GPS: Global Positioning System.

The system consists of 24 Navstar satellites that orbit

Earth. The satellites are monitored and controlled by stations on Earth. The satellites send
back an exact location to anyone who has a GPS receiver. GPS is the most accurate
navigation system developed to date. It gives latitude, longitude, altitude and time to an
unlimited number of people anywhere on Earth in all kinds of weather.
ADVANTAGES

GPS is extremely easy to navigate as it tells you to the direction for

each turns you take or you have to take to reach to your destination.
GPS works in all weather so you need not to worry of the climate as in
other navigating devices.

The GPS costs you very low in comparison other navigation systems.

The most attractive feature of this system is its100% coverage on the

planet.

It also helps you to search the nearby restaurants, hotels and gas
stations and is very useful for a new place.

Due to its low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies
like cell phone.

The system is updated regularly by the US government and hence is

very advance.

This is the best navigating system in water as in larger water bodies

we are often misled due to lack of proper directions.

DISADVANTAGES

Sometimes the GPS may fail due to certain reasons and in that case you need to
carry a backup map and directions.
If you are using GPS on a battery operated device, there may be a battery failure
and you may need a external power supply which is not always possible.

Sometimes the GPS signals are not accurate due to some obstacles to the signals
such as buildings, trees and sometimes by extreme atmospheric conditions such as
geomagnetic storms.

HDMI : High Definition Media Interface. HDMI is just a simpler, more

accurate way of transmitting data between components. HDMI is an
alternative to other connections, such as DVI or component video. The
system consists of digital televisions that include HDMI inputs and
components (DVD players, cable/satellite boxes and Blu Ray Players) with
HDMI outputs. An HDMI cable, which consists of 19 individual wires rolled
into a single cable, is used to connect the two. The interface resembles a
large USB connection, with 19 pins or holes.

HDMI Benefits: the cable features a bandwidth of 5 gigabytes per

second (Gbps) or more, providing the speed needed to transmit an
HD signal, with space leftover. HDMI also transmits a pure,
uncompressed digital signal. Other connections use a digital-toanalog conversion which can degrade picture quality. Unlike other
video connections, HDMI also includes audio (eight individual
uncompressed surround channels), thereby eliminating the need
for separate audio cables. In short, HDMI can deliver the best high
definition picture and highest quality sound while eliminating
excess cables.

Communication Protocols
When two dissimilar computers systems communicate with each other they require a
standard set of instructions for communicating with each other and these instructions are
known as protocols. Protocols are the communications standards and the set of rules that
source and destination computers must abide by and follow in order to communicate with
each other. They determine that how data will be transmitted between two computer
computers.

Web Communication Protocols

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the most widely used web

communications protocol. It takes this format:> "http://" at the front. HTTP is
a classic "client-server" protocol. Users click a link on their web browser (the
client), and the browser sends a request over the internet to a web server that
houses the site the user requested. The server sends back the content of the site,
such as text and images, which display in users' web browsers. HTTP is an
unsecure communications protocol because the data it sends back and forth
between a browser and a server is unencrypted and can be intercepted by third
parties.

Telnet

Telnet client is used to access remote servers. However, unlike HTTP, where you
only request specific files, Telnet is used to actually log on to the remote server
and perform functions as if you were sitting in front of the server terminal. Telnet
is rarely used now since it is an unsecure protocol that does not encrypt data sent
between remote computers.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Primarily used to transfer files such as documents, images, music, etc., between
remote computers. Users have to log on to an FTP server either through a
command line interface or through one of the many FTP graphical client
programs available. Once logged on, users can navigate through the remote
server's file structure, moving, renaming, deleting, and copying files as if it were
their own computer.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

HTTPS is similar to HTTP, but different in that it combines with a security

protocol called SSL/TLS to provide secure client-server communications over
unsecure networks such as the internet. You're most likely to see HTTPS
protocols on ecommerce web sites that ask for personal financial information like
credit card numbers. You know a web site is using HTTPS protocols when you
see the "https://" in the web address displayed in your browser's Address field.

IP Security (IPSec)

IP Security (IPSec) protocols encrypt packets of data and send them between two
computers that share the same cryptographic keys. IPSec protocols are used in
Virtual Private Networks.
VPN Type of Network that allows employees of a company to log on to
their company's secure network through a public network (e.g. from home or a
coffee shop.)

Email Protocol
Email protocols are the languages and rules that email servers and clients use to
communicate with each other and manage incoming and outgoing mail. These protocols
are strictly defined and are in use in a variety of different email clients. In addition, each
email protocol has a unique way of managing email that is sent and received from an
email account.

Post Office Protocol

Post Office Protocol (POP) is an email protocol that has been in existence longer
than many other protocols. POP uses the email server as a temporary waiting
place and then forwards all of your emails to your computer and removes them
from the server.

Internet Message Access Protocol

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a popular alternative to POP. IMAP

works by keeping your email on the email server. One benefit of IMAP is that you
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can access your email from multiple computers, such as a home and work
computer and a mobile device

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a specialized email protocol. Both POP
and IMAP use SMTP to manage outgoing (sent) email.

Messaging Application Programming Interface

Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is a proprietary mail

protocol developed by Microsoft. MAPI is specifically developed to support the
Microsoft Outlook email client and the Microsoft Exchange server.

Different Types of Email Client Exploits

Malware Distribution: Hackers with malicious intent can exploit your email
client by distributing malware through email messages. The malware includes
viruses, worms, rootkits, Trojans, keyloggers, spyware, and adware, to name a
few types. The malware is distributed via an email attachment or sometimes by
simply opening an email message. More often than not, the mail message is
disguised as a message from someone you know when in reality; it is sent by the
hacker.

Phishing Attack: A phishing attack is generally not hazardous to the inner

workings of your PC however; it is designed to trick you into revealing your
personal information, passwords, or bank account information. For example, if
you use PayPal, the phisher sends you a message that looks like it came from
PayPal. The message requests you to verify your account information with PayPal
to continue using your account. The message proceeds to tell you that if you do
not verify the information your account will be closed. Someone that is unaware
of phishing scams easily gets tricked into revealing their account information.
These types of messages are set up to look like the real deal.

Spam Attack: Spam is unsolicited email or "junk" mail that you receive in your
Inbox. Spam generally contains advertisements but it can also contain malicious
files. When you click on spam, the files are downloaded into your email client and
into your PC. The same thing can happen if you reply to spam in an attempt to get
removed from the list.

Denial of Service Attack: A denial of service attack occurs when the hacker
sends multitudes of email messages to your email client in an effort to block you
from using your email client or crashing your computer altogether. In the case of
an organization, a denial of service attack on email can crash an entire network
and prevent the users from responding to legitimate traffic.

Malware, short for malicious software, is software used or programmed

by attackers to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or
gain access to private computer systems.
Malware includes
*computer viruses,

*ransomware,

*worms,

* trojan horses,

*rootkits,

* keyloggers,

*dialers,

*spyware,

*adware,

*malicious BHOs,

*rogue security software

the majority of active malware threats are usually worms or trojans rather
than viruses. In law, malware is sometimes known as a computer
contaminant, as in the legal codes of several U.S. states. Malware is
different from defective software, which is a legitimate software but
contains harmful bugs that were not corrected before release.

How to help protect your computer from malware

There are several free ways to help protect your computer against malware:

Make sure automatic updating is turned on to get all the latest security updates.
Keep your firewall turned on.

Don't open spam email messages or click links on suspicious websites.

Download Microsoft Security Essentials, which is free, or another reputable

antivirus and anti-malware program. If you run Windows 8 or Windows RT, you
dont need Microsoft Security Essentials. (see the warning below).

Scan your computer with the Microsoft Safety Scanner.

Email client
Also called email reader, or more formally mail user agent (MUA), is a
computer program used to access and manage a user's email.
The term can refer to any system capable of accessing the user's email mailbox,
regardless of it being a mail user agent, a relaying server, or a human typing on a
terminal. In addition, a web application that provides message management,
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composition, and reception functions is sometimes also considered an email

client, but more commonly referred to as webmail.
Examples OF Email Clients
Microsoft Outlook, IBM Lotus Notes, Pegasus Mail, Mozilla's Thunderbird,
KMail in the Kontact suite, Evolution and Apple Inc.'s Mail.