (2)
Because equation (2) contains fractions, we
choose to use the elimination method to solve
the system. Multiply both sides of equation (2)
by -6 and add the result to equation (1).
2 x 3 y = 12
2 x + y = 4
2 y = 16
y =8
Substituting 8 for y in equation (1), we obtain
2 x + 8 = 4
2 x = 12
x = 6
The solution is the ordered pair (6, 8).
(1)
x 2 y + 3z = 1
6. x + y 3z = 7
(2)
3 x 4 y + 5 z = 7 (3)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 1 and
add the result to equation (2).
x + 2 y 3 z = 1
x + y 3z = 7
3y 6z = 6
(4)
Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 3 and
add the result to equation (3).
3x + 6 y 9 z = 3
3x 4 y + 5 z = 7
2 y 4z = 4
(5)
Multiply both sides of equation (4) by 2,
multiply both sides of equation (5) by 3, and
add the results.
6 y 12 z = 12
6 y + 12 z = 12
0=0
True
Thus, the system is dependent and has an infinite
number of solutions.
Solve equation (5) for y.
2 y 4z = 4
2 y = 4z + 4
4z + 4
y=
2
y = 2z + 2
Substituting 2 z + 2 for y in equation (1), we
obtain
x 2 ( 2 z + 2 ) + 3z = 1
x 4 z 4 + 3z = 1
x z 4 =1
x = z +5
The solution to the system is {(x, y, z)|x = z + 5,
y = 2z + 2, z is any real number}.
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 5 (1)
7. 3 x y + 2 z = 8 (2)
x + y + 2 z = 0
(3)
Multiply both sides of equation (3) by 2 and
add the result to equation (1).
2 x 2 y 4 z = 0
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 5
2y z = 5
(4)
273
1 3 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2 4 8
3
2
1
=
+
2
1
2
2
3
4
2
2
8
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1 3 2
=
0 2 12
b.
9. a.
274
1 3
0 2
1
= 1
( 0)
2
1 3
=
1
0
2
12
3
1
( 2)
2
2
6
R2 = r2
2
1
(12 )
2
1 2 1 2
3 5 2
1
0 4 5 32
2
1
= 3 (1) + 3 3 ( 2 ) + ( 5 )
0
4
1
2
1
= 0
1 1
7
0 4 5 32
( R2
1
3 (1) + 2
5
= 3r1 + r2 )
2
32
3 ( 2 ) + 1
b.
1 2 1 2
0
1 1
7
( R3 = 4r2 + r3 )
0 4 5 32
2
1
2
1
1
7
1
= 0
4 ( 0 ) + 0 4 (1) + ( 4 ) 4 ( 1) + 5 4 ( 7 ) + ( 32 )
1 2 1 2
= 0
1 1
7
0 0 1 4
x 5 y = 2 (1)
10.
2 x + y = 4 (2)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
1 5 2
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
2
1 4
1
1 5 2
=
R2 = r2
0
11
0
11
1 5 2
=
0 1 0
Write the system of equations that corresponds to the row-echelon matrix
(1)
x 5y = 2
=
y
0
(2)
x + 2 y + z = 3 (1)
11. 4 y + 3 z = 5 (2)
2 x + 3 y = 1 (3)
Write the augmented matrix of the system and then put it in row echelon form.
275
1 2 1 3
0 4 3 5
2 3 0 1
1 3
1 2
3 5
= 0 4
0 1 2 5
1 3
1 2
3
5
= 0 1 4
4
0 1 2 5
1 2
1
3
3
5
= 0 1
4
4
5
15
0 0 4 4
1 2 1 3
= 0 1 34 54
0 0 1 3
( R3 = 2r1 + r3 )
1
R2 = r2
4
( R3 = r3 + r2 )
4
R3 = r3
5
3
5
(2)
y+ z =
4
4
z = 3 (3)
276
3 5
= 3 ( 8 ) 4 ( 5 )
4 8
= 24 + 20
= 4
13.
0 1 2
3 3 1
2 1 2
3 1
3 1
3 3
=0
1
+2
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 0 3 ( 2 ) 1( 1) 1 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 )( 1)
= 0 ( 7 ) 1( 4 ) + 2 ( 9 )
= 0 4 + 18
= 14
+ 2 3 (1) ( 2 )( 3)
1 1
= 1( 3) 5 ( 1) = 3 + 5 = 8
5 3
2 1
Dx =
8 3
= 2 ( 3) ( 8 )( 1) = 6 8 = 14
14. D =
Dy =
1 2
= 1( 8 ) 5 ( 2 ) = 8 + 10 = 2
5 8
Dy 2 1
Dx 14
7
=
= ; y=
= =
D
8
4
D 8 4
7 1
Thus, the solution is the ordered pair , .
4 4
x=
1 1 1
15. D = 1 1 2
4 2 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
=1
1
+1
2 3
4 3
4 2
= 1 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 1 1( 3) 4 ( 2 )
= 1( 7 ) 1(11) + 1( 2 )
= 6
+ 1 1( 2 ) 4 (1)
2 1 1
1 1 2
15 2 3
1 2
1 2
1 1
= 2
1
+1
2 3
15 3
15 2
= 2 1( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 1 1( 3) ( 15 )( 2 )
Dx =
+ 1 1( 2 ) ( 15 )(1)
= 2 ( 7 ) 1( 27 ) + 1(17 )
= 14 + 27 + 17
= 30
+ 1 1( 15 ) 4 (1)
= 1( 27 ) ( 2 )(11) + 1( 19 )
= 27 + 22 19
= 24
1 1 2
Dz = 1 1 1
4 2 15
1 1
1 1
1 1
=1
1
+ ( 2 )
2 15
4 15
4 2
= 1 1( 15 ) 2 (1) 1 1( 15) 4 (1)
+ ( 2 ) 1( 2 ) 4 (1)
= 1( 17 ) 1( 19 ) + ( 2 )( 2 )
= 17 + 19 + 4
=6
Dy
Dx 30
24
=
= 4;
=
= 5; y =
6
D 6
D
D
6
z= z =
= 1
D 6
x=
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 3 ( 0 ) = 0 < 9
2x y = 2
x
x 3y = 9
(3, 4)
5
3x + 2 y 12
x 2 y 4
17.
x 0
y 0
First, graph the inequality 3x + 2y 12. To do
so, replace the inequality symbol with an equal
sign to obtain 3x + 2y = 12. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph 3 x + 2 y = 12
3
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = 0 12
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of 3x + 2y 12.
Next, graph the inequality x 2y 4. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x 2y = 4. Because the inequality is
1
non-strict, graph x 2 y = 4 y = x + 2
2
277
(0, 0)
4
(2, 3)
x 2y = 4
(4, 0)
x
3x + 2y = 12
z
=
y
+
10
(2)
5 x = y + z
(3)
Writing the equations in the system in standard
form, we obtain
(1)
x + y + z = 180
y z = 10 (2)
5 x y z = 0
(3)
Adding equations (1) and (2), we obtain
x + y + z = 180
y z = 10
x + 2 y = 170
(4)
278
b.
y 0
First, graph the inequality 12x + 18y 180.
To do so, replace the inequality symbol with
an equal sign to obtain 12x + 18y = 180.
Because the inequality is non-strict, graph
2
12 x + 18 y = 180 y = x + 10 using a
3
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 12 ( 0 ) + 18 ( 0 ) = 0 180
Thus, the solution set of 12 x + 18 y 180 is
the half-plane containing (0, 0).
Second, graph the inequality x + y 13. To
do so, replace the inequality symbol with an
equal sign to obtain x + y = 13. Because the
inequality is non-strict, graph x + y = 13
4.
x2 5 x + 4
when x = 7
x 1
( 7 )2 5 ( 7 ) + 4 49 35 + 4
=
6
(7) 1
14 + 4
6
18
=
=3
6
=
Number of Sweaters
y
12
x + y = 13
10
(0, 10)
(9, 4)
(0, 0)
2
12x + 18 y = 180
(13, 0)
4
8 10 12
6. 3 x + 7 4 = 20
3 x + 7 = 24
x+7 =8
x + 7 = 8 or x + 7 = 8
x =1
x = 15
The solution set is {15, 1}.
Number of Blouses
The four corner points are (0, 0), (13, 0),
(9, 4), and (0, 10).
7.
{11}
b.
{13, 0, 11}
c.
13, , 0, 2.7, 11
8
d.
, 4 2
2
e.
13, , 0, , 2.7, 4 2, 11
8
2
3 7 ( 5)
4
= 3 x 2 11x 27
4
2
= x 4 x 7 x 35 + 2 x + 8
8
6
5. x ( x 4 ) 7 ( x + 5 ) + 2 x 2 + 4
3 35 32
=
= 8
4
4
8.
x + 1 5 x + 29
5
10
5 x + 29 x + 1
0
10
5
5 x + 29 x + 1
10
10 0
5
10
5 x + 29 2 ( x + 1) 0
5 x + 29 2 x 2 0
3 x + 27 0
3 x 27
x 9
The solution set is {x|x 9}, or in interval
notation (, 9].
2x 7 > 3
2 x 7 > 3 or 2 x 7 < 3
2 x > 10
2x < 4
x>5
x<2
The solution set is {x|x < 2 or x > 5}, or in
interval notation (, 2] [5, ).
9. a.
b.
A B = {0, 6, 12}
A B = {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15}
279
10.
x
y = 2 x 5
3 y = 2 3 5 = 1
1 y = 2 1 5 = 3
0
y = 2 0 5 = 5
1
y = 2 1 5 = 3
3
y = 2 3 5 =1
( x, y )
( 3, 1)
b.
( 1, 3)
( 0, 5 )
(1, 3)
( 3, 1)
= 3x 2 4 x 7
(1, 3)
15. 2 x 5 y = 20
5 y = 2 x 20
2
y = x4
5
2
Slope = , y-intercept is 4.
5
(0, 5)
11.
f ( x) =
2
x4
3
2
x4 = 0
3
2
x=4
3
2 x = 12
x=6
The zero of f is 6.
1
1
12. (a) and (b) are functions because they pass the
vertical line test. (c) is not a function because it
fails the vertical line test.
2x + 7
13. f ( x) =
2x 1
The domain must exclude any values of x that
cause us to divide by zero. Therefore, we must
find the zero(s) of the denominator.
2x 1 = 0
2x = 1
1
x=
2
1
The domain of f must exclude , so the domain
2
1
is x | x .
2
14. g ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x 7
a.
280
g ( x ) = 3( x)2 + 4( x) 7
1
(1, 3)
c.
(3, 1)
(3, 1)
2
2
2
g = 3 + 4 7
3
3
3
4 8
= 3 + 7
9 3
4 8
= + 7
3 3
12
= 7
3
= 4 7 = 3
g (4) = 3 ( 4 ) + 4 ( 4 ) 7
= 3 16 16 7
= 48 16 7
= 25
16. 3x 9 y = 5
5 x 15 y = 27
3x 9 y = 5
9 y = 3x 5
1
5
y = x
3
9
1
m1 =
3
5 x 15 y = 27
15 y = 5 x + 27
1
9
y = x+
3
5
1
m2 =
3
The lines are parallel.
17. To begin, find the slope of the line using the two
given points.
11 14 25
5
m=
=
=
9 ( 6 ) 15
3
Now use either point to find the equation of the
line. We will use the point (6, 14).
3y = 3 x + 4
3
3 y = 5 x + 12
5 x + 3 y = 12
The equation of the line passing through the
points (6, 14) and (9, 11) is
5
y = x + 4 or 5 x + 3 y = 12
3
18. Let w = the weight of the quarters and q = the
number of quarters. Since weight varies directly
with quarters, we have
w = k q
Substituting 281 for w and 50 for q, we can solve
for k.
281 = k 50
281
k=
= 5.62
50
Replace k with 5.62 in the model and find the
weight of 35 quarters by letting q = 35.
w = 5.62q
w = 5.62 ( 35 ) = 196.7
35 quarters weigh 196.7 grams.
19. a.
b.
c.
d.
x = 2010 1930 = 80
C ( x ) = 4.95 + 0.08 x
b.
c.
d.
21.
y = x+9
2
5 x + 4 y = 20
Begin by substituting
(1)
(2)
1
x + 9 for y in equation
2
(2).
5 x + 4 x + 9 = 20
2
5 x + 2 x + 36 = 20
7 x = 56
x = 8
Now substitute 8 for x in equation (1).
1
y = ( 8 ) + 9
2
y = 4 + 9
y=5
The solution to the system of equations is the
ordered pair (8, 5).
22. Write the augmented matrix of the system and
then put it in row echelon form.
6 4 3 3
1
3 10 1 4
R1 = r1
9 2 4 1
281
1
=
3
9
= 0
= 0
= 0
1 1
R2 = 3r1 + r2
2 2
R = 9r + r
1 4
1
3
3
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
12
R2 = r2
2
12
12
1
7
8
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
( R2 = 8r2 + r2 )
24
24
1
7
8
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
11
1
( R3 = 6r3 )
24
24
1
1
0
6
6
2
1
1
1 3
2
2
1
11
= 0 1
24
24
0 0
1
1
(1)
x 3 y + 2 z = 2
1
11
(2)
y
z=
24
24
(3)
z = 1
2 1 1
x + (1) =
3 2 2
1 1
x+ =
3 2
2
3
10
2
1
2
1
2
2
x=
3
282
1
2
23.
24.
4 2
= ( 4 )( 3) ( 2 )( 5 )
5 3
= 12 + 10
= 2
2 3 0
1 4 2
2 2 3
4 2
1 2
1 4
=2
3
+0
2 3
2 3
2 2
= 2 4 ( 3) 2 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1)( 3) 2 ( 2 )
= 2 [ 12 + 4] 3 [3 4]
= 2 [ 8] 3 [ 1]
= 16 + 3
= 13
25. x + 3 y < 12
x3
dashed line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) : 0 + 3 0 = 0 < 12
Therefore, the half-plane containing (0, 0) is the
solution set of x + 3y < 12.
Next, graph the inequality x 3. To do so,
replace the inequality symbol with an equal sign
to obtain x = 3. Because the inequality is nonstrict, graph the horizontal line x = 3 using a
solid line.
Test Point: ( 0, 0 ) :0 3
Therefore, the half-plane not containing (0, 0) is
the solution set of x 3.
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the
shaded region in the graph below) is the solution
1
1
283