6.

Svy Instruments.
a.

Engr chain. (100 links, 100 ft)

b.

Gunter chain. (100 links, 66 ft)

c.

Arrows. (metal, 15)

d.

Ranging Rod. (8 or 10; 1 each black or white)

e.

Leveling staff.

f.
Optical square. (Triangular metal small tool with mirror, to find out
perpendicular line)
g.
Prismatic compass.
h.

Spirit level.

j.

Alidade.

k.

Plumb bob.

l.

Y level.

m.

Leveling Instrument.

n.

Theodolite.

q.

Planimeter.

7.
Scales.
The area that is svy is vast and therefore plans are made to some
scale. Scale is the fixed ratio that every dist on the plan bears with corresponding dist on
the grd.(see punmia p-14)
8.

Types of Scale.

Three types of scale are:

a.

Plain Scale.

b.

Diagonal Scale.

c.

Vernier Scale.

9.
Plain Scale. Plain scale show two units, a maj unit a minor units like ft and inch or
m and cm.
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10.
Diagonal Scale.
A diagonal scale shows three units, one maj unit and two
minor units like yd, ft and inch or meter, decimeter, centimeters.
11.
Verniers.
Vernier is a device used for measuring fractional part of the smallest
div of the main or the primary scale.

Drawing Instruments
12.
Drawing Board.
A beginner should use a half-imperial size, paper (15" x 22" ).
Other sizes are imperial (31" x 23"), double elephant (42" x 29") and antiquarian (54" x
32").
13.
Tee Sq/Tee Set.
The tee sq must have a blade with its top edge straight and a
stock with a straight inside edge. The blade and stock must be firmly fixed togather approx
at right angles so that there can be no relative mov between them. A tee sq is to fit the
drawing board and a half imperial tee sq has a blade of 24". It can also be 35" long.
14.
Set Sq.
Two set sqs are needed, one with angles of 900, 600, 300 and the
other with angles of 900, 450, and 450 , and those angles must be accurate. The tee sqs
should be of transparent materials and of convenient sizes. Beveled sizes are not advised
because it is sometimes convenient to use the sqs reversed.

35.

Equipment Reqr for Chain Svy

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
g.

2.

Chain (Engr chain 100'. Gunters chain 66').

Tape. ( steal or linen) 100: 50, 30.
Arrows. (wooden conical shaped).
Ranging Rods.
Offset Staff.
Optical Square.
Fd Book.
pegs, wooden hammer, chalks etc
plumb bob.
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

Instruments. Instruments reqr for this type of svy are :

a.
Drawing board.
b.
Tripod stand
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
j.

Alidade
Trough compass.
Plumb bob.
Plumbing fork or U fork.
Spirit level.
Tape or chain.
Drawing sheet with board pins or clips.

11.
Theodolite. It is the most complicated but accurate instrument with which both horizontal
& vertical angles can be measured.
Theodolites are of three types, namely.
a.

Transit (Commonly used).

b.

Wye

c.

Everest.

12.
Adjustment of a Transit Theodolite.
following conditions will be satisfied.

13.

It the theodolite is in perfect adjustment, then the

a.
The line of collimation should be at right angles to the horizontal axis.
b.
The horizontal axis should be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
c.
The axis of the telescopes bubble should be parallel to the line of collimation.
d.
The axis of the plate levels should be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
e.
When the line of collimation is horizontal the vertical circle vernier should read
zero.
Type of Adjustment. There are only two types of adjustment.

LEVELS AND LEVELLING

1.

Useful Definition in Leveling.

a.
Level. A level is an instrument by which the relative heights of different Pts
on the surface of the earth are determined.
b.
Leveling.
Leveling is the process by means of which the difference in
elevation of various Pts on the earth's surface is calculated.
c.
Leveling staff.
It is made of best variety of seasoned timber and is in
two pieces, each 7 ft long when pulled out to full length, the staff measures 14 ft
and is held in position be a brass spring catch. It is graduated into feet, tenths and
hundredths of a foot. The hundredths are colored in black and white alternately.
d.
A level surface.
A level surface may be defined as the surface which
coincides with the shape adopted by the surface of a free liquid.(pun mia)
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e.
Mean sea level (MSL).
It is the average elevation of the surface of the
sea. In Bangladesh, the MSL at Cox's Bazar is taken as zero. (pun)
f.

Geoid.

The surface of the earth at MSL is termed as geoid.

g.
Datum.
It is an imaginary surface with respect to which the ht of
different pts on the earth's surface are determined.
h.
Elevation.
the datum.
j.

The elevation of a pt is its vertical distance above or below

Bench Mark (BM).

A BM is a fixed pt on the grd of known elevation.

k.
Level line, Horizontal line & Vertical line. A level line is a line lying wholly
in the geoidal or corresponding spheroidal surface, while a horizontal line is that
laying in a plane tangential to level surface. So, a level line is a curved line while
a horizontal one is a straight one. A vertical line at any Pt is a line normal to the
level surface through that Pt and the plane containing this line is termed as vertical
plane.
l.
Hight of the Instrument. The elevation of the line of collimation above
datum is termed as the height of the instrument. This is also known as the R.L. of
the line of collimation.
m.
Sta. A sta is a Pt whose elevation is to be determined. It is a Pt where
staff reading is taken but not the Pt where the level is set up.
n.
Change Pt. It is an intermediate sta on which two readings are taken
while the position of the instrument is shifted.
p.
Back, Inter and Fore Readings. In any set up of the Leveling instrument,
the first staff reading on a sta is termed as back reading (B.R) and the last staff
reading on a sta is termed ss the fore reading (F.R) and the reading on the
intermediate stas are termed as inter reading (I.R).
5.
Types of Level. There are different types of levels, such as Dumpy level, such as
Dumpy level, Wye or Y-level, Cookes Reversible level. Cushings level, and Zeiss, Wilds
and Watts modern levels, Among these the Dumpy and Y-levels are very commonly used
for their simplicity and compactness.
a.
Dumpy Level. In this type of level the telescope, the frame and the vertical
axis are rigidly fixed, Because of its rigidity it retains its two adjustments for a long
time, moreover, it has greater optical power than the Wye level.
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b.
Wye Level. In this type of level the telescope is fitted on two Y-supports.
The hts of these Y-sps can be adjusted. But this adjustment doest last long (Fig.
5. 2).

USEFUL DATA AND FORMULA

23.
Few Imp Data. The following are the data and formula which are generally used
for computation of different types of survey works.
a.
1 Furlong-660 ft=10 Gunters chains=40 poles of rod.
b.
1 Mile=5280 ft=80 Gunters chains=1.609 kilometers.
c.
1 Nautical Mile-6080 ft.
d.
1 Knot=1 Nautical mile per hour.
e.
1 Engineers chain=100 links.
f.
1 Gunters Chain=66 ft=100 links.
g.
1 Inch=2.23 centimeters.
h.
1 Meter-100 centimeters=3.28ft =39.37 inches.
j.
1 Yard=0.9144 meter.
k.
1 Fathom=6ft.
l.
Diameter of the Earth=7916 miles.
m.
1 Acre=4840 sq yds=43560=sq, ft=sq. Gunters chains=160 sq poles=3 bighas 8
chatake = 100 decimals =0.40468 hectare
n.
1 sq Mile=640 acres.
p.
1 katha=16 chataks.
q.
1 Bigha=20 kathas = 1600 sq, Yard=33.33 decimals.
r.
1 lb =16 oz.
s.
1 cwt=112 lbs.
t.
1 Ton =20 cwt =2240 lbs.
24.

Area

a.

Area of a Rectangle = Product of two adjacent sides = Base x Height.

b.

Area of a Square = Base x Height=(base)2=(ht)2

1
c.
Area of a Triangle = -- base x altitude = [s(s-a) (s-b)(s-c)]
2
Here,S = (a+b+c). a, b and c are the sides of a triangle.
d.
Area of parallelogram = Base x Ht = Product of adjacent sides x Sine of the
included angle.
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e.
Area of a Trapezium = x sum of the two parallel side x perpendicular dist
between them.
f.

--------- where, d=2r=dia.

4

g.
h.
i.

Area of an Ellipse =--------- (Maj axis x Minor axis).

4

k.
25.

Perimeter of an Ellipse =------- (Maj axis + Minor axis)

2
Vol.

a.

Vol of a Rectangular Solid =Length x Breadth x Ht.

b.

Vol of Cube = (Length)3

c.
d.
e.

4
Vol of Sphere ------1
Vol of Cone =.------3

1
f.
Vol of Pyramid =----- (area of base x height)
3
h
g.
Frustum of a Cone = ----- (A1+ A2 + (A1A2 ) are the
3
area at the ends and hi is the height.
h
h.
Vol of Prism old = ---- (A 1 +4A 2 +A 3), where A1,A2
6
and A3 are the area at the beginning, mid and end sec respectively and h the length.

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