1.) How does voice converts to electrical signals.

The waves from a persons voice are changed into a variable resistance or to create
a very small current with piezoelectric..
There are really too many ways to convert voice to electrical to go into detail on all
of them
The simplest is a speaker
if you take a speaker and connect it to wire and a battery it generates voltages
based on the movement of the diaphragm in the magnet.
When you talk the sound waves hit the surface of a speaker microphone and the
sound vibrates the membrane this moves the electro magnet inside the permanent
magnet and produces a current in the connection to the speaker/microphone.
There is also the carbon microphone which is a container with fine particles of
carbon. When you talk the particles are moved around changing the resistance
through the device ...
it modulates the signal like a telephone modulates the voltage
The amplitude of the voice signal is added to the wave of the transmitter and that
creates new wave frequencies, called sidebands
when the radio receiving your signal wants to hear what you say.. they tune the
carrier or the central frequency and the difference between what you sent and what
it expects is your voice.
It subtracts the frequencies to get the audio back.
The carrier signal of a radio transmitter is many times higher frequency than a
audio signal..
when you talk the power of the transmitter is varied to make the signal go up and
down in amplitude based on the amplitude of the audio signal thats called
modulation
2.) What is the role of FCC?
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by
radio, television, wire, satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. An
independent U.S. government agency overseen by Congress, the commission is the United States'
primary authority for communications law, regulation and technological innovation. In its work facing
economic opportunities and challenges associated with rapidly evolving advances in global
communications, the agency capitalizes on its competencies in:

Promoting competition, innovation and investment in broadband services and facilities

Supporting the nation's economy by ensuring an appropriate competitive framework for the
unfolding of the communications revolution

Encouraging the highest and best use of spectrum domestically and internationally

Revising media regulations so that new technologies flourish alongside diversity and localism

Providing leadership in strengthening the defense of the nation's communications infrastructure

3.) What is the role of ITU?

Every time someone picks up a telephone and dials a number, answers a call on a mobile, sends a fax or
receives an e-mail, takes a plane or a ship, listens to the radio or watches a favorite television program,
they benefit from the universal telecommunication and ICT frameworks put in place by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).
ITU has been at the cutting edge of information and communication technologies, defining and adopting
the globally agreed technical standards that have allowed industry to interconnect people and equipment
seamlessly around the world. It has also successfully regulated worldwide use of the radio-frequency
spectrum, ensuring all international wireless communications remain interference-free to ensure the relay
of vital information and economic data around the world.
Spearheading telecommunications development on a global scale, ITU also fosters the deployment of
telecommunications in developing countries by advising on development policies, regulatory frameworks
and strategies, and by providing specialized technical assistance in the areas of technology transfer,
cyber security, management, financing, installation and maintenance of networks, disaster mitigation, and
capacity building.
Founded in Paris in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, ITU took its present name the
International Telecommunication Union in 1934 and, in 1947, became a specialized agency of the
United Nations. Nominated by leading international consultant Booz Allen Hamilton in 2002 as one of the
worlds topmost enduring institutions, ITU is also the most inclusive global telecommunications
organization. A public-private partnership organization since its inception, ITU now has a membership of
192 countries and over 700 public and private sector companies as well as international and regional
telecommunication entities. The Unions consensus-based approach gives a voice to all its members and
its work helps deploy infrastructure, achieve connectivity, and provide efficient telecommunication
services worldwide.
ITU's biggest achievement is undoubtedly the pivotal role it has played in the creation of the international
telecommunications network the largest man-made artefact ever created. Today, thanks to the advent
of the Internet, mobile wireless telephony, convergence strategies and more, this network keeps us in
touch, brings us world news and entertainment, provides access to a huge global store of information,
and underpins the global economy. It would not exist without ITU's work.
4.) What is the role of NTC?
Grant certificates of Public convenience and Necessity/Provisional Authority to install, operate and
maintain telecommunications, broadcast and CATV services
Grant licenses to install, operate and maintain radio stations
Allocate/sub-allocate and assign the use of radio frequencies
Type-approve/type-accept all radio communications, broadcast and customer
premises equipment
Conduct radio communications examination and issue radio operators certificate
Prepare, plan and conduct studies for policy and regulatory purposes

 Monitor the operation of all telecommunications and broadcast activities

Enforce applicable domestic and international laws, rules and regulations, prosecute violation thereof,
and impose appropriate penalties/sanctions
Issue licenses to operate land, maritime, aeronautical and safety devices
Perform such other telecommunications/broadcast-related activities as may be necessary in the interest
of public service.
5.) What is the role of KBP?
The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (English name: Association of Broadcasters of the
Philippines, abbreviated KBP) is a broadcast media organization in the Philippines which provides its
members broadcasting standards. The KBP was organized on April 27, 1973 in order to promote
professional and ethical standards in Philippine broadcasting both in radio and television (TV). The KBP
provides broadcast media regulations and guidelines for news, public affairs and commentaries, political
broadcasts, childrens shows, religious programming, and including advertising to its members. The
members of the KBP are composed of the owners and operators of radio and television stations including
the radio and television stations themselves.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Assignment in:
Computer System and PLC
With logic circuit and Switching Theory

Jamil S. Espino
BSEE IV-3

Engr. Faustino Rural

June 21, 2014

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Assignment in:
Principles of Communication

Jamil S. Espino
BSEE IV-3

Prof. Geoffrey Salvador

June 19, 2014