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1. AncientIndianHistoryPreHarappanPeriodHandaxe&cleaverindustriesPahalgam,Belanvalley(U.P),
Bhimbetka,Adamgarh,16RSingiTalavToolsmadeonflakesBhimbetka,Nevasa,Pushkar,Rohirihills
ofuppersindToolsmadeonflakes&bladesRajasthan,PartsofBelan&GangaValley(U.P).Parallel
sidedbladesofchert,Bagor(Raj),Langhnaj(Guj),Saraichalcedony,jasper,agateNaharRai,Chaopani
Mando,Mahdaha,Damdama(U.P),Bhimbetka,Adamgarh.NeolithicEarthernpotsMehrgarh(Pak)
Gufkral&Burzahom(8000BC2000BC)(J&K),Mahgara,ChopaniMando,KodihwainBelanValley
(U.P.)Chirand(Bihar).ChalcolithicDistinctpaintedpotteryCultures:Aharculture(oldest),Kayatha,
(3000900B.C.)Fireworshipwidespread.Malwaculture,Salvadaculture,,Prabhasculture,Rangpur
culture&Jorweculture(newest).CopperHoardCultureHarpoons,Antennaeswords,Gungeria(M.P
largest)AnthromorphsOCPCulturePotterywithbrightredslip&Allovergangeticplainwithsame
(Ochrecolouredpottery)paintedinblack.regionsasthatofcopperhoardculture.Aharpeople(Aravalli
region)distinctiveblack&redwaredecoratedwithwhitedesigns.Prabhas&Rangpurwareshavea
glossysufaceduetowhichtheyarecalledlusturousredware.Jorweculture(Maharashtra)painted
blackonredbuthasamattsurfacetreatedwithawash.LowerPaleolithic(600,00060,000BC)Middle
Paleolithic(150,00040,000BC)UpperPaleolithic(45,00010,000BC)Mesolithic/Microlithic
(10,0007000BC)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Harappa[DayaramSahni]Mohenjodaro[R.DBanerjee]Lothal
KalibanganDholavira,BanwaliMehrgarhGhanshyamThoriSelectHarrapanCities(ChalcolithicAge)
Greatgranary,40%oftotalsealsfoundhereSealsusuallymadeofsteatitedepictingelephant,bull,
unicorn,rhinocerosfigurinestorsoMoundofthedeadlargestofallcitiesGreatBathgranarycity
wasfloodedoccasionally,figurinesofyogi,bronzedancinggirl,sealbearingPashupati.[S.R.Rao].
EarliestcultivationofriceFirealtars[A.Ghosh].FireAltarsshowingcultsacrifice[R.S.Bisht][R.S.
Bisht]FireAltarsEvidencesofcotton1IndianHistory
2. IndusValleyCivilizationIndianReligiousBooksPuranasDividedintosarga,pratisarga,manvantantar,
vamsa(genealogicallistofkings)&vamsanucharita.18mainpuranas&18subsidiarypuranas.Vedas
Meaningknowledge.Rigveda(hymns),Yajurveda(sacrificialformulae),Atharvaveda(magicalcharms
&spell),Samveda.Vedasarecalledaparusheya(notcreatedbyman)&nityUpanishadsAbout200in
number.Dealwithphilosophy.Oldest&mostimportantareChhandogya&Brihadranyaka.Other
importantareKathak,Isa,Mundaka,Prasnaetc.Donotbelieveinsacrificialceremonies.BrahmanasTalks
aboutvedichymns,theirapplication,storiesoftheirorigin.EachBrahmanaisassociatedwithoneofthe
fourVedasAitareyabrahmanaisassociatedwithRigVeda&SatapathaBrahmanawithYajurveda.
AranyakasMeaningtheforestbooks.Theydiscussphilosophicalmeditation&sacrifice.Vedangas
EvolvedforproperunderstandingoftheVedas.Sixinall:Siksha(phonetics),Kalpa(rituals),Vyakarna,
Nirukta(Etymology)Chhanda(metrics)&Jyotisha.VedantaAdvaitaVedantaofAdiSankara.
GhanshyamThori2IndianHistory
3. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.
32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.AncientBooks&AuthorsMudrakshasha(ChandraguptaMaurya
defeatingtheNandas)DevichandraguptamMalavikagnimitram(PushyamitraSunga)Gudavaho
(YasovarmanofKannauj)Vikramanakadevacharita(ChalukyakingVikramaditya)Kumarapalacharita
HammirakavyaDvayashrayaMahakavyaSaptaSadhanaNavashasankacharitaBhojaprabandha
PrithvirajcharitaMeghadutaRaghuvamsaKumarasambhavaVikramorvasiyamAbhijnanashakuntalam
(Drama)MrichakatikaUttaramaCharitaMalatiMadhavaAmarakoshaSiyuKiBrahmasiddhanta
KhandakhadyaDasakumaracharitaAstangaSangrahaAstangaHirdayaSamhitaPanchsiddhantika
SuryasiddhantaBrihatsamhitaKarpuramanjariBalaRamayanaBalaBharataKavyamimamsaBhuvana
KoshaHaravilasaAdinathacharita(JainaNarrative)Shantinathacharita(JainaNarrative)
Parsvanathacharita(JainaNarrative)PrithvirajaVijayKarnasundariSaraswatiKanthabharanaDasharupa
HarikeliNatakaPrasannaraghavaSiddhantaShiromani[4partsLilavati,Bijaganita,Grahaganita&Gola
(onAstronomy)]Rajmariganka(OnAstronomy)ChikitsakalikaorYogamalaMitakasaraNitishastra(On
Polity)Nitisara(OnPolity)SushrutaSamhita(encyclopediaonsurgery)CharakaSamhita(Teachingsof
Atreya)Buddhacharita,Vajrasuchi,SuandaranandaMahabhasyaHarshacharita,KadambariRavanVadha
GhanshyamThori3VishakhadattaKalidasVakpatiBilhanaJayasimhaNyayachandraHemchandra
PadmaguptaBillalChandrabardaiKalidasSudrakaBhavbhutiAmarasimhaHiuenTsangBrahmagupta
DandinVagabhattaVarahamihiraRajshekharaVardhamanaDevachandraDevabhadraJayankaBilhana
BhojaDhananjayaVisaladevaJayadevaBhaskaracharyaKingBhojaTisataVagbhattasSon
VijnanaeshvaraMatharaKamandakaSushrutaCharakaAsvaghoshaPatanjaliBanabhattaBhattinIndian
History
4. InscriptionJunagarhRockAllahabadPillarAiholeInscriptionGwaliorInscriptionHathigumphaBoghaz
koi[1400B.C.]NanaghatInscriptionNasikInscriptionMehrauliIronPillarMandsorInscriptionBhitari
StonepillarTiruvalangaduUttaramerurBesnagarInscriptionFamousInscriptionsKingAspect
Rudradaman(Saka)Sanskrit.SaysthatadamonthesudarshanalakewasconstructedbyPushyaguptaa
governorofChandraguptaMauryaSamudraguptaSanskrit.ComposedbyHarisenaPulakeshinIIMentions
HarshadefeatbyPulakeshinII.ComposedbyRavikritiVishnuvardansonofKing.BhojaMostfamous
Pratiharaking.KharvelaProvesRigVedatobeIndra,Varuna,Mitra,twoNasatyasmentionedmorethan
1400BCold.SatkarniIAchievementsoftheking[Satvahanaking]GautamiputraSatkarniAchievements
oftheking.ChandraguptaIIKumaraguptaIComposedbyVatsabhatti.SkandaguptaRajendraI(Chola)
Hisconquests(annexedwholeofSriLanka)CholarPeriodCholavillageassembliesNearVidisa(MP).
MentionsHeliodorustheambassadorofkingAntialcidascalledhimselfBhagvata&erectedgarudadhvaja
inhishonourofVasudev.IBuddhistCouncil500BCatRajgahaIIBuddhistCouncil383BCatVaishali
IIIBuddhistCouncil250BCPataliputraIVBuddhistCouncil100ADKashmirVBuddhistCouncil1871
MyanmarVIBuddhistCouncil1954YangoonGhanshyamThoriBuddhistCouncilsAjatsataru.Record
theBuddha'ssayings(sutra)andcodifyPresidedbymonasticrules(vinaya).Rajgahaistodays
MahakasyapaRajgirKalasokaTheconservativeschoolsinsistedonmonasticrules(vinaya).The
secessionistMahasangikasarguedformorerelaxedmonasticrules.RejectionoftheMahasanghikas
Ashoka..PurposewastoreconcilethedifferentschoolsofBuddhism.PresidedbyMoggaliputtaTissa
KanishkaDivisionintoHinayana&Mahayana.TheravadaPresidedbyBuddhismdoesnotrecognizethe
authenticityofVasumitra&thiscouncil,anditissometimescalledtheAsvaghosha"councilofheretical
monks".KingMindonrecitealltheteachingsoftheBuddhaandexaminetheminminutedetailtoseeif
anyofthemhadbeenalteredP.M.UNu4IndianHistory
5. CharvakaJaina540BCBuddha566B.C.NastikaShoolsofIndianSystemofPhilosophyBelievesonlyin
materialism.Nolifebeyonddeath,nosoulnogod.Thenamesoftwotirthankaras,Rishabhanath&
AristhanemiafindsmentioninRigVeda.TwentythirdwasParsva,sonofIshvakukingAsvasena.Saidto
haveflourished300yrsbeforeMahavira.Mahavira,thelastTirthankaraborninKundagramanearVaisali.
HisfatherSiddharthawastheheadofJnatrikaclan&motherTrisalawasthesisterofChetaka,a
Lichchhavinoble.ChetakasdauthterwasmarriedtoBimbisarathekingofMagadha.Mahavirawas
marriedtoYasoda.Lefthomeat30&attainedKaivalyaat42.Heaccepted4doctrinesofParsava&
addedcelibacytoit.ChandraguptaMauryapatronizedit.PassedawayatPawapuri.Gautama(knownas
Siddharthaasprince)wasborninLumbininearKapilvastutoSuddhodhana,thekingofSakyarepublic&
Mayadeviwhodiedsevendaysafterhisbirth.GautamawasmarriedtoYasodharafromwhomhehada
sonRahul.6yearsofmeditationledtoenlightenment.FirstsermoninSarnathknownasSetinmotionthe
wheeloflaw.Eightfoldpaths.Buddhismdeniesefficacyofvedicrituals&superiorityofbrahmanas.
Followerswereupasakas&bhikshus.Diedattheageof80inKushinagar.VaisesikaNyayaSamkhya
YogaMimamsaVedantaAstikaSchoolsofIndianSystemofPhilosophyFiveelementsEarth,water,air,
fire,Ether.AcceptsallcategoriesofVaisesika&addsoneAbhava(negation).Oldestofall.Twentyfive
basicprinciplesfirstbeingPrakriti.Givesdoctrineof3qualitiesvirtue(sattva),passion(rajas)&
dullness(tamas)Salvationthrough:Yama(selfcontrol),Niyama,Asanas,Pranayama,Pratyahara
(restrain),Dharana(steadymind),Dhyana&Samadhi.RecognisesVedasasfinalauthority.AdiSankarais
protagonist.UltimaterealityBrahmaisone.Highestleveloftruthisthatthewholeworldthatexistsis
Maya.Ramanuja(founderofSriVaishnavism)differedfromSankaraonhiscommentariesonUpanishads
&Gita.FormsofMarriage1.BrahmaDulydoweredgirltoamanofthesameclass2.DaivaFathergives
daughtertoasacrificialpriestasapartofhisfee3.ArsaAtokenbridepriceofacow&abullisgivenin
placeofthedowry4.PrajapatyaFathergivesgirlwithoutdowry&withoutdemandingthebrideprice5.
GandharvaLoveMarriage6.AsuraInwhichbridewasboughtfromherfather7.RakshasaMarriageby
capture,practicedespeciallybywarriors.8.PaishachaMarriagebyseductionDaivamarriagewas
consideredideal7paisachatheworst.GhanshyamThori5IndianHistory
6. DynastyHaryankaKingBimbisara*AjatasatruSisungaSisungaNandaMahapadmaNanda*Alexander
AlexandersCampaignMauryasChandraguptaMaurya*[324300BC]Bindusara[300273BC]Ashoka
SungaPushyamitraSungaMeghavahanasKharavelaSatvahanasofDeccanSimuka*[235213BC]Indo
GreeksMenanderSakasNahapanaRudradaman130150ADKushanasKadphisesIKanishka73101
ADGhanshyamThoriDynastiesofAncientNorthernIndiaDescriptionFoundedafteroverthrowingthe
Brihadrathas.HealsoannexedAngaConqueredLichhavisofVaisali.AlsodefeatedPrasenajitofKosala.
SuccededbyUdayaniwhofoundedPataliputra.PeopleelectedSisungaasUdayani&his3successors
wereunworthyBarberbutagreatmilitarygenius.Defeatedmanydynasties.DefeatedPersianKingDarius
III&marchedtoIndiathroughKhyberpass.KingofTaxilaofferedhelp.EducatedbyChanakyaatTaxila.
ParisisthaParvamajaintextdescribesthathedefeatedtheNandaking&becamerulerofMagadha
empire.DefeatedGreek,SelecuswhohadsuccededAlexanderintheeasternpart.Selecussent
Megasthenestohiscourt.Heappointedhistwosons,SumanaatTaxila&AshokaatUjjain.Ptolemy
PhiladelphousofEgyptsentDionysiustohiscourt.Knownasdevanampiya&piyadasi.Edictswerein
Greek&AramaicinAfghanistan,Prakritlanguage&KharosthiscriptinPakistan.Prakritlanguage&
Brahmiscriptinotherareas.RockEdictXIII(Kalingawar)BhabruEdict(Buddhismashisreligion)VII
(allsectsdesireselfcontrol&purity)XII(equalrespecttoallreligion)II(DhammaCommoncodeof
conduct).Succededby6MauryankingsfromDasarathatoBrihadratha.ArmychiefofMauryaking
Brihadrathakilledhimwhilehewasreviewingthearmy.SuccededbyAgnimitra,Jethmitra&Vasumitra.
LastkingwasDevabhuiti.HathigumphainscriptiononUdaigirihillsnearBhubneshwarrefershis
achievementtill13thyear.RuledKalinga.SatvahanasalsoknownasAndhras.SucceededbyKrishna,
SatkarniI,SatakarniII,GautamiputraSatakarni,PulmaviII,SriYajnaSatakarni.RuledinPakistanregion.
ConvertedtoBuddhismbyNagasena.Milindapanhoisrelatedtotheirconversation.Sakasalsoknownas
ScythiansweredrivenoutoftheiroriginalhomelandbyYuehChiwholatercametobeknownas
Kushanas.NahapanaruledinwesternIndia.JunagarhRockInscriptiontalksabouthim.Heundertookthe
repairsoftheSudarsandambuiltbyPushyagupta,governorofChandraGuptaMaurya.Ujjayniiwas
capital.DynastycametoanendwiththelastkingbeingdefeatedbyChandraguptaIIin390ADAlso
calledKujulaKadphises.KadphisesIwassuccededbyhissonWemaKadphisesorKadphisesIIdevotee
ofShiva.SuccededKadphisesII.CapitalofhisvastempirewasPurushapurormodernPeshawar.6Indian
History
7. GuptasPostGuptaPeiodPushyabhutiDeccan&SouthIndiaGurjaraPratiharasPalasRashtrakutas
KamarupaGhanshyamThoriTheGuptas&LaterPeriodSriGuptawasthefirstGuptakingfollowedby
Ghatotkacha.ChadraguptaIwasGhatotkachasson.SonofChandraguptaI.UndertooksouthIndia
campaign.Meghavarna,KingofSrilankasentanembassytohiscourttobuildamonasteryatBodhGaya.
ChandraguptaIISonofSamudtragupta&Duttadevi.Marriedhisdaughter380413ADPrabhavatiguptato
RudrasenaIIofVatakadynasty.DefeatedSakas&tookthetitleofVikramaditya.LaterGuptas
KumaraguptaI,Skandagupta(InflictedacrushingdefeatontheHunasrepairofthedamonSudarsana
lakebuiltbychandraguptamaurya&earlierreparedbyRudradamanI.FromthedeclineofGupta&the
riseofHarshathereflourishedfourmajorkingdomsinnorthIndia:GuptasofMagadha,Maukharis
(aroundKanauj),Maitrakas(SaurashtraVallabhiascapital),PushyabhutisofThaneshwar(Uttaranchal).
HarshavardhanaSonofPrabhakarvardhanaofPushyabhutiofThaneshwar.Brother606647ADof
Rajyavardhana&Rajyasri(sistermarriedtoMaukhariking,GrahavarmanofKanauj,laterkilledby
SasankaofGauda).AlsoknownasSiladitya.Gaudawaslaterdividedbetweenhim&Bhaskarvarman,the
kingofKamarupa.Vatakas(Deccan)Vindhyasakti*,*Pravarasena*.ReplacedbyChalukyas.
RashtrakutasDantidurgaI*.TheysuccededChalukyasofBadami.WesternGangas(Mysore)
KonkanivarmanDharmamahadhiraja*KadambaDynastyofBanavasiMayursarman*,
*Kakusthavarman*PallavasofKanchipuramSimhavishnu,Mahendravarman,*Narsimhavarman*Later
KanaujwasruledbyYashovarman(discussedinVakpatisGaudavaho)NagabhattaI*AfterNagabhattaI
cameVatsarajawhodefeatedDharmapalabutwasinturndefeatedbyRashtrakutakingDhruva.
DhramapalatakingadvantageinstalledhisnomineechakrayudhaatKanaujNagabhattaIIDefeated
Chakrayudha&capturedKanuaj&defeatedDharmapala.RamabhadrasuccededhimBhojaSuccededhis
fatherRamabhadra.DefeatedRashtrakutakingKrishnaII.HewasdevoteeofVishnu&tookthetitleof
Adivaraha.HewasfollowedbygreatrulerMahendrapalaIGopala*Electedbypeopletoend
Matsyanyaya(internaldisorder).NextwasDharmapalawhoinstalledChakrayudhaatKanaujbutwas
defeatedbyDhruva.DevapalaMostmightypalaking.Dantidurga*Dantidurgawassuccededbyhisuncle
KrishnaI(builtKailasha)DhruvaDefeatedboththePratiharakingVatsaraja&PalaDharampala.Was
succededbyGovindaIII&laterAmoghavarshaI.LatercameIndraIII(defeatedpratiharaMahipalaI)&
KrishnaIIIBhaskarvaramaRuledbysingledynastyfromthetimeofMahabharatauptomiddle7thcentury
tillBhaskaravarma(allyofHarsha).Dynastycametoanendafterhisdeath.ChandraguptaIAD320AD
Samudragupta7IndianHistory
8. CholasKarikalaPandyasCherasNedunjeliyanNedunjeralAdan1.2.3.4.SouthIndiaDefeatedjoint
forcesofChera&Pandyas.AlsoconqueredSriLanka.CapitalwasatPuhar(Kaveripattanam)Capitalat
Madurai&portatKorkai.DefeatedCholas&CherasCherasarealsoknownasKeralaputras.Nedunjeral
Adan&Sengutturanwerethegreatestking.PushyamitraSungaMahendrapalaI(Pratihara)Kanishka
ChandraguptaIIKings&theirCourtJewelsPatanjaliRajshekharaParsva,Vasumitra,Ashvaghosha,
Charaka,Sushruta,NagarjunaKalidas,FaHien,VarahamihiraMonumentsofAncientPeriodUdaygiri
CavesDuringChandraguptasreignatVidisha,M.P.AngorwattTemplesSuryavarmanIiVikramashila
UniversityPalaKingDharampalaKailashTemple(Ellora)RashtrakutakingKrishnaIDilwaraTemple
TejapalaRathasofMamallapuramMahendravarmanI(PallavaKing)KhajurahotemplesChandelas
Martandatemple(Kashmir)LalitadityaMuktapidaGommateswara(SonofRishabnath)Chamundaraya,
MinisteroftheGangaKing,Rajamalla(Sravanbelagola,Karnataka)10.HoysalesvaraTemple(atHalebid)
Ketamalla,aministerofKingVishnuvardhana(Karnataka)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.KasiKosalaKuru
KambojaAngaAvantiAshmakaMallaMagadhaMatsyaVajjiVatsaSurasenaPanchalaChhediGandhara
GhanshyamThoriMahajanapadasVaranasiSravastiIndraprashtaRajputChampaUjjayini&Mahishmati
PotanaKusinagar&PawaRajgrihaorGirirajViratNagariVaisaliKausambhiMathuraAichhatra
ShuktimatiTaxila&Pushkalavati8IndianHistory
9. MahajanapadasAdministrativeUnits&TheirAncientNamesAdministrativePartNorthIndiaSouthIndia
ProvincesBhuktiMandalamDivisionsVishayaorBhogaKottamsorVallandaduDistrict
Adhistana/PattanaNaduTehsilVihtisPattala/KurramS1.2.3.4.LohitAyasSyamAyasVanikGramini
BhagadughaSthapatiTakshanNiskaSatamanaPanaShresthiViharaChaityaCopperIronTradersVillage
HeadTaxcollectorChiefJudgeCarpenterUnitofcurrencyUnitofcurrencyTermusedforcoinGuilds
BuddhistMonasterySacredEnclosureGhanshyamThoriJargonofAncientPeriodPradeshikaHeadof
districtAdministrationNagarkaCityadministrationJesthakaChiefofaGuildPrathamakulikaChiefof
artisansUparikaGovernorofBhuktiDidishuRemarriedwomanAmatyaHighofficialDvijaInitiationinto
educationYuktaRevenueofficerintheMauryanperiod.RajjukasLandmeasurement&fixingland
revenueSabhaAssemblyoffewselectonesSamitiLargerAssemblyDharamamahamatyaMostimportant
postcreatedbyAsoka.9IndianHistory
10. MiscellaneousFacts:1.TheSangamaliterature[0400AD]consistsof30,000linesofpoetrydividedinto
twomaingroups,Patinenkilkanakku(older)&Pattupattu(newer).EstablishedbyPandyankingsofTamil
region.2.ThecredittocompletethechartofAshokanalphabetsgoestoJamesPrinsep.3.Mostofthe
modernscriptsofIndiaincludingTamil,Telugu,Kannada,Malayalam,Nagari,Gujarati,Banglahave
developedfromBrahmiscript.AshokaninscriptionofShahbazgari&Manasheraarewrittenin
Kharoshthi.4.Theearliestcoinswerepunchmarkedsilver&coppercoins.Theybearonlysymbol&no
inscriptionorlegend.Kushanas(VimaKadphisesfigureofSivastandingbesideabull)issuedmostly
goldcoins.5.BuddhadidnotvisitTaxilainhislife.6.Someoftheimportantrockpaintingsitesare
MurhanaPahar(U.P),Bhimbetka,Adamgarh,LakhaJuar(M.P.)&Kapagallu(Karnatka).7.Theextentof
IndusvalleycivilizationwasSutkagendor(Baluchistan),Alamgirpur(Meerut),Daimabad(N.
Maharashtra)&Manda(J&K).HarrapancivilizationisoftenreferredtoasBronzeAgecivilization.No
unambiguousdepictionofhorsefoundonanyseal.Thelargestnumberofsealsdepictunicorn.8.
Inscriptionwasfromrighttoleftbutifmorethanonelinethanalternatedtolefttoright&viceversa.9.
YogawasinvogueinInduscivilization.Shiva,Mothergoddess,trees,linga,yoniwereworshiped.
Chanhudaroistheonlycitywithoutacitadel&Surkotadaistheonlysitewheretheactualremainsofa
horsehavebeenfound.10.DeclineofHarrapa:Wheeler(BarbarianAryansattack),JohnMarshall
(environmentdegradation).11.TheNadisuktahymnofRigVedamentions21riverswhichincludeGanga
intheeast&theKubha(Kabul)inthewest.Saraswatiisconsideredtobethemostimportant.Zerowas
knowninrigvedictimes12.Inthevedicagethevarnaswerenotrigidbuttheybecamesointhelater
vedicperiod&becamebirthbasedratherthanprofessionbased.Untouchabilityhadnotyetreareditsugly
head.Jatihadnotbecomearigidsystem.Baliwhichwasavoluntarygifttochiefearlierbecamearegular
taxinthelatervedicage.13.MokshacanbeacquiredbyGyan,Bhakti&Karma.Fourdynastiesstandout
prominentlyinthesixthcenturyB.CareHaryankasofMagadha,IshvakusofKosala,thePauravasof
Vatsa&thePradyotasofAvanti.14.DuringthetimeofAshoka,Pataliputrawasadministeredbyacity
councilof30membersdividedintoaboardof5memberseach.Salestaxongoodswas10%.The
AshokanPilarwithLionCapitalislocatedatLauriyaNandangarh,PillarcapitalfromRampurva&Capital
fromSarnath.SevenrockcutchaityaGhanshyamThori10IndianHistory
11. cavesintheBarabar&NagarjunihillshowthatthetraditionofrockcutcavesinIndiabeganwiththe
Mauryas.15.TheindoGreekswerethefirstwhosecoinscarriedtheportraitsofkings&theirnames.Also
theywerethefirstrulerstoissuegoldcoins.16.Inthesouththeoldphaseisknownasthemegalithic
phasewiththeburialsbeingmarkedbyabundanceofirontools&aBlack&redpottery.Itappearsthere
wasanabruptchangefromNeolithictoironage,withoutanysignificantChalcolithicorBronzeage.17.
Anuloma(marriagebetweenmaleofhighervarna&femaleoflowervarna)wasconsideredbetterthan
Pratiloma(vv).Grihastaashramhadthedutiesofyajna,adhyayana&dana.18.Hinayanawastheold
order.MahayanaintroducedconceptofBodhisttavas,worshipofBuddhaasgod(Hinayanistsconsidered
himjustagreatteacher),salvationofallbeings,Sanskritasnewlanguage.ThedevelopmentofMahayana
philosophyisascribedtoNagarjunawhopropoundedMadhyamikaschoolofBuddhistphilosophy
popularlyknownasSunyavada.19.TheMathura&GandharaschoolsofartflourishedduringKushana
period.MathuraschoolhadthedistinctionofproducingthefirstimageofBuddha&Gandharaschoolwas
ahybridofIndoGreekform.20.TheStupasasSanchi,Sarnatha,Amaravati,Bharhutarethebest
examples.ItsingcametoIndiain7thcenturyafterspendingseveralyearsinSumatra&SriVijaya
learningBuddhism.21.InsouthIndia,amongtheNayannarsaints,TirumularsTirmuraisareprominent.
Saivasaints(Nayannars)were63innumber.Lingayat(foundedbyBasavaKalachuri)wasother
importantsectofSaivisminsouthIndiainfluencedbybothSankara&Ramanuja.Vaishnavesaintsknown
asAlvarsaretraditionally12innumber.CollectionoftheirworkisknownasNalayiraprabandham.22.
ThefirstJainacouncilwasheldatPataliputrabySthulabahuinthebeginningofthirdcenturyBC&
resultedincompilationof12Angastoreplacethelost14Purvas.InthesixthcenturyA.D.thesecond
JainacouncilwasheldatValabhiunderDevaradhiKshamasramana&Jaincanonwasdefined.23.The
avatarsofVishnuarematsya,kurma(tortoise),varah(boar),narasimha,vaman(dwarf),parasurama,rama,
Krishna,Buddha(theenlightenedone)&kalki(toappear).24.WestBengalwasknownasGauda&East
BengalasVanga.Utkala(Orissa),Pragjotishpur(Assam).25.ThekingofSuvarnadwipa(modern
Malaya),BalaputradevaerectedamonasteryatNalanda&requestedDevapalatodonatefivevillagesfor
themaintenance.26.ThephilosophyofSankaracharya(AdiSankara)isknownasAdvaitameaningnon
dual.HebelievedthatabsoluterealitycalledBrahmaisnondual.JyotirmathaatBadrinath,
SharadapithaatDwakra,GhanshyamThori11IndianHistory
12. GovardhanamathaatPuri&Shringerimathainsouth.HeorganizedAsceticsintenordersGiri,Puri
(city),Bharati(learning),Vana(wood),Aranya(forest),Parvata,Sagara,Tirtha,Ashrama&Saraswati.27.
AngkorvattemplededicatedtoVishnu&thefamousBorobudurstupainJava.TheSailendradynastyruled
overSEAsia&followedMahayanaBuddhism.28.EasternKing(Samrat),WesternKing(Suvrat),
Northernking(Virat),SouthernKing(Bhoja).AfterpartitionofIndiathelargestnumberofHarappan
settlementshavebeenfoundinGujarat.29.TheutensilsoftheHarappanpeopleweremadeofclay.Lead
wasnotknowntotheIndusvalleypeople.TheAryanscamefromCentralAsiaiswidelyaccepted.The
VedicAryansfirstsettledintheregionofSaptaSindhu.30.TheGayatriMantraisaddressedtoSavitri
(associatedwithsungod).TwohighestgodsintheVedicreligionwereIndra(wargod)&Varuna(ocean
god).DivisionofvedicsocietyTheoldestmentionofvarnasystem(fourclasses)isinthePurushasuktaof
Rigveda.Thedasas&dasyusmentionedintheRigVedarefertononAryans.31.TheHindusocial
sacramentssuchasmarriageareperformedonthebasisofritualdescribedintheGrihyasutras.The
symbolsassociatedwiththefivegreateventsoftheBuddhaarebirth(lotus&lion),greatrenunciation
(horse),attainmentofknowledge(banyantree),firstsermon(wheel),death(stupa&footprints).
AccordingtoBuddhathecauseofallsorrowsisTrishna(attachment).32.VinayakPitaka,SuttaPitaka,
AbhidhammaPitakacontainteachingsoftheBuddha.JatakasarestoriesofBuddhaspreviouslife.Outside
India,BuddhismwasfirstacceptedinSriLanka.33.TheMauryansculptorshadgainedhighestperfection
inthecarvingofPillars&themoststrikingfeatureistheirpolish.TwogreatBuddhiststupasrebuilt
duringtheSunga(wereBrahmanas)PeriodwereDhammekhstupaatSarnath&thestupaatSanghot.
13. MedievalIndiaGhadvalasChandellasofJejakabhukti/BundelkhandParamarasofMalwa
Chahamanas/ChauhansofSakambhariKalachurisofTripuriChalukyas/SolankisofGujaratKashmir
Bengal(Senadynasty)OrissaAssam(Ahoms)NorthIndiaChandradeva*.JaichandrafoughtMuhammad
Ghur*Vidyadhara*&YashovarmanVakpatiMunjal&*Bhoja*VigraharajaIVVisaladeva,*Prithviraj
III*(Chauhan)Kokalla,Gangeyadeva&*Karna*(Rajshekhara)BhimaI&*JayasimhaSiddharaja*
Avantivarman(supplantedKarkotadynastytowhichbelongedLalitadityaMuktapida.East&theNorth
EastLakshmanasena(lastHindurulerofBengal)AvantavarmanChodaganga(Motherdaughterof
RajendraChola)ofEasternGangas&NarsimhaI(suntemple)Ahoms,aShantribesettledinmid13th
Century.Deccan&theSouthChalukyasofKalyani*VikramadityaVI*(IntroducedChalukyaVikram
era)BilhanasVikramanankadevacharitaisbasedonhimYadavasofDevagiriBhillamaV*,*Simhana*
KakatiyasofWarangalGanapati(ruledfor60years)CholasVijayalaya*,RajarajatheGreat,*RajendraI*,
Rajadhiraja,RajendraII,KulottungaIHoysalasofDwarasamudraNrpakama*,Vishnuvardhan,BallalaII
&BallalaIIIPandyas*JatavarmanSundara.PandyaI*DelhiSultanate(12061526AD)SlaveDynasty
SayyidDynasty120610QutubuddinAibak.141220KhizrKhan121036ShamsuddinIltutmish142033
MubarakShah123741RaziaSultana143343MuhammadShah124146BahramShah&MasudShah
144351AlauddinAlamShah124666NasirruddinMahmudLodhiDynasty126686Balban145189
BahlulLodhi128690Kaikhusrau,Kaiquabad&Kaimur14891517SikanderLodhi151726Ibrahim
LodhiKhaljiDynasty129096JallaluddinKhalji12961316AllauddinKhalji131620MubarakShah&
KhusraukhanTughlaqDynasty132025GhiasuddinTughlaq132551MuhammadbinTughlaq135188
FiruzShahTughlaq138894MohammadKhan,GhiasuddinTughlaqShahII,AbuBaqr,Nasiruddin
Muhammad,Humayun139412NasirrudinMahmudTughlaqGhanshyamThori13IndianHistory
14. SlaveKhaljiTughlaqQutbuddinAibakShamsuddinIltutmishDelhiSultanateDiedwhileplaying
Chaugan.AramShah(shortperiod)HedefeatedYalduzofGhazni&QubachaofMultan.Capturedthe
fortofRanthambor,Lakhnauti.Organizedtheiqtasystem(landassignment)&currency(introduced
coppertanka&silverjital).RaziaSultanaMarriedMalikAltunia(GovernorofBhatinda).TurkishAamirs
playedthedominantrole&afterRazia,theyenthronedBahramShah,MasudShah&NasiruddinMahmud
inthatorder.Balban(UlughBalbanwasTurkishslaveofIltutmish.HepoisonedhismasterKhan)
NasiruddinMahmud.KilledtherebelgovernorofBengal,TughrilKhan.Herevivedthepracticeofsijda
(prostration)&paibos(kissingmonarchsfeet).Kaikhusrau,Kaiquabad&Kaimurshadshortduration.
JalaluddinKhaljiDescendedattheageofseventy.LaterAlauddinmurderedhisuncle&fatherinlaw
Jalaluddin&seizedthethrone.AlauddinKhaljiLayseigetoRanthamborwhichwasunderredoubtable
HammirDevawhichcontinuedtilloneyear.LaterChittorunderRatanSingh(wifePadmini)fell&was
renamedKizhrabad.MalikKafurcampaignedagainstKaktiyas(Warangal),Hoysalas(Dwarasamudra)&
Pandyas.MubarakShah(son)&Khusraukhanhadshortrule.Kharaj(landtax50%),Charai,Gharii
(dwellingtax).Firsttointroducepermanentstandingarmy,dagh&chehra.Afghans&SultansIndian
officersrosetoprominence.GhiyasuddinEarliercalledGhaziMalik.Ghiasuddinhadrepelledmongol
attackTughlaqunderkhaljisbeforeascendingthrone.AttakedKaktiyas&Bengalsuccesfully.Founded
thirdcityofDelhiTughlaqabad.MuhammadbinOpenconsortingwithHindus&Jogis.KilledUlemas,
qaziswhoTughlaqroseinrebellion.ShiftedcapitaltoDevagiri(renamedDaulatabad),tokencurrency
(bronzecoinjittal).ShiftedtoSwargadwariduringfamine.AthisdeathBaranicommented,atlastthe
peoplegotridofhim&hegotridofthepeople.FirstsultantovisittheshrineofMoinuddinChisti.
DiscipleofShaikhAlauddin&JinaprabhaSuri.FiruzShahNotamilitaryleader.ConquredThatta,Orissa
(uprootedJagannathTughlaqidol),Nagarkot.Distributediqtas,madethemheritableincreasedsalaries.
FoundedFatehabad,Hissar,Firuzpur,Jaunpur&Firuzabad.Builtcanals.InfluenceofUlemarevived.First
muslimrulertoimposeJaziyaonBrahminsbutabolishedGhari&Charai.VisitedtheshrineofSalar
MasudGhazi&becamefanatical.Removedpaintingsfrompalace.Gotmanysanskirtworkstranslatedin
PersianGhanshyamThori14IndianHistory
15. VijaynagarHarihara&BukkaDevaRayaIBahamaniTuluvaDevaRayaIIFiruzShahBahman*Kishna
DevaRaya*TimurInvastionSayyidsTimur1398ADLodisBahlulLodiKhizrKhanSikanderLodi
AssamGujaratMewarAmberJaunpurKashmirSouthIndiaThesebrotherswerereleasedbyMuhammad
Tughlaq&theylaidthefoundationofVijaynagarempire(Sangamadynasty)SuccededhisfatherHarihara
II.LeadacrushingdefeatagainstSultanFiruzShahBahmani.Constuctionofdamacrossthe
Tungabhadra.Italian,NicolodeConticameduringhisperiod.SometimescalledImmadiDevaRaya.One
ofthegreatestSultan.Greatking.LosttoDevaRayaI&abdicatedthroneinfavourofhisbrotherAhmad
ShahIwhotransferredBahmaniKingdomcapitalfromGulbargatoBidar.LaterwiththehelpofIranian
primeministerMahmudGawan,AhmadShahIexpandedconsiderably.LaterBhahmanikingdomgot
diviedintofiveregionsGolconda,Bijapur,Ahmadnagar,Berar&Bidar.AfterDevaRayaIIcame
Suluvadyansty,whichwasreplacedbyTuluvadynastywhosegeatestrulerwasKrishnaDevaRaya.
AblestofVijaynagarsoverigns.AfterhimRamaRajasucceded.DelhiSultanateContinuedDuringthe
reignofMahmudTughlaqwhofledthecity.HeassignedDelhitoKhizrKhan&henceSayyiddynasty
wasborn.KhizrKhansreignaswellasthatofhissuccessors,MubarakShah,MuhammadShah&
AlauddinAlamShahwasspenttryingtocontroltherebelliousleaders(esp.KhokharsledbyJasrath).First
dynastytobeheadedbyAfghans.PrincipaleventofBahlulLodislifewastheannexationofJuanpur
kingdom.ContemporaryofMahmudBegarhaofGujarat&RanaSangaofMewar.Therentrollsofhis
reignformedthebasisduringSherShahSuriperiod.ImposedtheJaziya.TheBahlulicoinremainedin
circulationtillAkbarsrule.Hewastheonlysultantobekilledinthebattlefield.SmallerStatesAhoms
GreatestrulerduringthispeiodwasSuhungmungMuzaffarsShahgrandson,AhmadShahIfoundednew
capitalAhmedabad.WasthefirstsultantolevyJaziyaonhindusofGujarat.*MahmudBegarha*wasthe
greatestRanaKumbha.HisgrandsonwasRanaSanga.UnderPrithvirajwhofoughtunderRanaSangaat
KhanuaUnderSharquis.JaunpurisineasternU.P.*ZianulAbidin*.AbolishedJaziya.GotRamayana&
MahabharatatranslatedintoPersian.AllowedKashmiripanditstoreturntothestate.GhanshyamThori15
IndianHistory
16. MughalEmpireZahiruddinMuhammadBabur.AscendedthroneofFarghana.DaulatKhanLodi,govenror
ofPunjabinvitedhimtodethroneIbrahimLodibutlaterretracted.IbrahimLodiperishedin1526at
Panipat.BattleofKhanuain1527againstRanaSangainwhichBaburwonbyeffectiveuseofartillery&
mountedarchers.Diedaround1529&burriedatKabul.IntroducedCharBagh(symmetricgardens).
HimayunHisearlyfightwaswithBahadurShahofGujaratwhomhedefeatedbutdidnotdepose.153056
InBihartheAfghansralliedunderSherShahSuri.AtthebattleofChausain1939Himayunwasdefeated
bySherShah.HefinallyleftIndiain1544fortheSafavidcourt.AdecadeafterthedeathofSherShah,
HimayunoccupiedbackDelhibutdiedwithinsevenmonthsafterafallfromthestepsofhislibrary.Sher
ShahSonofasmallJagirdarfromJaunpur.DefeatedRajaMaldeoofMarwarinthebattleof154045
Samelin1544&alsowonChittor.HerealizedJaziyafromHindus.RevivedsystemofDagh&Chehra.
Introducedasystemofcropratesformthefirsttime.Introduceduniformstandardgold,silver&copper
coinsreplacingthedebasedcoins&introduceduniformweights.MaintainedarmythroughSawars.Died
in1545(5yearsrule).AkbarBorninAmarkot.BairamKhaninvitedHemu(Afhanassumedtitleof
Hemchandra15561605Vikramaditya)in1556atthesecondbattleofPanipatinwhichHemuwasslained.
LaterAkbardischargedBairamKhan&marriedhiswidow.AkbarsfostermotherssonAdamKhanwon
MalwadefeatingBazBahadur.WonatGondwana,Chittor(UdaiSing),Ranthambor&Marwar.Rana
PratapascendedMewarafterthedeathofUdaiSingh.In1576theHaldighatiwarbetweenManSingh
(grandsonofBharaMalofAmberwhoenteredimperialservices)&RanaPratap.In1571Akbarshifted
hiscapitaltoFatehpurSikri.LatermarchedagainstAhmedabad,Kabul(deposedMirzaHakim).In1585
hetrasnferredhiscapitaltoLahore.LaterwonBaluchistan,Qandhar,Ahmadnagar(ChandBibi),
Khandesh(Akbarslastmajormiliarycampaign).In1579heabolishedJaziya.HeissuedMahzarwhich
entitlehimtochooseoneoftheinterpretationsofMuslimlaw.OnlyRajaBirbalacceptedDiniIlahi.
TodarMal,Bhagwandas,ManSinghdeclinedit.HeabolishedthepositionofwazirafterBairamkhan.
Revivedchehra&dagh.JehangirJehangirselderbrotherKhusraurevoltedthriceagainstAkbar&was
blinded.Hebecame160527thefirstrulertoconquerKangra.AmarSingh,SonofRanaPratapatAjmer
alsosurrendered.ThePersiansgotcontrolofQandharbackintheirsecondattempt.Deccan(ruledby
MalikAmbarofAhmadnagar)wassubduedagainbyprinceKhurram.Jehangirorderedthemurderoffifth
sikhguruArjunDev(thefirsttobemurderedbyMughals).VisiteddargahofMoinuddinChistiseveral
times.MarriedIranianwidow(Mehrunisa),whowasgiventhetitleNurJahan.NurJahansbrotherwas
AsafkhanwhosedaughterMumtazMahal(ArjumandBanu)wasmarriedtoShahJahan.ShahSenthis
twosonsDaraShukoh&Aurangzebashostagestohisfatherscourt.HewasJahanhelpedinhisthrone
capturebyhisfatherinlaw,AsafKhan.Orderedexecutionofhis162858brothers&theirsonsafter
accession.IncreasedcontroloverBundelkhand(RuledbyJehangirshardcorefriendBirSinghDeosson
JujharSingh).QandharwascaptureforabriefperiodbutlostbacktotheSafavids.HisPeacockthrone&
capitalShahjahanabadareremembered.Reformedthezat&sawarsystem.Iranis&Turanisdominatedthe
nobility.Institutedmonthscalesonthebasisofdifferencebetweenofficialestimateofincome(Jama)&
actualamountcollected(hasil).AurangzebWarofsuccessionbetweenDara,ShahShuja,Auranzeb&
MuradallsonsofMumtaz16581707Mahal.MirJumlawasdeputedbyAurangzebtorestoreauthority
inBengal,Bihar,Orissa.LaterinAssamAhomkingagreedtobeavassalofMughals.HebannedNauroz,
theBabur152630GhanshyamThori16IndianHistory
17. ShivajiLaterMarathasPersiannewyear,bannedpainters,musicians,drinking&womenpilgrimage.
PilgrimagetaxonHinduabolishedbyAkbarreinstated.DestroyedtheKeshavaRaiTempleatMathura
builtbyBirSinghBundela.ReimposedJaziyatax.HissonprinceAkbarrevolted&wasshelteredby
MaratharulerSambhaji.AurangzeblayseizeonBijapur&Golconda&won.Hewasalsoknownas
Alamgir.ShivajitutorwasDadajiKonddeva.ShivajikilledAfzalKhan(generalofAliAdilShahII)
whilemeeting.LaterhealmostdefeatedthegovernoroftheDeccan,ShaistaKhanwhowasreplacedby
PrinceMauzzamonordersofAurangzeb.RajaJaiSinghwasgiventheresponsibilityoftacklingShivaji
whowon&conductedthetreatyofPurandhar.LaterShivajivisitedmughalcourt&wascapturedbut
escaped.ShivajiSambhajiRajaram(Sambhajisbrother).InthemeanwhileSambhajissonShahuwas
takentotheMughalhousehold.LaterwhenRajaramdied,hiswidowTaraBaideclaredherfouryearold
sonShivajiII,king&herselftheregent.LaterShahuwasreleasedbyBahadurShahIwhoappointed
BalajiVishwanathasPeshwa.BajiRaoIsuccededwhowasthemostcharismaticleaderinMaratha
historyafterShivaji.HeconqueredMalwa,Bundelkhand&evenraidedDelhi.Hewassuccededbyhisson
BalajiBajiRao(NanaSahebdifferentfromthelaterNanaSaheb,adoptedsonofBajiRaoII)who
defeatedtheNizamofHyderabad.TheMarathahoweverreceivedaterribleblowatthehandsofAhmad
ShahAbdaliin1761atPanipat.TreatyofPurandharTreatyofPalkhedTreatyofWarnaTreatyofBhalke
BattleofTalikota(1565)SelectiveTreaties&BattlesJaiSinghdefeatedShivaji.Shivajihadtosurrender
23outofthethirtyfivefortsheldbyhim.NizamofHyderabadwasforcedtorecognizeMarathaclaimsto
chauth&sardeshmuhiintheDeccan(durinBajiRaoIstenure).ClaimsofTaraBaisettledbygranting
herKolhapurMarathaswonlargepartsofKhandeshbyinvadingKarnataka.BetweenVijayanagara
Empire(RamaRaya,sonofAchutyaRaya)andDeccansultanates,resultedinVijayanagarsdefeat.Books
ofMedievalPeriod1.TajulMaasir2.TabaqatiNasiri3.TarikhiFiruzshahi(Mostimportantworkof
sultanateperiod)FatwahiJahandari4.FutuhusSalatin(establishmentofBahmaniKingdom)5.Tarikhi
Firuzshahi6.TarikhiMubarakShahi7.AkbarNama8.TabaqatIAkbari9.Muntakhabaltawarikh10.
Badshahnama/Padshahnama11.MuntakhabulLubab(Aurangzebsreign)12.MiratiAhmadi13.
Padmavat(onPadminiwifeofRatanSingh,KingofChittor)14.TughluqNama,TarikiAlai,Nuh
Sipihr,Ashiqa15.MarwarraParganiriVigat(InfoonRajasthan)GhanshyamThori17HasanNizami
MinhajSirajZiauddinBaraniIsamiAfifYahyaSirhindiAbulFazalNizammudinAhmadBadauniAbdul
HamidLahoriKhafiKhanAliMuhammadKhanMalikMohammadJaisiAmirKhusroMunhtaNainsi
IndianHistory
18. 16.Chandayan17.HimayunNama18.BhavarthaDipika19.SafarnamaorRihla20.TuzukiJahangiri
(Autobiography)21.TarikhiShershahi22.TuzukiBaburi/Baburnama(inTurkishAutobiography)23.
Shahjahannama24.Dayabhaga25.PeriyaPuranam(12thbookofTamilVedacalledTirumurai)26.Sur
Sagar(LifeofKrishna)27.HistoryofAurangzeb,ThefalloftheMughalEmpire28.MahmudofGhazni
29.TheAdministrationoftheDelhiSultanate30.FoundationofMuslimRuleinIndia31.Agrarian
SystemofMughalIndiaMaulanaDaudGulbadanBegumGyaneshwaraIbnBatutaJehangirAbbas
SarwaniBaburInayatKhanJimutaVahnaShekkilarSurDasJadunathSarkarMohammadHabibI.H.
QureshiA.B.M.HabibullahIrfanHabibMonumentsofMedievalPeriodCollegeofAjmer(Convertedto
AdhaidinkaJhompra)VigraharajaIVVisaladevaRudraMahakalatemple,SiddhapuraJayasimha
SiddharajaJagannathTempleatPuriAnantavarmanChodagangaSunTemple,KonarkNarasimhaI(E.
Gangas)Brihadesvara/RajarajeswaratempleatThanjavurRajarajatheGreatQuwwatalIslammosque,
DelhiQutbuddinAibakAdhaidinkaJhompraQutbuddinAibakHimayunsTombAkbarsstepmother
HajiBegumTombofSherShahatSasaramSherShahAgraFortAkbarBulandDarwarza(commemorate
Gujaratvictory)AkbarShalimarGardenShahJahanBadshahiMosqueatLahore(largestinsubcontinent)
AurgangzebManMandir,GwaliorManSinghHauzKhasAlauddinKhaljiAkbarsMausoleumat
SikandaraAkbar.CompletedbyJehangir.MadrasaatBidarMahmudGawan1.2.3.4.Lakshmansena
VikramadityaVI(Chalukya)SharqisofJaunpurAkbarGhanshyamThoriKings&theirCourtJewels
Jayadeva,Halayudha,Sridharadasa.Bilhana(Vikramanankadevacharita)Vijnanaeshvara(Mitakshara)
MalikMuhammadJaisiTansen,TodarMal,Tulsidas(justcontemporary)18IndianHistory
19. 1.2.3.4.MarcoPoloIbnBatutaNicoloContiAbdurRazaq5.6.7.8.9.NikitinNunizRalphFitch
WilliamHawkinsThomasRoe10.PeterMundy11.Tavernier12.Bernier13.NicoloManucciMamluk
MuqaddamSondharKhotsShariaSubasMirBakshiUmmahMirSamanShiqdarAmilsHundisDhimmis
VimansDinGanjGomashtaHunDamSarkarKhumsZawabitFaujdarMalfuzatTankahKanqahMisl
ProminentForeignTravellersVenetianTravellervisitedPandyakingdomMuhammadbinTughlaqItalian
visitedVijayanagarduringthereignofDevaRayaIVisitedthecourtofZamorininCalicut&travelledto
VijaynagarduringthereignofDevaRayaIIRussian,visitedBahmanikingdom&GujaratPortuguese,
stayedatVijayanagarduringKrishnaDevaRayaBritishduringAkbarsreignEnglishmerchant.Received
amansabfromJehangirAmbassadorofEnglishKingJamesItoJehangirscourt.Obtainedtrade
concessions.WroteEmbassy.EnglishtravellerduringShahJahansreign.Frenchjweller.Aurangzebs
reign.FrenchPhysician.MostimportantaccountofallEuropean.Aurangzebsreign.WroteTravelsinthe
MughalEmpire.Italian.Aurangzebsreign.JargonofMedievalPeriodWhiteslavesUrCommonvillage
assembly(Cholaperiod)VillageheadNagaramAssemblyofmerchants(Cholaperiod)loansSabha
AssemblyofBrahmins(Cholaperiod)VillageheadKhutbaAsermonmadeinFridaymosqueMuslimlaw
MadadiMaashTaxfreegrantsoflandProvincesWaqfGrantstomuslimreligiousestablishmentMilitary
departmentParganaAroundHundredvillages.MuslimbelieversSadrussadurEcclesiasticalaffairs
SupplydepartmentQanungosKeeperofrevenuerecordsHeadedPargana.ZabtRevenuebasedonland
measurementRevenueofficerIbadatKhanaHouseofworship(FatehpurSikri)BillsofExchangeDiwan
Functionoffinance(Akbarstime)NonMuslimpeopleWujuhatTaxesoncattle,grazing,orchards.Towers
oftempleShaikhzadasIndianMuslimsnobilityReligionPeshwaPrimeminister(Shivaji)Agrainmarket
AmatyaRevenueminister(Shivaji)CommercialagentSumantForeignminister(Shivaji)Agoldcoin
BargirCavalrymen(horsebelongedtoleader)Coin(1/4thofrupee)NankarPortionofrevenuegivento
ZamidarAnumberofParaganaDiwaniArzMinistryofMilitaryAffairsTaxonplunderDiwaniInsha
MinistryofRoyalCorrespondencesNonShariatstatelawsDiwaniRisalatReligiouraffairsInchargeof
SarkarDiwaniKulWazirorchiefimperialfiscalminister.SayingsofsufisaintDiwaniWizarat
DepartmentoffinanceSilvercoinKhalisaLandrevenuedirectlyforimperialtreasurySufilodging
WilayatSpiritualterritoryofasufiSikhRegions(12)UmraCollectivetermfornobilityWatandarDesais
&Deshmukh(collectiveterm)GhanshyamThori19IndianHistory
20. ExtentofMughalEmpireatAkbarsDeathMiscellaneousFacts:1.MuhammadwasborninMeccain570
AD.TheQuranalongwiththeHadith(sayingsoftheprophet)isveneratedassupremesourcesofauthority
inIslam.MuhammadsmigrationfromMeccatoMedinaisknownasHijra&themuslimcalendar
commencesfromthisyear.AtthebattleofBadrMuhammadfirstwieldedswordtoasserthisprophethood.
QuiblathedirectiontobefacedduringprayerchangedfromJerusalemtoMecca.2.Prophetssoninlaw
Aliwasregardedaslawfulimmediatebysomesection(shiis)whileothergroupconsideredhisclose
followersAbuBakr,Umar&Uthmanaslegalheir(cametobeknownasSunnis).3.MahmudofGhazni
wasthesonofSubuktigin(founderofGhaznaviddynasty).SubuktginhaddefeatedtheHindhshahiruler
Jaipal.UtbiwasthecourthistorianofGhazni.Mahmudraided17timeswhichGhanshyamThori20Indian
History
21. includedNagarkot,Mathura,Kanauj&Somanathtemple(1025ADwhenChalukyakingBhimaIwas
rulingGujarat).HepatronizedAlBeruni.4.MuhammadGhurfirstinvasionwasagainstMultanwhichhe
woneasily.HisinvasionofGujaratendedinacrushingdefeatatthehandsoftheChalukyanforces.Then
followedBattleofTarainI&II,invasionofGhadavalaruledbyJaichandra.AfterGhursdeathhissenior
slaveTajuddinYalduzoccupiedGhazni,QubachaoccupiedMultan,AliMardantookLakhnauti(Bihar
Bengal)whileAibaktookDelhi.AtthesametimeBhaktiyarKhalji,anotherslaveraidedprovinceofBihar
destroyingmonasteriesofNalanda&Vikramshila&evenattackedtheBengalrulerLakshmanasena.
EasternChalukyasruledatVengi.5.CholakingRajendraIcapturedwholeofSriLanka&reasserted
CholasoverignityoverKerala&Pandyancountry.HeconquerednorthuptoGanga&assumedthetitleof
Gangaikonda.MarcoPolovisitedthePandyanKingdomaround1293AD.6.MuhammadbinTughlaqs
reignsawtheriseoftwoindependentstatesinsouthVijaynagar&Bahamani.TheTungabhadradoab
hadbeenasourceofconflictbetweentheCholas&thewesternChalukyas,betweenYadavas&Hoysalas
aswellasbetweentheVijaynagar&theBahmaniKindom.7.Thelargestindigenousindustryduringthe
Delhisultanateperiodwasthatoftextiles.DuringFiruzShahtheslavesrosetoanalltimehigh.While
Indiasindigenousarchitectureistrabeate(spacespannedbybeamslaidhorizontally),theIslamicformis
arcuate(archesareusedtobridgeaspace).8.AlltheLodirulerswereburiedontheBaghiJudknown
todayasLodiGarden.ThecoinsofMahmudGhazni,Iltutmish,NasirudinMahmud,Balban,Alauddin
KhaljibearthenameofAbbasidCaliph.9.Mansabdarshaddualrankszat(personalrank&expenses)&
sawar(cavalryrank).Landrevenuesystemswerebatai(cropdividedbetweenstate&thepeasant),hasto
bud(officialinspectionforestimation),kankutsystem(estimationofland&yield),nasaqsystem(based
onpreviousestimates).10.ThesantsoftheVithobacult&theirfollowerscalledVarkariemphasized
annualpilgrimagetoPandharpur(Mahrashtra).ThemostimportantsaintwasJnaneshvar.SagunaBhakti
(TulsiDas,Chaitanya,Surdas,Mirabai,Nimbarka&Vallabha)believedindoctrineofincarnationwhile
Nirgunabhakti(Kabir)worshipedformlessaspectofdivinity.11.GuruAngaddevelopedtheGurmukhi
script.GuruArjunDevcompletedAdiGranth.GuruHargobindconstructedtheAkalTakhtattheGolden
Temple&askedhisfollowerstobuiltthefortofLohgarh.EnragedJehangirhadtheGuruimprisonedfor2
years.12.OfthevariousSufiordersinIndiatheChishti(founderwasMoinuddinChisti)&Suharawadi
(ShaikhBahauddinZakariyawhoseKhanqahatMultanbecameanimportantpilgrimagecentre)orders
(silsilas)GhanshyamThori21IndianHistory
22. werethemostprominent.OtherprominentsaintswereShaikhQutbuddinBakhtiyarKaki&Nizamuddin
Auliya.ShaikhAhmadSirhindi(Naqshbandiorder)wascontemporaryofJehangir.13.Therewasno
MarathainAkbarsnobility&onlyoneinthatofJehangirs.InAurangzebstimetheMarathasincreased
considerably&foreignnobilitydeclined.DaraShukohbrotherofAuranzebgot52Upanishadsconverted
intoPersian,thecollectiveworkbeingknownastheSirriAkbar.MurshidQuliKhanwasatalented
revenueofficerduringthetimeofShahJahanwhohelpedprinceAurangzegbstreamlinetherevenuesin
Deccan.14.UprisingsduringAurangzebperiodwereJats(Gokula,Rajaram,Churaman&Surajmalthe
adoptedsonofBadanSingh),Satnami,Sikhs(GuruHarkishansummonedtoDelhiBanglaSahibisthe
sitewhereheresidedGuruTegBahadurwasbeheadedatpresentSisGanjGurudwarasiteGuruGobind
SinghborninPatna),BundelasofOchha(underChhatrasal)15.OnBaisakhidayin1699,GuruGobind
SinghestablishedtheKhalsapanth.InthesuccessionthatfollowedafterAurangzeb,GovindSingh
supportedBahadurShahinthehopeofgettingjusticeagainstWazirKhan(whokilledGurusson)butall
invain.GobindSinghappointedBandaBahadur(laterkilleWazirkhan)towagewaragainstthemughals
buthefailed&washumiliatedbeforebeingexecuted.16.ShivajiassumedtitlesofChhatrapati,
GobrahmancePratipalak(protectorofcows&Brahmins).Hisconsecrationmarkedthecommencementof
anewera,theRajyabhishekasaka.17.Bengalwasthemainsilkcentre.LandownershipwasKhudkhasta
(Owner&landinthesamevillage),Pahikashta(differentvillage)&Muqarariraiya(Heleasedhisspare
landtotenantscalledmuzarin).Duringmughalperiodthereisnoevidenceofjointownershipofland.
SlavetradefocusshiftedfromMultantoKabul.Freshlymintedcoinshadagreatervaluethanthose
mintedinpreviousregimes.18.ThomasRoewenttoJehangirscourttogetconcessionsforoperation.
DutchobtainedafarmanfromtheSultanofGolcondatooperateatMasulipatnam.19.TheMughalschool
ofpaintingbeganwithHimayun&reacheditspinnacleduringJehangir.HimayunalsostartedtheMina
Bazarforroyalladies.MiscellaneousFactsfromMocks:1.QutbuddinAibakwasnotrecognizedbythe
CaliphofBaghdad.KashmirwasneverapartofsultanateofDelhi.JanamSakhisarethebiographical
writingsabouththeSikhgurus.TheutterancesofNamdev,Kabir,Ravidas,ShaikhFariduddinMasud
(SufiSaint),DhannahavebeenincludedinAdiGranth.PrintingpresswasintroducedinIndiabythe
Portuguese.GhanshyamThori22IndianHistory
23. 2.ThemostimportantsystemoflandrevenuewastheZabtisystem.ThetermUrsreferredtothedeath
anniversaryofaSufisaint.TheSisodiyasofMewardidnotsubmittoAkbarduringhisreign.Shahjahan
didnotwritehisautobiography.BairagisinIndiawereaVaishnavitesect.3.PortugueseDutchEnglish
FrenchwasthecorrectsequenceofforeignerscomingtoIndia.InmedievalperiodPolajwasthemost
fertileland&banjartheleastfertile.4.Bijapur(AdilShahiDynasty),Ahmadnagar(Nizamshahidynasty),
Golkonda(Qutbshahidynasty),Bidar(BaridShahidynasty).5.DelhiSultanatereacheditsmaximumlimit
duringMuhammadbinTughlaq.InvasionofChengizKhan(Iltutmishreign),InvationsofTarmahirin
(MuhammadbinTughlaqsreign),InvasionofNadirShah(MuhammadShah)&InvasionofTimur
(NasiruddinMahmudTughlaq).6.MirSyedAli,Daswant&KhwajaAbdusSamadwerefamouspainters
atthecourtofHimayun&Akbar.Mansur&BishanDaswereleadingcourtpaintersunderJehangir.The
translationofMahabharatainPersian(Razmnama)wascarriedoutduringthereignofAkbarbyFaizi.Gol
GumbazatBijapursbuiltoverthetombofMuhammadAdilShah.7.Thedominantformofdecoration
employedinthebuildingsofthesultanateperiodiscalledarabesque.Variousregionallanguagesof
medievalIndiaaroseoutofApabhramsa.ThepushtimargwasthephilosophyofGuruVallabhacharya
(Surdaswashisdisciple).8.MoinuddinChisti(Ajmer),NizamuddinAuliya(Delhi),FarduddinMasud
(PakPatan,Pakistan)&KhwajaSyedMudammadGesuDaraz(Gulbarga)arethefamoussufishrines.9.
KrittivasatranslatedRamayanaintoBengali.Kabir,Ravidas,Dhanna&otherlowcastbhaktisaintswere
belivedtobedisciplesofRamananda.MuhammadQuliQutbShahofGolcondafoundedthecityof
Hyderabad.ArabswerenotapartofMughalnobility.AbdurRahimKhaniKhananwasamughalnoble
&poetunderAkbar.10.ThesufisilisilaswereSuhrawadi,Firdausi,Shattari,Chisti,Qadiri&Naqshbandi.
AmerwasJaipur,Marwar(Jodhpur),Mewar(presentdaydistrictsofBhilwara,Chittorgarh,Rajsamand
andUdaipur).GhanshyamThori23IndianHistory
24. ModernPeriod1707121712131713191719481748541754591759180618061837183757
BahadurShahI17071712JahandarShah171213FarrukhSiyar171319MuhammadShahRangila
171948AhmadShah174854AlamgirIIShahAlamIIAkbarShahIIBahadurShahIIGhanshyamThori
LaterMughalsBahadurShahIJahandarShahFarukkSiyarMuhammadShahRangilaAhmadShah
AlamgirIIShahAlamIIAkbarShahIIBahadurShahIILaterMughalRulersAfterthedeathof
Aurangzeb,princeMuazzam,Azam&KamBakhshfoughtinwhichMauzzamemergedvictorious&
assumedthetitleofBahadurShahI.BandaBahadurwhokilledWazirkhanwasdefeatedbyhim.Was
referredtoasShahiBekhabar.LaterafterBahadurShahsdeath,hissonJahandarShahcametopower
afterkillinghisotherbrotherswiththehelpofZulfikarKhan.HemadepeacewiththeJats,Shahuji&
honouredrajputkings.NephewofJahandarShah,FarrukhSiyarkilledhimwiththehelpofSayyid
brothersAbdullaKhan(Wazir)&HussainAliKhan(MirBakshi).FarrukhSiyartriedtocheckthe
powersofSayyidbrothersbutthelattergothimkilled&crownedtwoprincesRaffiudDarajat,Raffiud
Daulainquicksuccession.LatertheymadeMuhammadShah(GrandsonofBahadurShahI)astheking.
AfterhisaccessiontheSayyidbrothersfellvictimtotheintrigueofTuraniAmirs.Duringhistenuremost
theindependentkingdomswereestablished:NizamulMulk(Deccan),SaadatKhan(Awadh)&Murshid
QuliKhan(Bengal).IranianKingNadirShahinvadedin1739oninvitationofSaadatKhan(Awadh).The
latterwasimprisonedbyNadirShahfornotabletopaythepromisedransom.NadirShahtookthepeacock
throne&theKohinoordiamondwithhim.SonofMuhammadShah.DuringhisreignAhmadShahAbdali
(claimedhimselfrulerofKandharaftertheassassinationofNadirShahbyPersianin1747)repeatedly
attacked.LaterAhmadShahwaskilled&deposedbyhisownWazirImadulMulk.ActualnameAzizud
din.FrequencyofAbdaliattacksincreased.[175459]175918061806183718375724IndianHistory
25. OtherContemporaryStatesAfterSaadatKhan,*Safdarjung*becamethekingwhowasanimpartialruler
&carriedoutmanyreforms&wasmadethewazirofmughalempire.ShujaudDaulasuccededhimto
throne.HewasalsomadethewazirofmughalempirebuthesidedwithAhmadShahAbdaliintheThird
BattleofPanipat.MurshidQuliKhanwasanableruler.LaterhissoninlawShujauddin&hisson
Sarfarazcameinthatorder.SarfarazwasdefeatedbyAlivardiKhanofBihar.LaterAlivardiKhanwas
defeatedbyRaghujiBhonsle&forcedhimtosurrenderOrissa.AfterthedeathofAlivardikhanhis
grandsonSirajuddaulatooloverwholosttoBritishersunderLordClive.NizamulmulkAsafJah
foundedthestateofHyderabadin1724.SincethedownfalloftheVijaynagarempireWodeyardynasty
wasruling.Butinthe18thcenturytwoministerNanjaraj&Devarajusurpedpowerearlyreducingthe
KingKrishnaRajtoapuppet.HaiderAlirosetobecometheCommanderinChiefoftheMysorearmy&
becamethesultanafterNanjrajsdeath.HewasdefeatedbyPeshwaMadhavRao.Hedefeatedthe
combinedforcesofMarathas&Nizamin1787&soonafterclaimedhimselfPadshahatSeringapattam.
Heattemptedtoreducethecustomofjagirs&hereditarypossessionofpoligars(smallchieftans).Hewas
astaunchmuslim.Hedonatedmoneytohindusbutlatergotthetemplesabolished.MartandaVerma
Marwar(AjitSingh),Amer(SawaiJaiSingh)AreabetweenAgra&Awadh.MuhammadKhanBangash
ruledwhowasdefeatedbyMaharanaChhatrasalofBundelkhandwiththehelpofMarathas.Rulerofone
ofthe12MislscalledSukarchakiya.HewiththehelpofhisbravecommanderHariSinghNalwawon
Multan,Kashmir&Peshawar.BiharBengalHyderabadMysore&HaiderAliTipuSultanTravancore
RajputStatesRohilkhandSikhs171320172040BalajiVishwanathBajiRaoI174061BalajiBajiRao
176172MadhavRaoI177273177495NarayanRaoMadhavRaoII17961818BajiRaoIIGhanshyam
ThoriThePeshwasShahuappointedhimasthePeshwa.BajiRaoIsuccededwhowasthemost
charismaticleaderinMarathahistoryafterShivaji.HeconqueredMalwa,Bundelkhand&evenraided
Delhi.SonofBajiRaoIBalajiBajiRao(NanaSahebdifferentfromthelaterNanaSaheb,adoptedson
ofBajiRaoII)whodefeatedtheNizamofHyderabad.TheMarathahoweverreceivedaterribleblowat
thehandsofAhmadShahAbdaliin1761PanipatDefeatedNizam,Mysore,Rohillas,RajputsJats.In
1771heconfinedtheMughalemperorShahAlamIIbygivingpension.Shorttenure.Tusslewith
RagunathRaooverPeshwaclaim.BecamePeshwaaftertreatyofSalbaisupportedbyNanaPhadnavis.In
themeantimeMahadjiScindiawhohadbroughtShahAlamunderhiscontrolbecametheactualrulerof
Delhitillhisdeathin1794.IncompetentsonofRaghunathRao(whowashadearlierstuggledwith
NarayanRaotobecomePeshwa&sidedwithBritishers)25IndianHistory
26. 1744481748541757631757176017611764176769177582178084179092179918031805
1814161817191823261839421845461848491852187880188587191921ImportantBattles
FirstAngloFrenchCarnaticwar.MadrasreturnedtoBritishbythetreatyofAixlaChappalle.Inbattleof
St.Thome,asmallFrenchArmydefeatedNawabAnwaruddinslargeone.SecondAngloFrench
Carnaticwar.TheFrenchsidedwithMuzaffarJang(grandsonofAsafJah)&ChandaSahib(inCarnatic)
whiletheEnlishsupportedtheclaimsofNasirJang(sonoflateNizam,AsafJah)&Anwaruddin
(Carnatic)InitiallytheFrenchunderDupleixhadsuccess(&stationedofficerBussyatHyderabad)but
latertheEnglishgothold.TreatyofPondicherrysigned.ThirdAngloFrenchCarnaticwar.French
capturedFortSt.David.LallydidthemistakeofrecallingBussyfromHyderabad.LatertheFrenchwere
badlyroutedatWandiwashbytheBritishunderSirEyreCoote.BattleofPlassey.Britishunderclive&
treacherMirJaffarroutedSirajuddaula.MirJafarwasmadeBengalbutlaterreplacedbyhissoninlaw
MirKasim.Herevolted&wasagainreplacedbyMirJafar.BattleofWandiwash.Frenchdecisively
defeatedThirdBattleofPanipat.MarathasdefeatedbyAhmadShahAbdaliBattleofBuxar.MirKasim,
Shujauddaula&ShahAlamIIdefeatedbyMajorMunro.TreatyofAllahabadsignedwhichgavethe
diwaniofBengal,Bihar,Orissa&BihartotheEnlish&tradingrightsinAwadh.ShahAlamonpensionof
26laksh/annum.IAngloMysorewar.BoththeBritish&HaiderAlireturnedeachothersterritoriesThe
britisherescommittedtohelpHaideragainstathirdpartyinvasionFirstAngloMarathawar.TheBritish
armywasdefeated.ThehumiliatingconventionofWadgaonwasconcludedinwhichthecompanywas
requiredtogiveupalltheadvantagesofTreatyofPurandhar.PeacewasatlastrestoredbytreatyofSalbai
signedbetweenWarrenHastings&MahdjiScindiawherebysalsette&BasseinweregiventotheBritish.
IIAngloMysoreWar.In1782HaiderAlipassedawayduetoillnessleavingthestruggletoTipu.War
concludedbytreatyofMangaloreIIIAngloMysorewar.TipusignedthetreatyofSeringapattamIV
AngloMysorewar.WhenthesubsidiaryalliancewasofferedtoTipuSultanheflatlyrefused&hencethe
warhappenedinwhichtheMarathas&theNizamhelpedtheBritishers.Tipudiedfightingthewar.
SecondAngloMarathawar.Marathasdefeated.AngloNepalwar.WarcametoanendbytreatyofSagauli
ThirdAngloMarathawar.MarathasdecisivelydefeatedFirstAngloBurmesewar.Buremesedefeated&
conductedTreatyofYandahbooFirstAngloAfghanwar.TheBritishersweredefeated.FirstAngloSikh
war.Sikhsdefeated&TreatyofLahoreconductedSecondAngloSikhwar.Sikhsdefeated&Punjab
annexedtoBritish.MaharajaDalipSinghgivenanannualpensionof50,000pounds&senttoEnglandfor
higherstudies&laterconvertedtoChristianity.TheKohinoorwasgiftedtoQueenVictoria.Second
AngloBurmesewar.EnglishsuccessfulSecondAngloAfghanwar.Englishsufferedlosses.ThirdAnglo
Burmesewar.EnglishannexedBurmaThirdAngloAfghanwar.Englishthoughvictoriousdidnotbenefit
fromthewar.GhanshyamThori26IndianHistory
27. TreatyofPondicherryTreatyofMangalore1784TreatyofSeringapattam1792TreatyofAmritsar1809
TreatyofSagauliTreatyofLahoreZamindariSystem(19%)MahalwariSystem(30%)Ryotwarisystem
(51%)ImportantTreatiesAftertheIICarnaticwar.MuhammadAli,sonoflateAnwaruddinwas
acceptedastheNawabofCarnatic.SignedbetweenTipu&Britishin1784.UnderthisTipuwithdrewhis
armyfromCarnatic&EnglishwithdrewtheirsfromtheCarnatic.AfterIIIAngloMysorewar.Tipuhadto
payheavywarindemnity&sendashostageshistwosonstotheEnglish.Halfofhisterritorywasceded.
Hepaidthewarindemnity&histwosonswerereleased.SignedbetweenBritish&RanjitSinghinwhich
thelatterrecognizedtheirrightsintheCisSutlejareas.AfterAngloNepalesewar.TheGurkhasgaveup
theirclaimovertheTarairegion&cededclaimovertheareasofKumaon&GarhwaltotheBritish.After
thefirstAngloSikhwar.TheterritorieslyingtothesouthofriverSutlejweregiventothecompany.Land
SettlementsBengal,Bihar,Banaras,divisionofNWprovinces&northernCarnatic.90%oftherevenue
wenttogovernment&10%toZamindar(British)MajorpartsofNWprovinces,Centralprovinces&
Punjab.Responsibilityofpayingrevenuewaswiththeentirevillageormahal.(BasedontraditionalIndian
systemofeconomiccommunity)Bombay&Madraspresidencies,Assam,Berar&certainotherparts.
Landrevenuewasfixedfor2040yearsatatime(FrenchinOrigin)Books/Articles&Authors(Modern)
Ghulamgiri(challengedsuperiorityofBrahmins)JyotibaPhuleTuhfatulMuwahhidin(Giftto
MonotheistsinPersian)RajaRammohunRoyDharmaTritiyaRatna,Ishvara&LifeofShivajiJyotiba
PhuleNewLampfortheOld(SeriesofArticlescriticizingCongress)AurobindoGhoshDoctrineof
PassiveResistance(ArticlesinBandeMataram)AurobindoGhoshIndianWarofIndependence(seizedby
British)V.D.SavarkarLoyalMuhammadansofIndiaSayyidAhmadKhanTahaibalAkhlaqSayyid
AhmadKhanAsbabeBagawareHind(HeldBahadurShahIIasfoolforrevolting)SayyedAhmadKhan
NeelDarpanDinbandhuMitraHowdidAmericagetFreedomRamPrasadBismilTheactivitiesof
Bolsheviks,ThewaveoftheMind,ColourofSwadeshi,RamPrasadBismilRevolutionaryLife
SystematicHistoryofAncientIndiaV.A.SmithHinduPolityK.P.JayaswalPoliticalHistoryofAncient
IndiaH.C.RaychaudharyAHistoryofAncientIndiaAhistoryofSouthIndiaK.A.NilkantShastriHindu
CivilizationChandraguptaMauryaAsokaR.K.MookerjiFundamentalUnityofIndiaHistoryof
DharmashastraP.V.KaneTheWonderThatwasIndiaA.L.BashamSocioReligiousReformers&their
OrganizationsGhanshyamThori27IndianHistory
28. AtmiyaSabha(1815)BrahmoSamaj(1828)TattvabodhiniSabha(1839).LatermergedwithBrahmo
Samajin1842IndiannationalSocialConferenceHarijanSevakSanghSatyaShodhakSamaj(1873)Shri
NarayanaDharmaPartiplanaYogamaSouthIndianLiberalFederation(laterbecamejusticeparty&then
DravidaKazhagam)PrarthanaSamaj(1867)AryaSamaj(1875)ServantsofIndiaSociety(1905)Hindu
DharmaSangrakshiniSabha(1893atNasik)AbhinavBharatNewIndiaAssociationAnushilanSamiti
PatrioticAssociationMuhammadAngloOrientalDefenceAssociationBahiskritHitkarniSabha(1924)
AkhilBharatiyaDalitVargSabhaAligarhMovementDeobandMovementMuslimLeagueHomeRule
LeagueChamparanSatyagraha1917KhedaSatyagrahaGhanshyamThoriRajaRammohunRoyRaja
RammohunRoy.MahrishiDevendranathTagore.M.G.RanadeMahatmaGandhiJyotiraoPhule(fight
casteoppression)ShriNarayanGuru(fightcasteoppression)T.Teagaraja&T.M.Nair(Selfrespect)
AtmaRamPandurangSwamiDayanandGopalKrishnaGokhale(RejectedKnighthood)Chapekar
BrothersDamodar&Balakrishna.V.D.SavarkarV.D.SavarkarAurobindoGhose,BarindraKumar
Ghose,B.P.Mitra,AbinashBhattacharya&BhupendraDuttaSayyidAhmadKhanSayyidAhmadKhan
B.R.AmbedkarB.R.AmbedkarMovements/OrganizationsSirSayyedAhmadKhanRepresentedby
MohammadQasimNanautavi&RashidAhmadGangohi.NanautavifoundedtheDarulUllema
madrasaatDeoband.ThismovementwasstrictlybasedonIslamictraditionunlikeliberalAligarh
movement.ThealsopromulgatedafatwaagainstSayyidAhmadsassociations.In1919,MuftiLiyaqat
UllahSahibfoundedthe,JamaitulUlemaiHindtofurtherworkinthisdirection.Hisrolewasprominent
intheKhilafatmovement.NawabWakarulMulkpresidedoveragatheringattheinvitationofNawab
SalimUllahofDacca.Muslimleaguewastheresult.Theconstitutionoftheleaguewaspreparedin1907
atKarachi.Thefirstsessionoftheleaguewasheldin1908atAmritsar.ThesameyearAgaKhanbecame
thepresident.TheleaguesupportedpartitionofBengal&wasaloyalistorganization.After1913Aga
KhanlefttheleaguewhichledtotheemergenceofnewleaderslikeMuhammadAli,ShaukatAli&M.A.
Ansari.EstdbyAnnieBesantatMadrasinSeptember1916.Shewasthepresident&othermembers
includedArundale,P.C.RamaswamyIyer,V.P.Wadia.BalgangadharTilakhadestdanotherHomeRule
LeagueinApril1916atPune.EuropeanplantersforcedthefarmerstocultivateIndigoonatleast3/20
(Tinkathiya)partsoftheirland.RajendraPrasad,MazhurulHaq,J.B.Kriplani,MahadevDesai
accompaniedhim.AnenquirywassetuptoalleviatemiseriesofwhichevenGandhiwasamember.
Khedapeasantsrefusedtopayrevenueduetofailureofcrops.AfterSatyagraha28IndianHistory
29. 1918thegovernmentissuedinstructionstocollectrevenueonlyfromthosewhocouldaffordtopay.
IndulalYagnik&VallabhBhaiPatelsupportedGandhi.AhmedabadMillMahatmaGandhiconsidered35
%increaseinsalaryasjust.HeundertookafastProblem1918untodeath&thestrikecametoanend.
AmbalalSarabhaissisterAnasuyaBehnwasmainlieutenantofGandhihere.RowlattActInMarch1919,
theBritisherspassedtheRowlattActaccordingtowhichanyIndiancouldbearrestedonthebasisof
suspicion.AnationwidesatyagrahawasorganizedwhichinvolvedarrestofMahatmaGandhi,DrSatyapal,
Dr.SaiffuddinKitchlew&AryaSamajleaderSwamiShradhananda(shootifyoucanrally).Jallianwala
BaghDemandedtoknowthewhereaboutsofSatyapalandKitchlewthroughttheMassacrerecitingofthe
poemFariyadonthedayofBaisakhi(13thApril,1919).MartiallawwasproclaimedlateratLahore,
Gujarat&LayalwithcurfewatAmritsar.AnenquirywassetupunderHunter.RabindranathTagore
renouncedhistitle.KhilafatMovementSultanofTurkeywastheCaliph.Thealliedpowerswerearrayed
againstTurkey.MulanaAbulKalamAzad,M.A.Ansari,SaiffudinKitchlew,MaulviAbdulbari,Hakim
AjmalKhan&theAlibrotherswereprominentleaders.BritishsignedtheTreatyofTibers,partitioned
Turkey&itsSultanwasmadeaprisoner&senttoConstantinople.NonCooperationApprovalat
Congresssessionin1920.LeaderslikeMohammadAliJinnah,Annie192022Besant&BipinChandra
Palnotinagreement&leftthecongress.Studentstooktheirnamesoffschool.KashiVidyapeeth,Bihar
Vidyapeeth,JamiaMiliaIslamiaweresetup.NoCongressleadercontestedforelections.Mass
demonstrationsbeforeDukeofConnaught&Princeofwales.TilakSwarajyaFundwasestablished.
Moplahrebellionwastheuglyface.ChauriChaurainGorakhpur,UPincidenceledtoitsrecall.Congress
leaderslikeMotilalNehru,ChittaranjanDasformedasseparategroupwithinthecongressknownas
SwarajyaPartywithapurposenottoletthemovementlapse.AITUCFormedin1920withLotvalashelp.
M.NRoy,MuzzafarabadAhmad,S.A1920Dange&ShaukatOsmaniledthetradeunionistmovements.
TheBritishersleveledthekanpur/Meerutconspiracyagainstthem.SwarajPartySuspensionofNon
Cooperationmovementdisorientedtheleadership.ChittaranjanDas&MotilalNehruwerecalledPro
Changers&didnotsupportthenoncooperationmovement.Theothergroupwasnochangers&
includedC.Rajgopalachari,M.A.Ansari.In1923Das&NehruformedtheSwarajPartyatAllahabad
withaviewtotakepartinthe1923Councilelections.TheswarajpartygotclearmajorityintheCentral
legislature&ProvinciallegislaturesexceptBengal.AfterthepassingawayofChittaranjanDasin1925the
partyweakened&furthersomeoftheleadersbecamecorrupt.Thereforeintheelectionof1926itsuffered
miserabledefeatinalltheprovincesexceptMadras.HindustanEstablishedinOctober1924inKanpurby
revolutionarieslikeRamprasadBismil,RepublicJogeshChatterjee,ChandrashekharAzadand
SachindranathSanyal.TheKakoriAssociaiton1924TrainActionwasanotableactofterrorismbythis
groupbuttrialproovedtobeamajorsetback.However,thegroupwasreorganizedundertheleadershipof
ChandrashekharAzadandwithmemberslikeBhagatSingh,BhagwatiCharanVohraandSukhdevon9
and10September1928andthegroupwasnowchristenedHindustanSocialistRepublicanAssociation
(HSRA).BhagatSingh,SukhdevandRajguruwerehangedinMarch1931.CommunistPartyWas
declaredillegalin1934.Thisbancontinuedtill1942whentherewasanGhanshyamThori29Indian
History
30. ofIndia1925BardoliSatyagrahaAllIndiaStatesPeopleConferenceSimonCommissionNehruReport,
1928DandiMarchApril1930IRoundtableConferenceNov1930GandhiIrwinPactMarch1931II
RoundTableConference1931McDonaldCommunalAward1932IIIRoundTableGhanshyamThori
agreementthatthecommunistwillsupportBritishinthewareffort&sabotagethequitIndiamovement.
InamemorandumtotheCabinetMissionin1946,theyputforwardaplanforthedivisionofIndiainto17
sovereignstates.InBardolidistrictofSuratunderVallabhBhaiPatel.Thegovernmenthadraisedthetax
rateby30%despitefamine.Formedin1926whosefirstsessionwasheldunderthepresidentshipofthe
famousleaderofEllore,DiwanBahadurM.RamachandraRai.ThepurposewasthereviewtheActof
1919afteragapoftenyears.The7membercommissionwaslabeledWhiteMenCommission.Huge
demonstrationunderGovindVallabhPantatLucknow&LalaLajpatatLahore.ThereportofSimon
CommissionwaspublishedinMay1930.ItstatedtheconstitutionalexperimentwithDyarchywas
unsuccessful&initsplacerecommendedtheestablishmentofautonomousgovernment.Itrecommended
specialpowerstogovernorgeneral&governorstolookaftertheinterestofminorities,strengtheningthe
centre,increasingelectoratebaseoncommunalbasis,Indianizationofdefenceforces,delinkBurmafrom
India&SindhfromBombay.TheIndiansrejectedthereportasitgavenoregardtoDominionStatus.It
becameabasisfortheGovtofIndiaAct1935.SecretaryofState,LordBirkenheadchallengedtheIndians
toproduceaconstitutionthatwouldbeacceptabletoall.AmeetingheldatBombaysetupa8member
committeeheadedbyMotilalNehru&othersincludedBose,TejBahadurSapru,SirAliImam,Shahib
Qureshi,SardarMangalSingh,MSAnney&G.RPradhan.ThereportwasplacedbeforeCongressSession
inCalcuttain1928whereitwasadoptedunanimously.Itrecommendedreservationforminoritiesinstead
ofseparateelectorates.Jinnah&PresidentofCentralSikhleague,SardarKharakSinghrejectedit.Later
JinnahconvenedanAllIndiaConferenceofMuslims&drewupalistof14point.Jawahar&Bosewere
nothappywiththedominionstatus.ReachedDandiaftermarchingwith78handpickedfollowers&
formallylaunchedtheCivilDisobedienceMovementbybreakingtheSaltlaws.Manymuslimskept
themselvesaloofbutintheNWFPanorganizationofKhudaiKhidmatgar(ServantsofGodsRedShirts)
underKhanAbdulGaffarKhan(FrontierGandhi)participatedinfull.HeldundertheChairmanshipof
RamsayMacDonald.Failedtoresolveanyissuesasitwasopposedbycongress.AsperitGandhiagreed
tosuspendtheCivilDisobedienceMovement&participateintheSecondRoundTableconferencebut
mostoftheleadersdidnotlikethispact.AtLondon.MahatmaGandhireturnedtoIndiaasnoagreement
couldbereached.InJanuary1932thecivildisobediencemovementwasresumed.TheBritishPMRamsay
MacDonaldmadeanannouncementaccordingtowhichthedepressedclasseswereconsideredasseparate
community.MahatmaGandhiwentonafastuntodeathinYeravadaJail.Anagreementwasreachedwith
theconsentofMahatmaGandhi&AmbedkarwhichcametobeknownasPoonaAct.TheBritish
governmentalsoapprovedit.Accordingly148seatswerereservedindifferentprovinciallegislaturesin
placeof71aspercommunalaward.Thecongressoncemoredidnttakepartinit.Nonethelessthe
British30IndianHistory
31. Conference1932CongressSocialistParty1934AugustOffer1940IndividualSatyagraha1940Cripps
Mission1942QuitIndiaMovement194244INAC.R.Formula1944WavellPlan&ShimlaConference
1945CabinetMission1946ElectionsGhanshyamThoriGovernmentissuedawhitepaperwhichbecame
basisforGovtofIndiaAct1935.IndividualCivilDisobediencewaslaunchedin1933foundedin1934by
JaiPrakshNarain&AcharyaNarendraDevawithintheIndianNationalCongress.Itsmembersrejected
whattheysawastheCommunistPartyofIndia'sloyaltytotheUSSRaswellastheantirationalmysticism
ofMohandasGandhi.Althoughasocialist,JawaharlalNehrudidnotjointheCSP.Afterindependence,the
CSPbrokeawayfromCongress,undertheinfluenceofJPNarayanandBasawonSingh(Sinha),toform
theSocialistPartyofIndia.EnvisagedthatafterthewararepresentativebodyofIndianswouldbesetup
toframethenewconstitution.StartedinOctober1940.InitVinobaBhave,JawaharNehru&BrahmaDutt
werethefirst3satyagrahis.ViceroyLordLinlithgowexpandedisExecutivecouncilbytakingfivemore
Indiansintoit.TheIndiansweredissatisfiedasitdidnotliketherightsoftheprincelystatestojoinorstay
outoftheIndianconstitution.ThedemandforPakalsonotconsideredleadingtoMuslimleaguerejecting
theplan.ThefearofanimpendingJapaneseinvasionGandhilaunchedthiscampaign.Inthemidstthe
governmentarrestedallIndianleadersGandhiatPoona,othersatAhmadnagarfort.RajendraPrasadwas
internedinPatna.TheCongressSocialistPartywhithitsleaderslikeRamManoharLohia,Achyuta
Patwardhanplayedimportantrole.CommunistPartyremainedloyaltotheBritish.TheMuslimsby&
largeremainedindifferent.CaptainMohanSinghfoundeditin1942.In1943hereachedSingapore&gave
athecryofDilliChalo.HewasmadethepresidentoftheIndianIndependenceLeague.Thenameofthe
brigadeswereSubhash,Gandhi,Nehru&RaniLakshmibai.InNov1943,JapanhandedoverAndamans&
NicobarIslandstohim.HenamedthemShaheedIsland&SwarajIslandrespectively.Thearmymarched
towardsimphalafterregisteringvictoryoverKohima.ButlaterJapanaccepteddefeat&Subhasdiedina
plaincrashaftercrossingFormosaIsland.ToresolvetheconstitutionalimpasseRajagopalacharievolveda
formulainMarch1944.ButitwasrejectedbyJinnahwhowouldnotsettlewithoutPakistan.Themain
provisionswereakintoCrippsmissionproposals.ItessentiallydealtwiththeIndiandemandofselfrule&
reconstitutionofviceroysexecutivecouncilgivingabalancedrepresentationtothemajorcommunities.
ExecutivecouncilwasaninterimarrangementinwhichallbuttheViceory&theCommanderinChief
weretobeIndians&allportfoliosexceptdefenceweretobeheldbyIndianmembers.Conferencebroke
downbecauseofJinnahsinsistencethatMuslimleaguealonerepresentedIndianMuslims&hencenonon
leaguemuslimmemberscouldbenominatedtoviceroyscouncil.PathickLawrence(secretaryofstatefor
India),StaffordCripps&A.B.Alexander.JinnahstuckhisdemandforPakistan.Itproposedtheformation
ofUnionofIndiacomprisingbothBritishIndia&princelystates(onlyforeign,defence&
communication).AconstitutionalassemblywastobeformedconsistingofrepresentativesofProvincial
assemblies&princelystates,electedoncommunalbasisinproportiontothepopulationofeachprovince.
Envisagedinterimgovt&saidthatuntiltheconstitutionisframed&thegovtestdBritishforceswillnot
withdraw.TheCongress&MuslimleagueaccepteditinJune1946.Followingcabinetmissionelections
wereheld.Congresssecured205outof21431IndianHistory
32. generalseats&hadsupportof4sikhmembers.TheMuslimleaguegot73outof78Muslimseats.Jinnah
becamegreatlydisturbedbytheelectionresults.Hedemandedseparateconstituentassembly&started
instigatingviolentaction.Later16August1946wasfixedasdirectactiondaytowithdrawitsacceptance
ofcabinetmissionplan.CommunalriotsbrokeoutinBengal,UnitedProvince,Punjab,Sindh&NWFP.
InterimgovernmentwasformedwithJawaharNehruashead&14members6congress,5League,one
eachChristian,Sikh&Parsi.HoweverMuslimleaguekeptoutoftheInterimgovernment.INATrails
HeldatRedFortinDelhi.Nehru,BhulabhaiDesai,TejbahadurSaprufoughtthecaseonbehalfofthree
seniorINAofficers,Shahnawazkhan,P.M.Sehgal&G.S.GurudayalDhillonledtotheiracquittal.RIN
Mutiny1946IndiansservingintheRoyalIndianNavymutined.Around5000navalratingsputupINA
badges.MountbattenPlanMountbattencametoIndiaasViceroy.Heputforththeplanofpartitionof
Indiain3June1947.Punjab&Benglawouldbedividedintotwopartswithmuslim&nonmuslim
majority.Baluchistanhadtherighttodeterminewhichsidetojoin.Thepowerwouldbetransferredon15
August1947.ReferendumweretobeheldinNWFP,Sylhet(tojoinAssamorEastBengal).Legislative
assemblyofSindhwastodecidewhethertojoinIndiaornot.IndianIndependeceTheBritishParliament
passedtheIndianIndependenceacton18thJuly1947.Act1947Partitionon15thAugust.Theact
providedseparategovernorgeneralsforthetwodominions.Abolitionofthepostofsecretaryofstatefor
India.Pendingtheadoptionofnewconstitution,theadministrationofthetwodominions&theprovinces
wouldbecarriedoninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthegovernmentofIndiaact1935thoughspecial
powersoftheGovernorGeneral&theProvincialgovernorswouldbeceased.Jinnahbecamethefirst
governorgeneralofPakistan.UnificationDriveOn5thJuly1947,VallabhbhaiPatelappealedtothe
Indianprovincestohandover.Hefolloweduphisappealwithahurricanetourof40daysinwhichhe
invitedallthenativeprincestojointheIndianunionby5thAugust.InKashmirHariSinghsenthisPM
MeharchandMahajanwiththesignedpapersforthemerger.InHyderabadthenawabwantedtocontinue
hisarbitaryrulewiththehelpofRajakars.Finallyaftermilitaryaction,Rajakarswereexpelled&the
instrumentofaccessionsigned.Pondicherry&GoaTheotherFrenchterritorieswereKaraikal,
Mahe,Yanam&Chandernagore.ChandernagorehadaccededtoIndiaonthebasisofaplebiscite.In1954
alltheFrenchpossessioninIndiawereformallyhandedovertoIndiathoughthelegaltransfertookplace
in1962.OperationVijaywascarriedoutfortheliberationofGoawhensatyagrahafailedin1961.It
becameastatein1987.RajaramMohunRoyMaharishiDevendranathTagoreKeshavChandra
GhanshyamThoriSocialReformers&TheirWorkLaidstressonthestudyofEnglish&establishedthe
HinduCollegeinCalcuttaalongwithDavidHare.ThegrandfatherofRabindranathTagore.Heinspireda
numberofthinkerslikeIshwarChandraVidyasagar&AkshayKumarDattawhobecameBrahmoSamaj
members.Hedintperformhisfathersantyeshtisamskaraasitinvolvedidolworship.Hewasgreatly
inspiredwiththelivesofJohntheBaptist,JesusChrist&hencehe32IndianHistory
33. SenIshwarChandraVidyasagarBankimChandraRamakrishnaParamhamsaSwamiVivekanand(1863
1902)SwamiDayananda182483JyotibhaPhuleSayyidAhmadKhanLokmanyaTilak18561920Lala
LajpatRaiSriAurobindoGhoshChapekarBrothersSavarkarBrothersShyamjiKrishnaVermaMadam
KamaGhanshyamThoricameinconfrontationwithDevendranathTagore.ConsequentlytheBrahmo
SamajwassplitintotheBrahmoSamajofIndiaunderhim&AdiBrahmoSamajunderDevendranath.He
opposedchildmarriagebutmarriedherownminordaughtertoMaharajaofCoochBehar.Hencethere
wasafurthersplitintoNeoBrahmoSamajunderhim&SadharanBrahmoSamajBecameprincipalof
SanskritcollegeinCalcutta.OpenedtheSanskritcollegefornonBrahminstudents.HefoundedBethune
SchoolatCalcuttatoencouragefemaleeducation.FirstgraduateofCalcuttaUniversitywhichwasestdin
1857basedonthelinesofMacaulayMinute.Hebecameadeputycollector.WrotethefamousBande
Matram(AnandMath)&publishedBangaDarshanmagazine.BecameapriestinthetempleofGoddess
KaliatDakshineshwar.(183686)In1893heattenedtheParliamentofReligionsatChicago.In1897he
establishedtheRamakrishnaMission.Hisdisciple,SisterNiveditaevenhelpedmanyrevolutionariesfrom
Bengaldirectly.KnowninearlylifeasMulShankar&borninGujarat.Receivedhiseducationatthefeet
ofSwamiVirajanandaatMathura.FoundedAryaSamajin1875basedonasetof28principles(later10).
HeestdtheHQofAryaSamajatLahore.PassedawayonDiwaliatJodhpurfollowingthemixingofglass
powderinhisdrink.ThroughhisSatyarthaPrakashaheemphasizedVedas.Helaidemphasisonthe
worshipofaformlessgod&abandonmentofidolatory.HeemphasizedonAshramasystemofeducation.
Hestressedonswadeshi,swadharma,swabhasha&swarajya.HeconsideredVedasasinfallible.In1873
hefoundedSatyaShodhakSamaj.GavetestimonybeforeHunterCommissionagainstChristian
missionaries.LatergiventhetitleMahatma.In1875foundedtheMuhammadanAngloOrientalCollege
atAligarhwhichlaterbecameAligarhUniversity.Opposedpolygamy,purdah,abolitionofthepracticeof
easydivorce,reforminmadrasa.FreedomFightersIntroducedthecelebrationofGaneshChaturthi&
Shivajifestivals.PaticipatedinHomeRuleMovementin1916.CalledbyBritishersasBiggestTraitor&
FatherofIndiandissatisfactionSherePunjab.WassenttoJailatMandeyonthechargesofseditious
activities.HisdevelopmentofNationaleducation&editingofBandeMataram(startedbyBipinChandra
Pal)gavemomentumtoBengalpartitionmovement.LeftBarodatoworkintheNationalCollegein
Calcutta.ChapekarBrothersDamodar&Balakrishna.KilledtwoBritishofficialsRand&Aryst.
CelcbratedShivaji&GaneshUtsavs.GaneshSavarkar,VinayakDamodarSavarkar&NarayanaSavarkar.
V.D.SavarkarorganizedtheNewIndiaAssociationinLondon.OrganizinglecturesattheIndiaHouse
foundedbyShyamjiKrishnaVerma.HewaslinkedtotheassassinationofJacksonatAurangabad.
SentencedtoimprisonmentintheAndamansfrom191124.IndiaHousehadbecomecentreofV.D
Savarkar,SardarSinghRana,MadamBhikajikama&MadanLalDhingra.RepresentedIndiainthe
InternationalConferenceatStutteguardinGermany.33IndianHistory
34. MadanLalDhingraChandraShekharAzadHarkishenTalwarBhagatSinghRaniGaidinliuSubhas
ChandraBoseUdhamSinghHeshortdeadtheassistantoftheSecretaryofStateCurzonWyllie.Gopal
KrishnaGokhaleclleditasaheinousactmeanttospoilthenameofIndia.Involvedintheassassinationof
Saunders(officerwhoorderedtheLathiChargeinwhichLalaLajpatwaskilled),alongwithBhagatSingh
&Rajguru.HehadchalkedoutaplantoblowupthetraininwhichtheViceroyLordIrwinwastraveling.
HewaskilledinapoliceencounteratAlfredParkinAllahabad.ShottheGovernorofPunjabbutthelatter
escapedwithinjuriesonlyLaterHarkishenwashanged.InassociationwithChhabilDas&Yashpalhehad
foundedthePunjabNaujavanBharatSabha.LeadtheNagasintherevolt.Yadunagawastheotherleader.
PassedtheCivilsin1920butpreferredtoservethenationalistcause.HewaselectedtheMayorofCalcutta
in1923butsoonarrested&senttoMandalay.ElectedPresidentattheHaripurasessionofCongressin
1938.HeleftforKabulalongwithhisfriendBhagatRam.FromtherehewenttoGermany&metHitler.
HewasfirstaddressedasNetajiinGermany.WhilstlivinginEnglandin1940,SinghshotdeadSir
MichaelO'Dwyer,formerGovernorGeneralofthePunjab.MajorArmedUprisingWahabiShahAbdul
Aziz&SaiyedAhmadRaebarelvi.ObjectivewastoreformtheMuslimMovementsociety&convert
DurulHarb(NonIslamiccommunity)intoDarulIslam.Origianllythemovementwasstartedin
ArabiabyMuhammadIbnAbaeWahid.ItsmaincentrewasPatna,Sittana(NWprovince).KukaBhai
RamSingh(DiscipleofBhaiBalakSingh).ItisalsocalledNamdhariMission.MovementBhaiRam
Singhaskedhisfollowerstoworshipcow&runlangars,wearwhiteclothes&notuseanyforeign
commodityorservice.BhaiRamSinghwasdeportedtoBurma.SanthalSiddhu,Khanhu,Chand&Bhareo
(foursonsofChuluSanthalofRajMahaldistrict).RebellionUnderthePermanentSettlementof1793the
landsofSanthalpassedtoZamidars&185556latertoEuropeanIndigoplanters.10,000santhalswere
killedinthisrebellion.AfterthistheareawasputunderthedirectcontroloftheGovernorGeneral&was
namedSanthalParagana.VasudeoBalwantPhadkewasborninMaharashtra.Heleftthearmy&becamea
revolutionary.LaterdeportedtoAden&diedin1883.Hemaybejustlycalledthefatherofmilitant
nationalisminIndia.KisanLaunchedbyLalaLajpatRai&AjitSingh.Thepassingofthe1906Punjab
LandMovementsRevenueAct&heavyincreaseinwatertaxcausedpanic.ThepoemofBankeDayal,
PagriSambhalOJattabecamefamous.Lala&AjitSinghweresentencedto6monthsprison.Laterthe
DSPofLayalpurCloughwasassassinated.AjitSinghescapedtoFrancewhileBhaiParmanandshouse
searchyieldedabookonbombmaking.MoplahKhilafatmovementinMalabarincitedcommunalfeelings
inMuslimpeasantsdirectedRebelliontowardsHindulandholders.Newspapers/Magazines/Weeklies
35. HarijanBandhu,HarijanSevakSamvadKaumudi,MiratalAkhbarTattvabodhiniPatrikaIndianMirror
BangaDarshanMaratha(English)&Kesari(Marathi)ThePunjabi,ThePupil(English)NewIndia
BandeMatramYugantarTalwarNewIndiaCommonWillIndianSociologist(London)BandiJivanAl
HilalTheComradeNationKarmyogiPrabudhaBharat,UdbodhavaDarpanSocialist1885188618871888
188919051906W.C.BannerjeeDadabhaiNarojiBadruddinTyabjiGeorgeYuleWilliamWeederburn
G.K.GokhaleDadabhaiNaoroji19071912RashbihariBoseR.N.Madholkar1916AmbikaCharan
Mazumdar19201921192419281929MahatmaGandhiMotilalNehruJawaharNehru193019381939
S.C.BoseS.C.BoseGhanshyamThoriMahatmaGandhiRajaRamMohunRoyMaharishiDevendranath
TagoreMaharishiDevendranathTagoreBankimChandraChattopadhyayLokmanyaBalGangadharTilak
LalaLajpatRaiBipinChandraPalBipinChandraPal(EditingbyAurobindoGhosh)BarindraKumar
Ghose&BhupendraDutta(AnushilanSamiti)VerendranathChattopadhyayAnnieBesant(Demanding
HomeRule)AnnieBesant(DemandingHomeRule)ShyamjiKrishnavermaSachindranathSanyal
MaulanaAbulKalamAzad(duringKhilafat)MohammadAli(duringKhilafatmovement)G.K.Gokhale
AurobindoGhoshVivekanandaBalShastriJambekarS.A.Dange.CongressSessionsBombayCalcutta
MadrasAllahabadBombayBanarasIssueslikewelcomingtheprinceofwalesledtofeudCalcutta
Approvalofissuesofswadesi&nationaleducation.DadabhaiNaorojiwaschosenascompromise
president.Hedeclaredswarajastheobjective.SuratsplitBankipur.Shortestsessionastheeffortsto
makeAgaKhanpresideoverprovedfutile.Lucknow.Calcuttta.ApprovalofNoncooperationMovement
AhmedabadintensifyNonCopperationMovement.BelgaunCalcutta.AdoptedtheNehruReport
Constitution.Lahore.Theresolutiondemandingcompleteindependencewaspassedonthebanksofriver
Ravi.NosessionbutIndependenceDayPledgeadoptedon26thJanuaryHaripura.Tripuri.Formed
ForwardBloc.FamousSayings35IndianHistory
36. IwishforapeacefultermofIndia.IcannotforgetthatintheskyofIndia,sereneasitis,asmallcloud
mayarise..threatentoburst&overwhelm.abattleofblacksagainstthewhites(on1857revolt)
ThewarwhichbeganforreligionendedupasawarforindependenceIndiahaslosthermosteminent
son(ondeathofKeshavChandrSen)IfsomebodywantstounderstandIndiaheshouldstudy
VivekanandaSolongasmillionsliveinhunger&ignoranceIholdeverymanatraitorTheobjectiveof
foundingthecongresswastosaveBritishrulerfromdangerItismyfirmbeliefthatthecongress.I
shouldhelpitinitspeacefuldemiseIamveryhappythatthecongressiscontinuouslygoingdownhillOut
life&religionareuselesswithouttheattainmentofSwarajThelongnightisgoingtoendnow..most
powerfulgoddesshasarisenWheninhundredyearslipagitataion&paperagitationfailed,inthesesix
monthsrightworkhassucceeded(onBengalPartitionMovement)Acharterofslavery(ongovtofIndia
act1935)Thoroughlyrotten,fundamentallybad&totallyunacceptable(Act1935)Thechoicetodayis
acceptingthestatementofJune3orcommitingsuicide(onMountbattenplanofIndiaspartition)We
wouldnothavehadonePakistanbutseveral(Onpartitionplanacceptance)NasikConspiracyCase
MuzaffarpurShootingDelhiConspiracyCaseGadarMovement1915LahoreConspiracyCase1915
KakoriConspiracyCase1925MeerutConspiracy1929ChittagongArmouryRaid193032LordCanning
J.W.KayeSurendranathSenMaxMuellerRabindranathTagoreSwamiVivekanandaLalaLajpatRai
LordCurzonLordElginLokmanyaTilakVivekanandaLalaLajpatRaiJawaharNehruMohammadJinnah
GovindVallabhPantSardarVallabhPatelConspiracyCases/RevolutionaryActAnantKanhare&Ganesh
SavarkarshortdeadcollectorJacksonofNasikwiththerevolversentbyV.D.Savarkar1908.KhudiRam
&PrafullaChakitriedtobombKingsford,theDistrictJudgeofMuzaffarpurbutinsteadhiswife&
daughterdied.Khudiramaminorwashanged&PrafullaChakishothimselfdead.WhenLordHardinge
waspassingthroughaprocessioncelebratingtheshiftingofCapitaltoDelhiabombwasthrownonhim.
13peoplewerearrested.MasterAmirChand,AwadhBihari,BalMukund&BasantKumarBiswaswere
hangedwhereasRamBihariBosesuccededinfleeingtoJapan.BabaSohanSinghBakhna(president)Lala
Hardayal(secretary)andPanditKashiram(treasurer)atSanFranscisco.ApaperbythenameofGadarwas
alsobroughtoutbythisparty.RajaMahendraPratapevensetupagovernmentinexileforIndias
independenceatKabul.AraidwasconductedquashtheactivitiesofGadarrevolutionaries.Bhai
Parmanandwasarrested.VishnuGaneshPingle&KartarSinghSarabhawerealsoarrested.BabaSohan
SinghBakhnaweretransportedforlife.RamPrasadBismil,RajendraLahiri,RoshanSingh&Ashfaqullah
Khan(firstMuslim)werehanged.SachindranathSaynalwassentencedtolifeimprisonment.Chandra
SekharAzadwasalsoinvolvedbutheescaped.ThirtyoneCommunistleadersarrestedforsedition:Trial
lasted4yearsUndertheleadershipofSuryasenongovernmentarmouriesatChittagong,MymenSingh&
Barisal.AmbikaChakraborti,LoknathBal&GaneshGhosewereprominentleadersinvolved.Amongthe
girls,KalpanaDutt,PreetilataWaddekarwereintheforefront.AfighttookplaceinJalalabadhillswherea
numberofrevolutionarieswerekilled.MiscellaneousFacts:GhanshyamThori36IndianHistory
37. 1.TheMarathaswereScindia(Gwalior),Holkar(Indore),Gaekwar(Baroda),Bhonsle(Nagpur).2.Sawai
JaiSinghofAmer(Jaipur)hadEuclidsElementsofGeometry)&severalworksonTrigonometrywere
translatedintoSanskrit.BandaBairagiwasbaptisedasBandaSinghBahadurbyGuruGobindSingh.
3.AlfonsodAlbuquerquecametoIndiaasthePortuguesegovernor&latercapturedGoa.4.ByaFarman
issuedin1717byFarrukhSiyartheEastIndiacompanygainedmanyconcessions.ThefirstBritishfactory
wasestablishedin1651inHughliunderpermissionfromShahShuja,SubedarofBengal&sonofmughal
emperorShahJahan.5.CliveintroductedthesystemofdualadministrationinBengalunderwhichthe
companyacquiredrealpowerwhiletheresponsibilityofadministrationNizamataswellasDiwaniwas
exercisedthroughIndians.ThissystemwasfinallyterminatedbyWarrenHastings.6.Undersubsidiary
allianceaBritishresident&armywastobekeptattheprincelystate&aportionoftheterritory/annual
amountwastobegivenformaintenance.InreturnthestatesgotBritishprotection.7.Devastingfamineof
Bengalin1770&1837(8lakhsdied).Latertherewasseriousfaminein189697&18991901.8.The
sequenceofstateswhichwereannexedbydoctrineoflapsewereSatara(1848),SambalpurofOrissa,
JaitpurinBundelkhand(bothin1849),Baghat(1850)Udaipur(1852),Jhansi(1853),Nagpur(1854).
Awadhwasannexedonthegroundsofmisrule.9.FirstdirecttranslationofaSanskritworkintoEnglish
wascompletedbyCharlesWilkins.ThebookthatwastranslatedwastheBhagavadGita.Thepindaris
wereagroupofirregularhorsemenattachedtotheMarathaarmywhousedtoservewithoutpaybutwere
allowedtoplunder.TheBritishsuppressedthem.10.TheBritishersstoppedthepensionofPeshwaBaji
RaoIIsadoptedsonNanaSahib,thenawabofCarnatic&theRajaofTanjore.11.Thearmyofficersin
BengalwerepaidtwotimesextraallowanceincomparisontotheircounterpartsinMadras.LordClive
stoppedthis&consequentlytheBritishArmyOfficersroseinrevoltwhichcametobeknownastheWhite
Revolt.12.In1853CharlesWoodbecametheChairmanoftheboardofcontrol.Consequentlybythe
CharterActof1853,IndianswereallowedentryintotheCivilServices.Theminimumagewasraisedto
23&itscentrewasEngland&Enlishwasmadethemedium.Thedispatchrecommendedthe
establishmentofoneuniversityeachinCalcutta,Bombay&MadrasonthemodelofLondonUniversity.
13.CornwalliswasthefirstGovernorGeneraltoestablisharegularpoliceforceontheBritishpatternin
India.WarrenHastingsestablishedafauzdari&DiwaniAdalats.TheDiwaniadalatswerepresidedover
bytheDistrictcollectorswhereasIndianJudgesassistedbyMuftis&QazisdecidedcasesinFaujdari
adalats.GhanshyamThori37IndianHistory
38. AppealsfromtheseadalatscouldbemadetoSadarDiwaniadalat&SadarNizamaladalatatCalcutta.
WarrenHastingsalsoestablishedamadrasainCalcuttatoencouragestudyofMuslimlaws.14.TheSadar
Diwani&SadarNizamatadalatsoperatedonthebasisofIndianlaws.15.LordCornwallisdivestedthe
collectorofalljudicialpowers,therebyputtinganendtohisroleasboththecollectorofrevenue&the
districtmagistrate.HecreatedanewpostcalledDistrictjudgeforthepurpose.Duringhisperiodthe
systemofZamidariwasintroduced.TheMahalwari&Ryotwarisystemswerealsodevisedtomaximize
revenuecollections.16.Gradationofcriminalcourtsweredistrict,circuit,provincialcircuit&the
highestSadarNizamatAdalat.TheGovernorGeneralenjoyedpowerofpardon.Incaseofcivillawthe
gradationwasMunsifs,courtofregistrars,districtcourts,provincialcourts(Calcutta,Dacca,Murshidabad
&Patna),SadarDiwaniAdalat&thehighestKinginCouncil.17.LordWilliamBentickestablished
separateSadarNizamatAdalat&SadarDiwanAdalatweresetupatAllahabadforconvenienceofNW
Indianpopulation.18.TheWidowRemarriageActwaspassedin1856.In1891thoughtheenactmentof
theageofconsentacttheminimummarriageableageforagirlwasraisedto12years.In1930thoughthe
ShardaActtheminimumagewasraisedto14years.Afterindependencethelimitwasraisedto15years
(1948)&18years(1978).19.RailwayswereintroducedduringDalhousiesperiod.Dalhousiealsopassed
ReligiousDisabilitiesAct.Till1850aconverttootherreligionusedtobedisinheritedfromtheancestral
property,butnowevenafteradoptingChristianityhisclaimsonpropertyremainedintact.LordCaning
(185662)wasthelastgovernorgeneraloftheeastIndiacompany.20.In1852Inamcommissionwas
established.Itsobjectivewastotakeoverthelandsonwhichrevenuewasnotbeingpaid.21.Lord
EllenboroughdiscontinuedthepracticeofgivinggiftstoBahadurShah&stuckhisnameoffthecoins.
DalhousieaskedhimtovacateDelhi&shifttoQutabarea.Canningannouncedthattheemperorshould
renouncethetitle&hisstatusbereducedtothatofaprince.22.Themodeofcarryingtherevoltof1857
waschappatis&redlotus.Initallyplannedon31stMaybuton29thMarchMagalPandeyrevolted.Bakht
KhanwastheactualleaderatDelhi,BegumHazratMahalatLucknow(declaredherminorsonBijris
Kadarthenawab&roseinrevolt),NanaSaheb,TantyaTope,AzimullahkhanatKanpur,KunwarSingh
ofJagdishpur(Bihar),AhmadullahatRohilkhand,RangaBapujiGupteinMaharashtra,SonajiPant&
RangaRaoPageofKolhapur,RadhakrishnaDandsenaatGanjam.Chengalpet(underAnnagiri&Krishna)
nearMadraswasalsoamajorcentre.GhanshyamThori38IndianHistory
39. 23.LoyalistincludedHolkarofIndore,rulerofGwalior,rulersofPatiala,Jind,Nabha,Nizamof
Hyderabad,GulabSinghofKashmir,SikhrulersofPatiala,NawabofBhopal,rulersofTehri&Tikagarh.
Biglandlords,moneylenders&tradersalsosupportedtheruleofthecompany.TheEnglisheducated
classesalsoremainedindifferent.QueenofBahadurShah,RaniJeenatMahal&hertwosonsjoinedhands
withtheenemy.24.BahadurShahwassenttoAsyluminRangoonwherehediedin1862.25.Thewhite
soldiersrevoltedbecauseoftheirdiscontentduetoshiftingoftheirdivisionsfromtheEastIndiaCompany
tothecommandofBritishCrown.DuetothisCanninghadtoremovenearly10,000soldiers.Thiswas
calledtheRevoltofthewhites.26.Followingtherevoltthearmywasreorganized.NoEuropeanwas
recruitedinthelocalforces.CrucialbranchesofarmylikeartilleryexclusiveforBritish.Exceptforsome
loyalregimentstheBengalarmywasdisbanded.27.In1876theBritishParliamentpassedanActknown
astheRoyalTitlesActbywhichtheQueenVictoriaassumedthetitleoftheEmpressofIndia.The
practiceofRoyalDarbar(1877)duringLyttonwasintroducedtoinstillloyaltyamongtheIndianprinces.
AgainRoyalDurbaratDelhiduringCurzonsperiodin1903tocommemoratethecoronationofEdward
VII.28.After1857,duetothePressRegistrationActof1867,libertyofpresswhichhadbeengivenby
Metcalf(1835)wasfinished.TheVernacularPressActofLordLyttonof1878whichempoweredthe
districtmagistratestocalluponthepublishertoenterintoabondundertakingnottopublishanything
likelytoexcitefeelingsofdissatisfaction.Englishpaperswereexemptedfromit.Noappealcouldbe
made.AmritaBazarPatrikastartedpublishinginEnglishinsteadofBengali.IndianArmsActpassedby
Lyttonin1878barredIndiansfrompossessingweaponsunlessconsideredloyalsubjectsbyBritishers.29.
Throughanactin1860theagelimitfroCivilswasreducedfrom23to22&itwasfurtherreducedto21in
1866&probationinEnglandextendedforaperiodof2yearsfrom1yearbefore.In1864SatyendraNath
TagorewasthefirstIndiantoclear.In1869,SriSurendranathBanerjea,SriBihariLalGupta&R.CDutt
succeded.In1877themaximumagewasfurtherreducedfrom21to19.Lyttonproposedaplanfor
StatutoryCivilServicesin1879whichwasnottohavethesamestatusascovenantedservices.However
anamendmentprovidedthatamaximumof1/6thofitsmembershouldbeIndians.30.TheHunter
Commission(1882)wasofficiallyknownastheIndianEducationCommission,appointedtoreviewthe
stateofeducationsinceWoodsdispatch&headedbyWilliamWilsonHunter.31.IlbertBill(1883)of
Ripon(188084)wasmeantforallowingIndianjudgestotryEuropeans.LordRiponrepealedthe
VernacularPressActin1882.GhanshyamThori39IndianHistory
40. 32.ChiefPreCongressorganizationswereLandHoldersSociety(1837),BritishIndiaSociety(1843),
BritishIndianAssociation(1851)inBengal,NativeAssociation(1852)inMadras&BombayAssociation
(1852)inBombay.In1866DadabhaiNaroji(GrandOldManofIndia&presidentofCongresstwice)set
uptheEastIndiaAssociationinLondon.33.ThePunePublicConference(GaneshaVasudevJoshi,S.H.
Sathe,Chiplunkar&MGRanade)wasestablishedin1870.InCalcuttatheIndianleague(EditorsofABP
SisirKumarGhosh,ShambhuchandMukherjee,KaliMohanDas&J.C.Dutt)wasestablishedin187534.
TheIndianAssociationwassetupin1876.ItsleaderswereAnandMohanBose&Surendranath
Banerjea.TheMahajanSabha(P.RangayyaNaidu,V.Raghavachari&Anandcharlu)wasestdinMadras
in1884.In1885HumespokeofhisownpartyasIndianNationalUnionwhichlatercametobeknownas
IndiannationalCongress(duringDufferinstenure).TheactualpurposewastostrengthenBritishrule&
actlikeasafetyvalve.UndertheleadershipofWilliamDigby,thecongressopenedabranchinEnglandin
1888&startedamagazinecalledIndia.35.AurobindoGhosh(18721950)returnedtoIndiaafter14
yearsstayinEnglandinJanuary1893.AnnieBesantarrivedinIndiathesameyear&MahatmaGandhi
wenttoS.Ainconnectionwiththetrialofamerchant,AbdullaSeth.Tilakwasarrestedforseditious
writinginhispaperKesari&sentencedforsixyears(190814)imprisonment.HeaskedJinnahto
defendhim.36.In1904theAdministrativeSecrecyActwaspassedwhichconsideredbreachonofficial
secretsasacriminaloffence.ThesameyeartheIndianUniversitiesActwaspassedwhichincreasedthe
governmentcontrolontheuniversities.37.InthepartitionofBengal,Chittagong,Rajshahi&Daccawere
mergedwithAssamtoformnewprovince.Daccawasproposedtobeitscapital.Theremainingpart
includedWestBengal,Bihar&Orissa.FinallyCurzonannouncedthepartitionofBengalonOctober16,
2005.Thiswasobservedasblackday.38.Inthe1915sessionoftheMuslimleagueMahatmaGandhi,
SarojniNaidu&MadanMohanMalviyatookpartwhichwaspresidedbyM.A.Jinnah.TheCongress
acceptedthedemandofseparateelectorates.39.GandhijiwroteinHindSwaraj,Passiveresistance
(Satyagraha)isanallsidedsword.Hewantedthesatyagrahitoobserveperfectchastity,adoptpoverty,
followtruth&cultivatefearlessness.40.UndertheMorleyMintoreformsof1909only1percent&under
theMontaguChelmsfordReformsof1919,two&ahalfpercent,&underGovtofIndiaact1935,13
percentpopulationbecameeligiblevoters.Electionstoprovinciallegislatureswereheldin1937&the
congressvirtuallysweptthepolls.TheMuslimleaguecouldregistervictoryonlyin81seatsoutof482
Muslimseats.ViceroyLinlithgowassuredCongressofhiscooperation.Thecongressformedgovernment
in7states.IntwostatesinSindh&AssamministriesGhanshyamThori40IndianHistory
41. wereformedbycongresssupport.InPunjabtheUnionistParty&theMuslimLeagueformedthecoalition
government&inBengalthecoalitionministryofKrishakPrajaParty&theMuslimLeaguecameto
power.41.In1937,aftertheelectionsMohammadAliJinnahProposedtoformacoalitionministryinthe
UnitedProvinces(astheywereinminority)butthecongressrefused.AtthisjunctureJinnahproposedhis
twonationtheory.TheMuslimleaguecelebrated12December1939,thedayonwhichtheCongress
MinistriesresignedfromofficeastheDeliveranceDay.Howevercommunalstockflaredupin1940
whentheMuslimLeagueacceptingthetwonationtheoryinitsannualsessionatLahoredemanded
Pakistancreation.TheJamaitulUlemaeHind,KhudaiKhidmatgaropposedthedemand.42.In1939
withoutconsultingthepeopleofIndia,theBritishgovernmentinvolvedthepeopleinwar.Hencethe
congressministriesresigned.43.TheHinduMahasabhawasestablishedin1915ontheoccasionofthe
KumbhMelaatHardwarbyMadanMohanMalaviya.V.DSavarkar,LalaLajpatRaiparticipatedinit.44.
On26thNovember1949,Dr.RajendraPrasadasthepresidentoftheconstituentassemblyformallysigned
theconstitution,evenwhileexpressinghisdissenton20points.ItwasprimarilywritteninEnglish&no
educationalqualificationwassetforanypostsenshrinedinit.Indiawasthendividedinto562princely
states(accountingfor48%area&20%population)otherthanBritishIndia.45.During194145,no
sessionsofCongresswereheldduetoarrestofalleminentleaders46.ManabendraNathRoy(March21,
1887January25,1954)wasanIndianCommunistleader.RoywasbornasNarendranathBhattacharya.He
hadaleadingroleinrevolutionarymovementsinIndia,Mexico,theMiddleEast,theSovietUnion,
IndonesiaandChina.LikeMarxhewasbothandactivistandaphisopherinfactLenincalledhim"the
OrientalMarx".RoytriedtoorganizeanarmedinsurrectioninIndiain1915foundedtheCommunist
PartyofMexico(1919)andtheemigreCommunistPartyofIndiainTashkent(1920)rosetooccupythe
highestofficesoftheCommunistInternationalandledtheCommintern'sdelegationtoChina(1927).At
thesametimeheauthoredsuchMarxistclassicsasIndiainTransition(1922),TheFutureofIndian
Politics(1926)andRevolutionandCounterrevolutioninChina(1930)andfoundedtheorganofthe
emigreCommunistPartyofIndia,TheVanguard(andlaterTheMasses)andediteditforsevenyears
(192228).TheGovt.ofIndiaAct1858GhanshyamThoriImportantActsGaveassurancethattherewould
benomoreterritorialpossessions.Titleswerebestowedonmanyprinces&therightofadoptionwas
accepted.No41IndianHistory
42. TheIndianCouncilAct1861MorleyMintoReforms1909MontaguChelmsfordReforms1919.Govtof
IndiaAct1935GhanshyamThoriinterferenceinreligiousmatters.Providedthattherewasnodifference
betweenthecentral&provincialsubjects.Thenumberofadditionalmembersinthecouncilwasfixed
betweenfourtoeight.TheActalsoprovidedtheMadras&Bombaygovernmentstherighttomakelaws.
ThenumberofmembersintheImperialLegislativeCouncilwasraisedto69outofwhich37weretobe
govtnominees&32nongovt.Thenongovtnomineescomprised5membersnominatedbythegovernor
general&27electedmembers(13representedMaharajas,6landlords,6muslims&2Chambersof
CommerceinBengal&Bombay).SetupabifurcatedlegislatureconsistingoftwohousesietheCouncilof
States&theCentralLegislativeAssembly,inplaceofformerImperialCoucilconsistingofonlyone
house.SomeofthefunctionsoftheSecretaryofStateweretakenfromhim&giventothehigh
commissionerforInidawhowastobeappointed&paidbythegovernmentofIndia.Forthefirsttimethe
KingsCouncilwasestablished.Theambitofcommunalelectorateswasexapnedtogiverepresentationto
theSikhs,AngloIndians,Europeans&ChristiansalongwiththeMuslims.TherepresentationofIndians
wasincreasedinboththecentralaswellasprovinciallegislatures.Contained451articles.Itwastohave
twochambers,thecouncilofstate&thefederalassembly.TheIndiancouncilwasabolished.Expanded
communalrepresentation.DecidedtoestablishafederationofIndiaconsistingofGovernorsprovinces&
princelystates.Itwascompulsoryforthegovernorsprovincestoaccedetotheproposedfederation,
whereasinthecaseofprincelystates,itwasvoluntary.Allconstituentpartsofthefederationweretohave
fullinternalautonomy.Toimplementtheactitwasproposedtoestablishafederalexecutive&afederal
legislature.Undertheact,dyarchyintheprovincesearlierestablishedbytheactof1919wasreplacedby
ProvincialAutonomy.Thedistinctionbetweenreservedsubjects&transferredsubjectswasabolished.
BurmawasseparatedfromIndia.Thegovernorwasnotboundtoaccepttheadviceofcouncilofministers.
42IndianHistory
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