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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

Exam
Admission Sticker
FACULTY OF HEALTH
SCIENCES
HDP 112
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
JANUARY 2013
1.
2.
1.
2.

1.

Please read these instructions carefully before answering the questions. You are not allowed to open the
question paper until you are informed to.
Candidates are not allowed to bring into the Examination Hall/Room any reference books, dictionaries of any
kind, diagrams or pieces of paper or any written materials.
Sila baca arahan dengan teliti sebelum menjawab soalan. Pelajar tidak dibenarkan membuka kertas soalan sehingga
diberitahu.
Para pelajar tidak dibenarkan membawa masuk sebarang bentuk buku rujukan, kamus, diagram atau helaian kertas atau
bahan bertulis ke dalam Dewan/Bilik Peperiksaan.

This paper contains of TWO(2) sections A, B and C.

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi DUA(2) bahagian A ,B dan C.

2.

Write your I/C NO. / PASSPORT NO, STUDENT ID, CLASS CODE and LECTURERS NAME in the section
provided.
Tulis NO. K/P atau NO. PASSPORT, ID PELAJAR, KOD KELAS dan NAMA PENSYARAH di dalam bahagian yang
disediakan.

3.

Write the answer on the provided answering sheet. Use new page for the new question or new section.
Jawab di dalam kertas jawapan yang disediakan. Sila mulakan di muka surat baru bagi soalan atau bahagian yang berlainan.

4.

Use only BLACK or BLUE PEN.

Gunakan PEN BIRU atau HITAM sahaja.

5.

Attach this FRONT COVER to your answer sheet.

Kepilkan bahagian MUKA SURAT HADAPAN ini beserta dengan jawapan anda.

I/C No / PASSPORT No

CLASS CODE

STUDENT ID

LECTURER

-------------------------------------------------------------------- To Be Filled By the Examiner Only -----------------------------------------------------------MARKS

SECTION A

20

SECTION B

40

SECTION C

40

NAME

REMARKS

EXAMINER 1

EXAMINER 2

TOTAL (100 m)

TOTAL (10%)

BRANCH

KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
HDP 112 -ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

MID TERM EXAMINATION: JANUARY 2013

SECTION - A
Answer all the multiple choice questions given below:
Shade your answer in the shading sheet provided

20 x 1mark = 20 marks

How many chamber of human heart?

A
2
B
3
C
4
D
5

The apex of the heart lies in the ____________.

A
2nd intercostal space-left side
B
2nd intercostal space-right side
C
5th intercostal space left side
D
5th intercostal space-right side

Fill in the missing term in following series :Left ventricleascending

aorta_____myocardium
A
Coronary arteries
B
Left atrium
C
Lung
D
right pulmonary artery

Blood from the left ventricle is pumped out into the__________.

A
Left atrium Pulmonary artery
B
Aorta
C
Pulmonary artery
D
Inferior vena cava

What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose?

A
To fight disease.
B
They serve no purpose.
C
To keep dust out of the lungs
D
To tickle the nose and cause sneezes.

The impulse for cardiac contraction starts at___________.

A
SA node
B
AV node
C
Bundle of his
D
Purkinje fiber

_________acts as a flap that prevent food from entering the trachea.

A
Larynx

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B
C
D

HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

Throid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottios

The junction where the trachea and the two primary bronchi branch is
reinforced by a cartilage plate called the _______.
A
Tracheal cartilage
B
Corniculate cartilage
C
Ventricular cartilage
D
Carina

The very small functional units of the lung is:

A
Alveoli
B
Alveolar duct
C
Terminal bronchiole
D
Respiratory bronchiole

10

Where does gas exchange occur?

A
Terminal bronchioles
B
Respiratory bronchioles
C
Alveolar duct
D
Alveoli

11

Reduced oxygen to the body tissue is termed as _______.

A
Dead space
B
Cyanosis
C
Hypoxia
D
Carboxia

12

Tidal volume is air ________.

A
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B
exchanged during normal breathing
C
inhaled after normal inspiration
D
forcibly expelled after normal expiration

13

Bluish color of the skin also known as _____

A
Cyanosis
B
Hypoxia
C
Dead space
D
Bruise

14

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

A
midbrain and medulla
B
medulla and pons

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C
D

HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

pons and midbrain

upper spinal cord and medulla

15

A dendrite conducts nerve impulses ________ the cell body.

A
Away from
B
Toward
C
Both A and B
D
Around, bypassing

16

The importance of myelination is _______.

A
Insulation of axon
B
Protection of axon
C
Increasing speed of impulse conduction
D
All the above

17

Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the ________.

A
Muscle cells
B
Glands
C
Neurons
D
Nephrons

18

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______.

A
nodes of Ranvier
B
the synapse
C
dendrite
D
axon

19

The total number of spinal nerves are _________.

A
12 pairs
B
24 pairs
C
31 pairs
D
33 pairs

20

Motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and gland
called______.
A
Afferent neurons
B
Efferent neurons
C
Autonomic neurons
D
Spinal nerves

SECTION - B
Answer ALL of the following SHORT questions:

8 x 5 marks = 40 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

Describe the effects of exercise on cardiovascular system.

(5 marks)

Write a note on movement of the ribcage during breathing.

(5 marks)

Explain in details stages of cardiac cycle.

(5 marks)

(a)

What is gas exchange?

(2 marks)

(b)

Describe the factor affecting gas exchange

(3 marks)

(a)

What is ECG?

(2 marks)

(b)

Write on normal ECG waveform.

(3 marks)

Describe in details on cyanosis.

(5 marks)

(a)

Define cardiac output.

(2 marks)

(b)

Write a note on the factor affecting cardiac output.

(3 marks)

List function of kidney.

(5 marks)

SECTION - C
Answer ANY TWO of the following ESSAY questions:

2 x 20marks = 40 marks

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Describe the structure of the heart under the following headings:

(a)
(b)
(c)

HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

Chambers and valves of the heart

Layers of heart
Coronary circulation

(9 marks)
(6 marks)
(5 marks)

Explain in details the structure of the lungs under the following headings.
.
(a)
Lobes and bronchopulmonary segments
(b)
Pleura and pleural space
(c)
Muscle of respiration

(10 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)

Explain with the help of a diagram, lung volumes and capacities.

(20 marks)

(a)

(10 marks)

(b)

With the help of a labeled diagram, explain in details the different

part of neuron.
Write a note on structure of peripheral nerves.

END OF QUESTIONS

KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

(10 marks)

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

HDP 112 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
SOLUTION
Q.No

Solution

Question A1
Question A2
Question A3
Question A4
Question A5
Question A6
Question A7
Question A8
Question A9
Question A10
Question A11
Question A12
Question A13
Question A14
Question A15
Question A16
Question A17
Question A18
Question A19
Question A20
Question B1

(c ) 4
(c) 5th intercostal space-left side
(b) Coronary artery
(b) Aorta
( c) To keep dust out of the lungs
(A) SA node
(d) Epiglottis
(d) Carina
(a) alveoli
(a) alveoli
(c )Hypoxia
(b) exchanged during normal breathing
(a) cyanosis
(b) pons and medulla
(b) towards
(d) all the above
(c ) neuron
(a) node of Ranvier
(c ) 31 pairs
(b) efferent neurons
Regular exercise makes the cardiovascular system
more effiecient at pumping blood and delivering
oxygen to the exercise muscle.

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During exercise, there:

-Gradual increase in heart rate
-Gradual decrease in stroke volume
-Cardiac output is maintained
- Rise in systolic blood pressure
Initial signal t drive cardiovascular system comes from
higher brain center
2. fined tuned feedback from:
Chemoreceptor
Mechanoreceptor
Baroreceptor
There is Redistribution of Blood Flow
1. Increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle.
At rest ,muscle receive approximately 20 % of the
total blood flow,but during exercise, the blood flow to
muscle increase to 80-85%.
2. Reduced blood flow to less active organ-Liver
,kidney
3. Brain blood flow not affected.
Question B2

The chest wall is formed by 12 pairs of ribs, strernum,

5 marks

5 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

costal cartilage and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

1st rib- during inspiration the 1st rib elevates and moves
superiorly and posteriorly at costovetebral joints and
pushes the manubrium superiorly. This increases the
vertical diameter of the rib cage.
2nd rib-6th rib During inspiration, the upper half of
ribs moves superiorly and anteriorly increasing the
anterio-posterior diameter of the thorax(Pump handle
movement).

5 marks

5 marks

Stages of Cardiac Cycle.

Cardiac cycle occurs due to:
Systole- period of contraction
Diastole a period of relaxation of the heart chambers. 5 marks

5 marks

7th-10th ribs- during inspiration the lower half of the

ribs moves superiorly and laterally increasing the
lateral diameter of the thorax (Bucket handle
movement)
11-12th ribs they can move in any direction because
they dont have any attachment with sternum.

Question B3

The Cardiac Cycle

Stages of Cardiac Cycle

Atrial Systole - contraction of atria-0.1 sec
Venticular Systole contraction of ventricles-0.3 sec
Complete Cardiac Diastole relaxation of the atria
and ventricles -0.4 secs
Atrial contraction : SAnode triggers causing atrial
contraction. Blood from the atria enter into the
ventricles.
Ventricular systole : AV node troggers and impulse
travel through the ventricles. Ventricles contract,
Atrioventricular valve close, aortic and pulmonary
valve open. Blood from the ventricles flow into the
aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Complete cardiac diastole after contraction of the
ventricles there is a complete cardiac diastole when the
atria and ventricles are relaxed. Aortic and pulmonary
valves close, while atrioventricular valves open. The
blood from the veins fill the two atria- superior and
inferior vena cava fill the right atrium and the
pulmonary veins fill the left atrium. The
atrioventricular valves are open and blood flows to the

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

ventricles passively.
Question B4

(a)
Gas exchange is the exchange of respiratory gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) between tissues and
blood.

1 marks

5 marks
(b)Factor affecting gas exchange:
-The thickness of the membrane: this comprises the
thickness of the alveolar wall, capillary wall and the
interstitial membrane. The thicker the membrane the
lesser gas exchange.
-The surface area of the membrane: These comprise
the surface area available for gas exchange. The more
the surface area, the more gas exchange.
-The diffusion coefficient of the gas through the
membrane; the more the diffusion gradient, the greater
is the gas exchange
-The partial pressure difference of the gas between the
two sides of the membrane ;this comprises the
difference in the amount of gas present in the tissue
and the blood. The greater the difference in the partial
pressure, the more gas exchange.
Question B5

Electrocardiogram:
(a) Definition:
An electrocardiogram is a non-invasive procedure for
recording of the electrical signal produced by heart
muscle fibers during each heartbeat,
(b) ECG Normal waveform
- P wave represent atrial depolarization.
- QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization
- T wave represent ventricular repolarization

Question B6

Question B7

4 marks

Cyanosis is blue coloration of the skin and mucous

membranes due to the presence of deoxygenated
hemoglobin in blood vessel near the skin surfaces.
Cyanosis divided in to two main types:
Central (around the core and lips)
Peripheral (only the extremities are effected)
(A)
Cardiac output is defined as the quantity of blood
pumped by heart in 1 minutes.
Cardiac output= heart rate* stroke volume

2 marks
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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

5 marks
Factor affecting cardiac output:

4 marks

There are three important factors that affect the

cardiac output:
- Preload
-Contractility
-After load
Preload: preload means the amount of blood coming
back into the heart through the veins. More preload
greater is the cardiac output.
Contractility: it is the ability of the heart to produce a
strong contraction.
Contractility depends on the inotrophic agents
After load: it is the amount of back pressure that the
heart has to overcome before the semilunar vlve can
open and blood flow out into the aorta and pulmonary
artery. More the afterload lesser is the cardiac output.
Question B8
Nervous system is made up of highly specialized cells
that are capable of transmitting information rapidly
between different parts of the body.
The nervous system is divided into the
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- central nervous system (CNS)
The CNS consists of the spinal cord and the brain
Functions are:
Thought, language, emotion, the control of movement
and analysis of sensation.

5 marks

5 marks

The PNS consists of

-sensory neurons running from stimulus receptors that
inform the CNS of the stimuli
motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles
and glands - called effectors - that take action.
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into
the sensory-somatic nervous system
the autonomic nervous system

Q.No.

Solution
(a) The heart is a hollow muscular organ in the

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

thoracic cavity

Question C1

Chambers of the heart: The heart has 4

chambers.
o The two chambers on the right side are
called right atrium and right ventricle
o The two chambers on the left side are
known as the left atrium and left ventricle
o The left and right atria are smaller in size,
the upper chambers of the heart. The atria
are separated by interatrial septum.
o The left and right ventricles are larger in
size, the lower chambers of the heart. The
two ventricles are separated by
interventricular septum.

9 marks

Valves of the heart: The heart has 4 valves.

o The opening between the right atrium and
the right ventricle is guarded by the
tricuspid valve - right atrioventricular
(AV) valve.
o The opening between the left atrium and
the left ventricle is guarded by the
bicuspid valve -- Mitral valve - left
atrioventricular (AV) valve
o The opening between right ventricle and
pulmonary artery is guarded by the
Pulmonary valve.
o The opening between the left ventricle
and the aorta is guarded by the Aortic
valve.

20 marks

(b)

(c)

Layers of the heart: The heart has 3 layers

o The innermost layer is called
endocardium
o The middle layer is made of cardiac
muscles called myocardium
o The outermost layer is called the
pericardium
o The pericardium is divided further as the
fibrous pericardium and the serous
pericardium
o The serous pericardium is further divided
into visceral and parietal pericardium
o The pericardial fluid is present between
these two layers

6 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

Coronary circulation: The heart receives

blood supply through the right and left
coronary arteries. They are the first branches
of aorta.
o Main branches of Right coronary
artery:
- Posterior interventricular branch
- Marginal artery
o Main branches of left coronary artery:
- Anterior interventricular branch
- Circumflex artery

5 marks

Venous blood of heart is collected by the coronary

sinus. It opens directly into the right atrium.
Veins draining into coronary sinus are:

Question C2

Great cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

(a)
LOBES OF THE LUNGS AND
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT
Each lung is divided into lobes by means of fissures
The right lung which is bigger has 3 lobes
-upper lobe
-middle lobe
-lower lobe
The left lung has 2 lobes:
- Upper lobe
- Lower lobe
10 marks
The right lung has two fissures:
- The horizontal fissures
- The oblique fissures
The left lung has only one fissures:
- The oblique fissure
Bronchopulmonary segment
RIGHT LUNG
Upper lobe
-apical segment
-anterior segment
Posterior segment
MIDDLE LOBE
-Medial segment
-Lateral segment

20 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

LOWER LOBE
-apicobasal
-Medial basal
-Anterior basal
-Lateral basal
- Posterior basal
LEFT LUNG
Upper lobe
-apical segment
-Anterior
-Posterior
Lingula
-Superior segment
-Inferior segment
Lower lobe
-Apicobasal
- lateral basal
-anterior basal
-posterior basal

(b) the pleura is the outer covering of the lung

It consists of two layers
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura

5 marks

Pleural space
- Between the parietal and visceral pleura there
is a space called as pleural cavity.
- The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.
- The pleural fluid prevents between the two
pleural during breathing movement.
Intercostal muscle
5 marks

Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles

that run between the ribs, and help form and
move the chest wall.
the external intercostal muscles, which aid in
quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on
ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 212. The external intercostals are responsible
for the elevation of the ribs.
Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles that
run between the ribs, and help form and move
the chest wall.
the external intercostal muscles, which aid in
quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on
ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 212. The external intercostals are responsible
for the elevation of the ribs.

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

d) diaphragm
The diaphragm is a sheet of internal muscle that
extends across the bottom of the rib cage.
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart,
lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and
performs an important function in respiration

Origin :
Sternal: back of the xiphoid process
Costal: the inner surfaces of the lower six ribs
on either
side
Lumbar: the lumbar vertebrae
Insertion:
Central tendon
Nerve supply:
Phrenic nerve

Question C3
Respiratory volumes
I) Tidal volume (TV)
It is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs
during quiet breathing at rest. TV=500ml
ii) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) It is the volume
of air additional to TV that can be inspired during a
maximum inspiration. IRV=2500ml
iii) Expiratory Reserve volume (EVR)
It is the volume of air additional to TV that can be
expired during a maXimum expiration.ERV=1000ml
iv) Residual volume (RV)It is the volume of air
remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration.
RV=1500ml
Respiratory capacities
i) Total lung capacity (TLC)
It is the total volume of air in the lungs after a
maximum inspiration.
TLC= IRV + TV + ERV+ RV=5500ml
ii) Vital capacity (VC)
It is the maximum volume of air that can be expired
after a maximum inspiration
VC= IRV + TV + ERV = 4000ml
iii) Inspiratory capacity (IC):
It is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired
from the end point of quiet expiration at rest
IC =IRV + TV =3000ml
iv) Functional residual volume (FRC):
It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the
end of quiet expiration at rest.

20 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

FRC= RV + ERV = 2500ml

(a)

Question C4

CELL BODY/SOMA
The expanded portion of the cell contains the nucleus
and the apparatus necessary to sustain the metabolic
activities of the cell.
The nucleus has a inner core called nucleolus.
10 marks
The other structures present in the cell body are golgi
apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum.
AXON
Axon is a longitudinal, tubular extension of the cell
membrane and cytoplasm.
The function is to transmit information away from
the cell body, the cell membrane surrounding the
axon is referred to as axolemma.
DENDRITES
They are processes of the cell membrane that radiate
from the cell body in various directions and are
responsible for receiving information and
transmitting it to the cell body.

(b)
STRUCTURE OF A PERIPHERAL NERVE
A peripheral nerve is formed by a number of axons.
The size of the nerve depends on the number of
axons.
Individual myelinated axons are surrounded by a
tubular sheath of fibrous tissue called endoneurium.
A group of axons are held together by a larger

10 marks

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HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

fibrous sheath called perineurium

A bundle of axons held within a perineurial sheath is
called as a nerve fascicle.
The fascicles inside a peripheral nerve is bound by
an external sheath of fibrous tissue called epineurium