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Applied Mathematics and Computation: Junfei Cao, Qigui Yang, Zaitang Huang, Qing Liu
Applied Mathematics and Computation: Junfei Cao, Qigui Yang, Zaitang Huang, Qing Liu
Department of Mathematics, School of Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Peoples Republic of China
School of Mathematics and Physics, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543002, Peoples Republic of China
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Keywords:
Asymptotically almost periodic solution
Stochastic functional differential equations
Exponential stability
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, we investigate a class of stochastic functional differential equations of the
form
1. Introduction
Founded between 1923 and 1926 by Bohr, the theory of almost periodicity had led to strong development of harmonic
analysis on groups and compact topological semigroups of linear operators. The theory had attracted many mathematicians
for decades. Some generalizations of the concept had been introduced successfully by Stepanov and Besicovitch. Almost periodic functions with values in Banach space were studied by Bochner and developed by several mathematicians including
Corduneanu, Fink, Goldstein, Prouse, Glicksberg, Deleeuw, Amerio, Zaidman, etc. Applications include ordinary, partial as
well as abstract differential equations, topological and smooth dynamical systems, statistics, etc. [19].
The concept of almost periodicity is also important in probability for investigating stochastic processes, and it is interesting for applications arising in mathematical physics and statistics. The concept of almost periodicity for stochastic processes
was rst introduced at the end of the 1930s by Slutsky [10] and developed by several mathematicians including Udagawa
[11], Kawata [12], Swift [13], etc.
Recently, in [14], the concept of quadratic-mean almost periodicity was introduced and studied by Bezandry and Diagana.
In particular, such a concept was utilized to study the existence and uniqueness of quadratic-mean almost periodic solution
to a class of stochastic differential equations of the form
t 2 R:
More recently, Huang and Yang [15] presented some new criteria ensuring the existence and uniqueness of quadratic-mean
almost periodic solution as well as global exponential stability of the almost periodic solution for stochastic cellular neural
networks with delay of the form
t 2 R:
These criteria are important in signal processing and the design of networks. As other work we refer the readers to [1620]
and the references therein.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jfcaomath@163.com (J. Cao), qgyang@scut.edu.cn (Q. Yang), zaitanghuang@163.com (Z. Huang), bnumlq@mail.bnu.edu.cn (Q. Liu).
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2011.06.033
1500
The asymptotically almost periodic functions were rst introduced by Frchet. In the modern theory of differential equations, many authors [35] applied successfully the asymptotic property to determine the existence of almost periodic solutions. Along with the development of such equations as the evolution partial differential equations, functional differential
equations, and so forth, where the phase spaces are innite, the theory of Banach valued asymptotically almost periodic
functions had been developed [2125]. Some techniques in functional analysis and harmonic analysis were applied to such
equations, for example, in [1,2], the authors applied spectrum theory to get almost periodic solutions for some linear abstract
evolution differential equations.
In the present paper, we introduce and develop the notion of p-mean asymptotically almost periodicity for stochastic processes. Among others, it will be shown that each p-mean asymptotically almost periodic stochastic process is stochastically
bounded, and the collection of all p-mean asymptotically almost periodic stochastic processes is a Banach space when it is
equipped with some norm obtained through the norm of Lp P; B, where P is the probability measure of the probability
space X; F; P and B; k k is a Banach space. The previous basic results are subsequently applied to study the existence
and uniqueness of quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution to stochastic functional differential equations on L2 P; H; under a hyperbolic and analytic semigroup {T(t)}tP0, where H is a Hilbert space. Furthermore, we prove
that the asymptotically almost periodic solution is global exponentially stable provided the semigroup {T(t)}tP0 is exponentially stable.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some concepts, the related notations and some useful lemmas
are introduced. In Section 3, we present some criteria ensuring the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution. In Section 4, we prove some results on exponential stability of the asymptotically
almost periodic mild solution. An example is given to illustrate our results in Section 5.
2. Preliminaries
This section is concerned with some notations, denitions, lemmas and preliminary facts which are used in what follows.
Let X; F; P be a probability space. For a Banach space B; k k and p P 1, denote by Lp P; B the Banach space of all Bvalue random variable Y such that
kYkLp P;B
Z
kYkp dP
1p
< 1:
N!1 t2R
By CUBR; Lp P; B we denote the collection of all continuous and uniformly bounded stochastic processes from R to
Lp P; B: It is easy to check that CUBR; Lp P; B is a Banach space when it is equipped with the norm
n
o
1
kXk1 sup EkXtkp p ;
t2R
is relatively dense in R, i.e., there exists a constant l = l(e) > 0 such that J(X, e) \ [t, t + l] ; for any t 2 R.
By APR; Lp P; B we denote the set of all p-mean almost periodic stochastic processes, it follows from Lemma 2.5 of [14]
that APR; Lp P; B is a closed subspace of CUBR; Lp P; B: Therefore, APR; Lp P; B is a Banach space when it is equipped
with the norm k k1 (see, e.g. [14]).
Let B1 ; k k1 ; B2 ; k k2 be two Banach spaces, and Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 be their corresponding Lp-spaces respectively.
Denition 2.3. A continuous function F : R Lp P; B1 ! Lp P; B2 is called p-mean almost periodicity in t, uniformly for x in
compact subset K of Lp P; B1 ; provided that for each e > 0, the set
JX; K; e :
1501
is relatively dense in R; i.e., there exists a constant l = l(e) > 0 such that JX; K; e \ t; t l ; for any t 2 R.
The collection of such functions will be denote by APR Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
The space of the restrictions of all p-mean almost periodic stochastic processes (p-mean almost periodic function in t, uniformly for x in compact subset K of Lp P; B1 ) on R is denoted by APR ; Lp P; BAPR Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 .
Denote by C 0 R ; Lp P; B the space of all continuous stochastic processes Z : R ! Lp P; B such that
limt!1 EkZtkp 0, and denote by C 0 R Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 the space of all continuous functions Z : R Lp P; B1
! Lp P; B2 such that limt!1 EkZt; xkp2 0; uniformly for x in any compact subset of Lp P; B1 .
Now, we introduce a new concept called p-mean asymptotically almost periodic stochastic process.
Denition 2.4. A stochastic process X : R ! Lp P; B is called p-mean asymptotically almost periodicity if there exist two
stochastic processes Y 2 APR ; Lp P; B and Z 2 C 0 R ; Lp P; B such that X = Y + Z.
By AAPR ; Lp P; B we denote the collection of all p-mean asymptotically almost periodic stochastic processes.
Denition 2.5. A continuous function X : R Lp P; B1 ! Lp P; B2 is called p-mean asymptotically almost periodicity in t,
uniformly for x in compact subset K of Lp P; B1 ; if there exist two continuous functions Y 2 APR Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 and
Z 2 C 0 R Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 such that X = Y + Z.
By AAPR Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 we denote the collection of such functions.
Lemma 2.1 (See [14]). If X belongs to APR; Lp P; B; then
(i) the mapping t ! EkXtkp is uniformly continuous;
(ii) there exists a constant M > 0 such that EkXtkp 6 M for each t 2 R;
(iii) X is stochastically bounded.
Lemma 2.2. If X belongs to AAPR ; Lp P; B; then we have
(i) there exists a constant M > 0 such that EkXtkp 6 M for each t 2 R ;
(ii) X is stochastically bounded.
Proof
(i) Since X 2 AAPR ; Lp P; B; by Denition 2.4, there exist Y 2 APR ; Lp P; B and Z 2 C 0 R ; Lp P; B such that
X = Y + Z. According to Lemma 2.1, there exists a constant M1 > 0 such that
EkYtkp 6 M 1
for each t 2 R :
p
Since limt!1 EkZtk 0; then for some given e > 0, there exists a constant T > 0 such that
EkZtkp 6 M 2
!
p
sup PfkXtk P Ng 6
sup EkXtk
t2R
t2R
=N P 6 M=NP ;
which implies
sup PfkXtkp P Ng ! 0 as N ! 1:
t2R
Remark 2.1. It is easy to see that AAPR ; Lp P; B APR ; Lp P; B C 0 R ; Lp P; B. Then the space AAPR ; Lp P; B of
p-mean asymptotically almost periodic stochastic processes is a Banach space when it is equipped with the norm kk1.
1502
Lemma 2.3. Assume that X 2 AAPR ; Lp P; B admits a decomposition X = Y + Z, where Y 2 APR ; Lp P; B and Z 2
C 0 R ; Lp P; B. Then
fYt : t 2 R g fXt : t 2 R g:
Proof. If fYt : t 2 R g is not a subset of fXt : t 2 R g; then there exists t0 2 R such that inf s2R kYt0 XskLp P;B > e:
Since Y(t) is continuous at t0, there exists d > 0 such that for 0 < t < d,
s2R
Since Y(t + t0) is in APR ; Lp P; B, by Denition 2.2, for the e above, there exists a constant l
length l 2e contains at least s satisfying
e
2
e
2
for every t 2 R :
e
2
F 2 C K R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
Then F; x; x 2 APR ; Lp P; B2 .
Proof. From x 2 APR ; Lp P; B1 and
F 2 APR Lp P; B1 Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 ;
K is compact in Lp P; B1 Lp P; B1 , it follows that for each e > 0, there exists a constant l(e) > 0 such that any interval of
length l(e) contains at least s satisfying
1503
8t 2 R ;
8t 2 R ;
x; y 2 K:
8t 2 R :
Since F 2 C K R L P; B1 L P; B1 ; L P; B2 , then "e > 0, $d > 0 such that for all (x1, y1), (x2, y2) 2 K with
1p
1
6 EkFt s; xt s; xts Ft s; xt; xt kp2 p
1
EkFt s; xt; xt Ft; xt; xt kp2 p
<
e
2
e
2
e:
Lemma 2.6. Let x 2 AAPR ; Lp P; B1 ; K fxt; xt : t 2 R g, where xt = {x(t + h) : r < h < 0} is regarded as a Cr; 0;
Lp P; B1 -valued stochastic process. Moreover
F 2 C K R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
Then F; x; x 2 AAPR ; Lp P; B2 .
Proof. From x 2 AAPR ; Lp P; B1 and
y 2 APR ; Lp P; B2 ;
z 2 C 0 R ; Lp P; B
Ft; xt; xt Ft; xt; xt Ft; yt; yt kt; yt; yt ht; yt; yt I1 t I2 t I3 t;
where
I2 kt; yt; yt ;
I3 ht; yt; yt :
By Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4, K is compact and (y(t), yt) 2 K for all t 2 R . Combining
t!1
t!1
with F(t, y(t), yt) is uniformly continuous on K uniformly for t 2 R , one gets
lim EkI1 tk 0:
t!1
h 2 C K R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
1504
Thus
k 2 C K R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
Let K 1 fyt; yt : t 2 R g, then K1 K is compact and
k 2 C K 1 R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 :
By Lemma 2.5, one has
I2 t 2 APR ; Lp P; B2 :
For I3, from
h 2 C 0 R Lp P; B1 Cr; 0; Lp P; B1 ; Lp P; B2 ;
it follows that
lim EkI3 tk 0:
t!1
t 2 R;
3:1
kTtPxk 6 M expdtkxk;
for t > 0;
kTtQxk 6 M 0 expdtkxk;
for t 6 0;
where Q I P; kerA; RA stand for the kernel, range of A, and for t 6 0, T(t) = (T(t))1;
(H2) F 2 APR L2 P; H C; L2 P; H: Furthermore, there exists a constant K1 > 0 such that
k2L2 P;H 6 K 1 kx xk2L2 P;H ky y
k2C ;
kFt; x; y Ft; x; y
2 L2 P; H C; t 2 R;
for all stochastic processes x; y;
x; y
(H3) G 2 APR L2 P; H C; L2 P; LL2 P; H: Furthermore, there exists a constant K2 > 0 such that
k2L2 P;LL2 P;H 6 K 2 kx xk2L2 P;H ky y
k2C ;
kGt; x; y Gt; x; y
2 L2 P; H C; t 2 R:
for all stochastic processes x; y;
x; y
Remark 3.1. It is easy to see that (H2) and (H3) imply F 2 C K R L2 P; H C; L2 P; H and G 2 C K R L2 P; H
C; L2 P; LL2 P; H:
1505
Denition 3.1. An F t -progressively process fxtgt2R is called a mild solution of Eq. (3.1) on R if
xt Tt sxs
Tt rFr; xr; xr dr
3:2
xt
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
1
Tt sQFs; xs; xs ds
1
3:3
s
2K 1 K 2
H 2 M 2 M 20
< 1:
d
d2
Proof
Step 1. We show that Eq. (3.1) exists a mild solution. Note that (3.3) is well dened for each t 2 R; and satises (3.2) for all
t P s, for each s 2 R, hence x(t) given by (3.3) is a mild solution of Eq. (3.1).
Step 2. We construct the following operator on CR ; L2 P; H
Lxt :
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
1
1
Tt sQFs; xs; xs ds
/1 xt :
/2 xt :
w1 xt :
w2 xt :
First, we show that /1(x()) and /2(x()) are quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic whenever x is.
In fact, assuming that x is quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic, using (H2) and Lemma 2.6, one can easily see
that s F(s, x(s), xs) is quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic. Therefore, there exist an almost periodic function
k(s, x(s), xs) and a function h 2 C 0 R L2 P; H; L2 P; H such that F = k + h. Furthermore, one observes that
/1 xt
Tt sPks; xs; xs ds
1
1
We claim that at 2 APR; L2 P; H. In fact, for each e > 0, there exists a constant l(e) > 0 such that any interval of length l(e)
contains at least s satisfying
d2 e
M2
3:4
1506
Z
kat s atk
ts
Tt s sPks; xs; xs ds
1
1
Tt sPks; xs; xs ds
Z t
Z t
Tt
sPks
s
;
xs
s
;
x
ds
Tt
sPks;
xs;
x
ds
ss
s
1
1
Z t
6
kTt sPks s; xs s; xss ks; xs; xs kds
1
6M
1
Z
Ekat s atk2 6 M 2 E
Z
M2 E
2
edts kks s; xs s; xss ks; xs; xs kds
1
t
e
1
Z
6 M2 E
M
Z
e
dts
2
dts
Z
ds
d2
edts kks s; xs s; xss ks; xs; xs k2 ds
1
t
1
2
edts ds sup Ekks s; xs s; xss ks; xs; xs k2
t2R
1
M2
2
kks s; xs s; xss ks; xs; xs kds
Z
edts ds
1
Z
1
6 M2
dts
2
Z
Ekbttk2 E
2
t
1
M E
M2
2
Z
2
Tt sPhs; xs; xs ds
6M E
Z
Z
d2
dts
2
1
t
1
M2
dts
2
Z
edts ds
2
2
edts khs; xs; xs kds
1
6 M2 E
Z
Z
edts ds
1
Z
edts Ekhs; xs; xs k2 ds 6 M 2
1
edts khs; xs; xs k2 ds
1
1
2
edts ds sup Ekhs; xs; xs k2
t2R
w1 xt
1
1
We claim U 2 APR; L2 P; H. In fact, for each e > 0, there exists a constant l(e) > 0 such that any interval of length l(e)
contains at least s satisfying
d2 e
M2
3:5
Ut s Ut
ts
1
1
t
1
Z t
1
2
Z t
f s
EkUt s Utk2 E
Tt sPus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs d W
1
Z t
E
kTt sPus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs k2 ds
1
6M
6 M2
1
Z t
e2dts ds sup Ekus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs k2
s2R
1
M2
Z t
2
2
Z t
f s
E
EkVtk2 E
Tt
sP
v
s;
xs;
x
ds
Tt
sP
v
s;
xs;
x
d
W
s
s
1
1
Z t
6 M2
e2dts Ekus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs k2 ds
6M
1
t
Z
e2dts ds sup Ekus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs k2
s2R
1
2
M
sup Ekus s; xs s; xss us; xs; xs k2 :
2d s2R
Z
kLxt Lytk
1
Tt sQ Gs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
6M
1
1
Tt sPGs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
Tt sQ Gs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
:
1507
1508
Z
EkLxt Lytk2 6 4M 2 E
2
edts kFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys kds
1
Z
4M 20 E
2
edst kFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys kds
2
Z t
4E
Tt
sPGs;
xs;
x
Gs;
ys;
y
dWs
s
s
1
2
Z 1
4E
Tt sQ Gs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
t
U1 U2 U3 U4 :
We rst evaluate U1 as follows
Z
U 1 4M 2 E
2
edts kFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys kds
t
1
Z
6 4M2 E
4M
Z
edts ds
1
Z
t
dts
1
6 4M2 K 1
Z
Z
ds
edts kFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys k2 ds
1
t
edts EkFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys k2 ds
1
2
Z
edts ds sup kxs ysk2L2 P;H kxs ys k2C 6 8M 2 K 1
s2R
1
1
2
edts ds kxs ysk21
8M K 1
kxs
d2
ysk21 :
Similar to the discussion given for U1, for U2, one has
Z
U 2 4M 20 E
1
t
2
8M 20 K 1
edst kFs; xs; xs Fs; ys; ys kds 6
kxs ysk21 :
d2
Z
U3 E
6 M2
1
t
1
6 2M2 K 2
2
Z
Tt sPGs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
Z
Z
kTt sPGs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys k2 ds
1
1
e2dts ds sup kxs ysk2L2 P;H kxs ys k2C
M2 K 2
e2dts ds kxs ysk21
kxs ysk21 :
d
1
t2R
Similar to the discussion given for U3, for U4, one has
Z
U 4 E
2
M20 K 2
2
Tt sQ Gs; xs; xs Gs; ys; ys dWs
6 d kxs ysk1 :
2K
K2
1
EkLxt Lytk2 6 4 M2 M20
kxs ysk21 ;
d
d2
which implies
s
2K 1 K 2
kLxt Lytk1 6 2 M2 M20
3:6
Since H < 1, thus by (3.6), we know that L is a contraction mapping. Hence, by the contraction mapping principle, L has a
unique xed point x(t), which is obviously the unique quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution of
Eq. (3.1). h
4. Exponential stability
In this section, we consider the particular case where the semigroups {T(t)}tP0 is exponentially stable, furthermore, we
have the following result on the stability of the unique quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution.
1509
Theorem 4.1. Let (H2) and (H3) be satised. Suppose that A generates a uniformly exponentially stable semigroup {T(t)}tP0, that is,
there exist constants M0 > 0, d0 > 0 with
0
kTtk 6 M 0 ed t ;
t P 0:
4:1
Then, Eq. (3.1) has a unique quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution x(t), provided
s
1
2K 1 K 2
H2
M 02 02
0 < 1:
02
d
d
M
Furthermore, x(t) is global exponentially stable.
Proof. From
0
for t P 0; Tt Tt1 ;
kTtk 6 M 0 ed t ;
for t 6 0;
it follows that
Z
eat kxtk2L2 P;H 6 4eat E
1
2
Z
at
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
4e
E
2
Tt sQFs; xs; xs ds
Z t
2
4eat E
Tt
sPGs;
xs;
xs
r
dWs
1
Z 1
2
4eat E
Tt sQGs; xs; xs dWs
t
V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4:
4:2
Z
V 1 4eat E
1
4eat M 02 K 1
6 4eat M 02 K 1
2
Z
at 02
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
6 4e M K 1
1
Z
Z
d0 ts
2
1
t
d0 ts
1
t
1
12 2
kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds
Z t
0
1
0
ed ts kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds 4M 02 K 1 eat
ed ts kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds
d
1
1
0
ed as eas kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds:
ed ts ds
1
0
4M02 K 1 0 ed at
d
2
0
ed ts kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds
For any xt 2 L2 P; H and any e > 0, according to (4.1), there exists a constant t1 > 0 such that eas kxs rk2L2 P;H < e for
s P t1. Thus
V 1 64M 02 K 1
1 d0 at
e
d0
t1
0
ed as eas kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds
Z t1
1
0
0
ed as eas kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds
4M K 1 0 ed at
d
1
Z
1 d0 at t1 d0 as as
1
02
e
e kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds 8M02 K 1 0 0
e:
64M K 1 0 e
d
d d a
1
02
4:3
From ed at ! 0 as t ? 1, it follows that there exists a constant t2 P t1 such that for any t P t2,
4M 02 K 1
1 d0 at
e
d0
t1
1
0
ed as eas kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds < e 8M 02 K 1
Therefore, from (4.3) and (4.4), one obtains for any t P t2,
1
e:
d0 d0 a
4:4
1510
Z
4e E
at
1
2
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
< e;
which implies
Z
V 1 4eat E
1
2
Tt sPFs; xs; xs ds
! 0 as t ! 1:
4:5
Similar to the discussion of the rst term on the right-hand side of (4.2), for any xt 2 L2 P; H; t 2 r; 1; one has
Z
V 2 4eat E
2
Tt sQFs; xs; xs ds
! 0 as t ! 1:
4:6
Estimating the third term on the right-hand side of (4.2), for any xt 2 L2 P; H; t 2 r; 1; one has
Z
V 3 4eat E
1
6 4eat M 02 K 2
2
Z
at 02
Tt sQGs; xs; xs dWs
6
4e
M
1
t0
0
e2d ts kxsk2L2 P;H kxs k2C ds:
Similar to the proof of the rst term on the right-hand side of (4.2), for any xt 2 L2 P; H; t 2 r; 1; one obtains
Z
V 3 4eat E
2
Tt sPGs; xs; xs dWs
! 0 as t ! 1:
4:7
Z
V 4 4eat E
2
Tt sQGs; xs; xs dWs
! 0 as t ! 1:
4:8
Thus, from (4.5)(4.8), one knows that eat kxtk2L2 P;H ! 0 as t ? 1. Therefore, Eq. (3.1) has a unique quadratic-mean asymptotically almost periodic mild solution, which is exponentially stable. h
5. Applications
In this section, we provide an example to illustrate our main results.
Consider the following semilinear stochastic partial functional differential equations with Dirichlet conditions
"
#
@2
dut; x
ut; x v1 t; ut; x; ut x dt v2 t; ut; x; ut x dwt;
@x2
ut; p 0;
t 2 R;
x 2 0; p;
t 2 R;
ut; 0
5:1
us; x us; x;
@
Denote X L2 P; L2 0; p and dene A : D(A) X ? X given by A @x
2 with the domain
Ft; u; ut v1 t; ut; ; ut ;
Gt; u; ut v2 t; ut; ; ut ;
p
2 4K 1 2K 2 < 1:
1511
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10871074) and the Youth Science Foundation of Guangxi (No. 2011GXNSFB018065).
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