ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE TO ENSURE

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
THE INDONESIA APPROACH

INDONESIA

- Archipelago + 17000 islands, 7 big islands

- Total area 190 millions ha, 33 provinces

- Forest lands 120.35 million ha:

. Conservation 20.5 mill ha

. Protection

33.5 mill ha

. Production

58.3 mill ha

. Convertible

8.0 mill ha

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

PETA
KAWASAN
HUTAN
MAP OF
FOREST
LAND
USEINDONESIA
PLAN (BY FUNCTION)

Kalimantan
Sumatera
Papua
Sulawesi

Java
KETERANGAN :
Kawasan Suaka Alam/Kawasan Pelestarian Alam (KSA/KPA)
Hutan Lindung (HL)
Hutan Produksi Terbatas (HPT)
Hutan Produksi Tetap (HP)
Hutan Produksi yang dapat dikonversi (HPK)
Areal Penggunaan Lain (APL)

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

Perairan (sungai dan danau)

I. INTRODUCTION

Trend of forest condition

Forest
cover

Papua

Papua

REDD Kalimantan

Kalimantan

Sumatra

Java
Java?

Sumatra

AR/REDD

Time
Undisturbed
forests

Forest
frontiers

Forest/agric.
mosaics

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

Forest/plantations/
agric. mosaics

I. INTRODUCTION

Elements of REDD need to be developed in Indonesia

Baseline

Reduced
Deforestation

Monitoring

Carbon
markets ($)

Payment
distribution
mechanism

How much
forest will be
lost in the
future?

What can be
done to reduce
deforestation?

How can we
prove that
reduced
deforestation
as really taken
place?

Who is entitled
to sell forestry
carbon?

How will
carbon
payments be
distributed to
provide
incentives to
reduce
deforestation?

What would it
take to
implement it?
How much
would it cost?
Where to start
from?

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

Who are the

buyers?
How is the
price formed?

Who has a
How should
legal
carbon
entitlement to
transactions be receive
regulated?
payments?

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

A BASELINE:
A projection of emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation
A reference for measuring
reductions in emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

How is a Baseline Set?

1. Historical approach
a straight projection of the past
Which years and how far back?
an average of the past
Which years and how far back?
2. Modeling approach (Business as usual)
- it is modeled on planned land use
..Spatial model
..Non spatial model
- Which model, how far to the future?
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

How a Baseline Works

Million ton CO2

Potential carbon credits ($)

350

Baseline 1

300

Baseline 2

250
REDD intervention
200

150

100
Year

2004

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

2009

Year

2014

2019

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

SCALE OF BASELINE:
Local

- individual project/sub national

Leakage ?

National - whole country

Leakage ?

Global

- several countries in the system

Leakage ?

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

Method to estimate change against the baseline

Approaches and Tiers (IPCC GPG 2006)
Approach for activity data:
change in areas

Tiers for emission factors:

change in C stocks

1. Non-spatial country statistics

(e.g. FAO )generally gives
net change in forest area

1. IPCC default values at a

continental scale

2. Based on maps, surveys, and

other national statistical data

2. Country specific data for

key factors

3. Spatially specific data from

interpretation of remote
sensing data

3.National inventory of key

carbon stocks, repeated
measurements or
modeling

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

II. BASELINE CONCEPTS

The 12 common reporting format (CRF) Tables

Table 5: Sectoral Report for LULUCF (1 Table)
Tables 5.A - 5.F: Sectoral Background Data for LULUCF for each of
the land use categories (6 Tables):
5.A: Forest Land
5.B: Cropland
5.C: Grassland
5.D: Wetlands
5.E: Settlements
5.F: Other Land
Tables 5 (I) - (V): Sectoral Background Data for LULUCF for
emission sources from land use categories (5 Tables):
Table 5(I): Direct N20 emissions from N fertilization
Table 5(II): N2O emissions from drainage of soils
Table 5(III): N20 emissions from disturbance associated with land-use
conversion to cropland
Table 5(IV): Carbon emissions from agricultural lime application
Table 5 (V): Biomass burning

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTATION
Historical approach
Scale:
- Set at national
- Implement at sub national
Data availability (Approach 3, Tier 2)
- Remotely sensed data
- Ground plots: TSP/PSP
- Digital thematic forest maps

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

DATA AVAILABILITY
A. MEDIUM SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGES
Satellite data (3-year monitoring):
. 1997 Landsat MSS, Landsat 5
. 2000 Landsat TM 7
. 2003 Landsat ETM 7
. 2006 Landsat ETM 7, SPOT 4

Outputs:
. Landcover maps forest, non-forest (1997)
. Landcover maps 23 classes (2000-2006)
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

60000

AREA (x 000 Ha)

50000
40000
Forest
Non forest
No data

30000
20000
10000
0
Conserv

Protec

Product

INDONESIA FOREST COVERS

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

Year 2000

Year 2003

Year 2006

FOREST COVER CHANGE

BASED ON LANDSAT
IMAGES

Rate of deforestation/forest degradation

3

Def. rate (mill. ha/year)

2,83
2,5
2
1,8
1,5
1,08

1
0,5
0
1982-1990

1990-1997

1997-2000

YEAR

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

2000-2006

III. IMPLEMENTATION

B. LOW SPATIAL RESOLUTION

IMAGES >250 M (MODIS)

Annual monitoring
Fill gaps of Landsat 3-year monitoring
Cover class: forest, non forest
Map scale 1:500.000

>> In-cooperation with SDSU, WB, WRI (2006)

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

Vegetation Continuous Field of percent tree cover for Indonesia for the year 2000.

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

C. SAMPLE PLOTS ON THE GROUND (NFI 1987)

PSP/TSP: 2735 PLOTS

Distributed across the country 20 KM X 20 KM

Re-enumerate 3 5 years

Data recorded: species, diameter, height, dead trees,

regeneration, soil types

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

DISTRIBUTION OF 2.735 CLUSTER PLOTS ACROSS INDONESIA

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

D. STAND VOLUME ESTIMATION

To estimate stand volume using multi spatial
imageries
Multi-stage sampling:
- Medium resolution images (Landsat TM)
- High resolution images (SPOT 5)
- Field surveys

Production Forest
- 2006 Kalimantan
- 2007 Sumatera, Sulawesi
- 2008 Papua, Maluku, Nusteng
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

III. IMPLEMENTATION

How is the baseline set

using available data?
Maps of forest cover from Landsat images
23 land cover classes

Maps of PSP/TSP
2735 plots

Maps of rainfall
Wet, moist, dry
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

Land cover 23 classes

Reclassify
Land cover 6 classes

PSP/TSP

Union

CALCULATE
BIOMASS &
CARBON

Biomass & carbon stock

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

Rainfall

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

IV. Follow up Development

- Capacity building
. Transfer of technology
. Pilot/demonstration activities
. Development of technical guidance

- Data base management:

. Data/images requirement/availability
-Definition:
. forest, deforestation, degradation
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

V. SUMMARY
In Indonesia, forest lands occupy more than 60% of the country
land territory. Based on forest land use plans, Indonesia Forests
consist of conservation forest, protection forest, and production
forest.
Forest cover monitoring in Indonesia indicated that deforestation
and forest degradation have significantly decreased in the last
decade.
As encouraged on the decision of COP-13, the IPCC GPG 2006 is
used as the reference to set baselines and to measure emission
changes. Common reporting format of GPG 2006 included
components of environmental performance in the tables.
Data from several sources (remotely sensed data, on the ground
sample plots, and digital forest thematic maps) are available in
the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia. These data met the
approach 3 of activity data, and tier 2 of emission factors of the
GPG 2006.
Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia

V. SUMMARY
Setting the baseline with the available data has been carried out
under the standard procedure of the GPG 2006, and results are in
progress.
The baseline exercises indicated that the procedures are
complex, and detailed data are needed.

Ministry of Forestry
of the Republic of Indonesia