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Free Response
Free Response
[9]
(a) 1. action potential / depolarisation, reaches presynaptic membrane ;
2. calcium (ion) channels open / presynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to
Ca2+ ;
3. Ca2+ flood into presynaptic neurone ; R membrane
4. this causes vesicles of (neuro)transmitter to move towards presynaptic membrane ;
5. ref. acetylcholine / ACh ;
6. vesicle fuses with presynaptic membrane / exocytosis ;
7. ACh released into synaptic cleft ;
8. ACh diffuses across (cleft) ;
9. ACh binds to receptor (proteins) / AW ;
10. on postsynaptic membrane ; R neurone
11. proteins change shape / channels open ;
12. sodium ions rush into postsynaptic neurone ; R membrane
13. postsynaptic membrane depolarised ;
14. action potential / nerve impulse ;
15. AVP ; e.g. action of acetylcholinesterase
at reaction centre ;
P700 / P1, absorbs at 700(nm) ;
P680 / P11, absorbs at 680(nm) ;
accessory pigments / chlorophyll b / carotenoids ; ignore ref to chlorophyll a
surround, primary pigment / reaction centre / chlorophyll a ;
absorb light ; linked to 6
pass energy to, primary pigment / reaction centre / ; chlorophyll a ;
P700 / PI, involved in cyclic photophosphorylation ;
(light absorbed results in) electron excited / AW ;
emitted from chlorophyll ;
chain of electron carriers / ETC ;
ATP synthesis ;
electron returns to, P700 / P1 ;
(b)Explain briefly how reduced NADP is formed in the lightdependent stage of photosynthesis and is used in the
light-independent stage. [6]
photolysis of water ;
releases H+ ; R H / hydrogen atoms
by, P680 / PII ;
ereleased ;
by, P700 / PI ;
both combine with NADP ;
(reduced NADP)
reduces, GP / PGA ;
to TP ;
ATP used ;
NADP, regenerated / oxidized
mechanisms
12. active transport ; A actively pumped / uses ATP
13. Na+
, out of pct cells / into blood ;
14. (sets up) Na+
ion gradient ;
15. facilitated diffusion ;
16. using protein carrier ; A transport protein
17. cotransport (from lumen to pct cell);
18. of, glucose / amino acids / ions;
19. osmosis ;
(b)Explain briefly how reduced NADP is formed in the lightdependent stage and how it is used in the light-independent
stage. [7]
(b) 15. photolysis of water ;
16. releases H+
; R H / hydrogen atoms
17. by, P680 / PII ;
18. e
released from, P700 / PI ;
19. e
(from PI) and H+
combine with NADP ;
20. used in Calvin cycle ;
21. reduces, GP / PGA ;
22. to TP ;
23. ATP used (during reduction of GP) ;
24. NADP, regenerated / oxidised ;
(a) Describe the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the closure of a stoma.
[8]
(a) accept ABA for abscisic acid
1. stress hormone ;
2. plant secretes ABA in, high temperatures / dry conditions ;
3. ABA binds to receptors ;
4. on plasma membranes of guard cells ;
5. inhibits proton pump / H+
not pumped out of cell ;
6. high H+
conc / positive charge, inside cell ;
7. K+
diffuses out of cell ;
8. water potential of cell increases ; A increase in solute potential
9. water moves out of cell by osmosis ;
10. volume of guard cells decreases ;
11. guard cells become flaccid ;
12. response very fast ; [8 max]
(a) Describe how the structure of a chloroplast is related to its functions. [9]
(a) 1. ground substance / stroma ;
2. for, light independent stage / Calvin cycle ;
3. contains enzymes / named enzyme e.g. rubisco ;
4. also, sugars / lipids / starch / ribosomes / DNA ;
5. internal membrane system ;
6. for, light dependent stage ;
7. fluid-filled sacs / thylakoids ;
8. grana are stacks of thylakoids ;
9. (grana) hold (photosynthetic) pigments ;
10. (grana) have large surface area for (maximum) light absorption ;
11. (pigments are arranged in), light harvesting clusters / photosystems ;
12. primary pigment / reaction centre / chlorophyll a, surrounded by accessory pigments ;
13. (accessory pigments) pass energy to, primary pigment / reaction centre / chlorophyll
a;
14. different photosystems absorb light at different wavelengths ;
15. membranes hold, ATP synthase / electron carriers ;
16 for, photophosphorylation / chemiosmosis ; [9 max]
(b)
Describe how you would separate chloroplast pigments using chromatography. [6]
(b) 17. grind leaf with solvent ;
18. example of solvent ; e.g. propanone
19. leaf extract contains mixture of pigments ;
20. ref. concentrate extract ;
21. further detail ; e.g. pencil line drawn / extract placed on chromatography paper /
repetitive spotting / drying between spots
22. paper placed (vertically) in jar of (different) solvent ;
23. solvent rises up paper ;
24. each pigment travels at different speed ;
25. pigments separated as they ascend ;
26. distance moved by each pigment is unique ;
27. Rf value ;
28. two dimensional chromatography ;
29. better separation of pigments ; [6 max]
(a) Explain how the palisade mesophyll cells of a leaf are adapted for
photosynthesis. [8]
(b) (a) 1 closely packed to absorb maximum light ;
(c) 2 vertical/at right angles to surface of leaf to reduce number of cross walls ;
(d) 3 large vacuole pushes chloroplasts to edge of cell ;
(e) 4 chloroplasts at edge short diffusion path for carbon dioxide ;
(f) 5 chloroplasts at edge to absorb maximum light ;
(g) 6 large number of chloroplasts to absorb maximum light ;
(h) 7 cylindrical cells or air spaces to circulate gases/provide a reservoir of CO2 ;
(i) 8 large surface area for diffusion of gases ;
(j) 9 moist cell surfaces for diffusion of gases ;
(k) 10 cell walls thin for maximum light penetration/diffusion of gases ;
(l) 11 chloroplasts can move towards light ;
(m)12 chloroplasts can move away from high light intensity to avoid damage ; [8 max]
(a) Describe the structure of a kidney nephron and its associated blood vessels. [7]
(b)(a) 1 renal/Bowmans, capsule ;
(c) 2 ref. podocytes ;
(d)3 (proximal convoluted tubule/distal convoluted tubule/capsule) in cortex ;
(e) 4 proximal convoluted tubule ;
(f) 5 loop of Henle ;
(g)6 (loop) in medulla ;
(h)7 distal convoluted tubule ;
(i) 8 afferent arteriole ;
(j) 9 glomerulus ;
(k) 10 efferent arteriole ;
(l) 11 capillary network around/proximal convoluted tubule/loop/distal convoluted tubule ;
(m)12 collecting duct ;
(n) accept points on a labelled diagram [7 max]
(a) Describe the structure of photosystems and explain how a photosystem functions in
cyclic photophosphorylation. [8]
(b) Explain briefly how reduced NADP is formed in the light-dependent stage and how it is
used in the light-independent stage. [7]
(b) 14 photolysis (of water) ;
15 releases H+ ; R H/hydrogen atoms
16 by, P680/PII ;
17 e- released ;
18 by, P700/PI ;
19 both combine with NADP ;
(reduced NADP)
20 reduces, GP ; A PGA
21 to TP ; A PGAL / GALP
22 ATP used ;
23 NADP, regenerated/oxidised ; [7 max]
(b) Explain how an action potential is transmitted along a sensory neurone. [8]
Describe a reflex arc and explain why such reflex arcs are important. [7]
strong stimulus in receptor / AW ;
action potential / impulses, along sensory neurone ;
dorsal root of spinal nerve ;
into spinal cord ;
synapse with intermediate neurone ;
(then) motor neurone ;
action potential / impulses, to effector ;
action potential / impulses, to brain ;
response ; e.g. knee jerk 5 max can be on diagram
fast / immediate ;
stops / limits, damage / danger ;
automatic / no conscious thought ;
innate / stereotyped / instinctive ; [7]
Describe the structure of a myelin sheath and explain its role in the speed of transmission
of a nerve impulse. [8]
Schwann cells ;
wrap around axon ;
sheath mainly lipid ;
(sheath) insulates axon (membrane) ;
Na+ / K+, cannot pass through sheath / can only pass through
membrane at nodes ;
depolarisation (of axon membrane) cannot occur where there is
sheath / only at nodes of Ranvier ;
local circuits between nodes ;
action potentials jump between nodes ;
saltatory conduction ;
increases speed / reduces time, of impulse transmission ;
up to 100 ms-1 ;
speed in non-myelinated neurones about 0.5 ms-1 ;
Describe the part played by the proximal convoluted tubules in the functioning of the
kidneys. [8]
1 selective reabsorption ;
2 (pct cells have) villi / microvilli / large surface area ;
3 (pct cells have) many mitochondria ;
4 Na+ leave pct cells ;
5 by active transport ;
6 Na+ concentration falls in (pct) cells / Na+ concentration gradient ;
7 Na+ (diffuse) from lumen into (pct) cells ;
8 through, transporter / carrier, proteins ; ignore channel proteins
9 cotransport ;
10 of, glucose / amino acids / vitamins / chloride ions ;
11 (from pct cells) into intercellular fluid ; linked to 10
12 (then) diffusion into blood ; linked to 10
13 (normally) all glucose reabsorbed ;
14 some water reabsorbed ;
15 some urea reabsorbed ;
16 AVP ; e.g. creatinine secreted into lumen [8 max]
Explain how the collecting ducts in the kidneys may reduce the loss of water from the
body. [7]
17 ADH affects collecting duct ;
18 binds to receptor on membrane ;
19 increase membrane permeability (to water) / more water channels ;
20 ref. enzyme controlled reactions ;
21 produces (active) phosphorylase ;
22 (which causes) vesicles with, water channels / aquaporins ; must be linked to 23
23 to, move to / fuse with, (plasma) membrane ;
24 more water flows out of collecting duct ;
25 down / along, water potential gradient ;
26 (then) into blood ;
27 urine (more) concentrated / small volume of urine ;
28 ref. negative feedback ;
29 AVP ; e.g. role of loop of Henle in creating water potential gradient
movement of urea increases water potential gradient
9 (a) Explain how changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA may affect the amino acid
sequence in a protein. [7]
(a) 1 code is three, bases / nucleotides ; A triplet code
2 (gene) mutation ; R chromosome mutation
3 base, substitution / addition / deletion ;
4 addition / deletion, large effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
5 frame shift ;
6 completely new code after mutation / alters every 3 base sequence which follows ;
7 (substitution) often has no effect / silent mutation ;
8 different triplet but same amino acid / new amino acid in non-functional part of
protein ;
9 (substitution) may have big effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
10 could produce stop codon ;
11 sickle cell anaemia / PKU / cystic fibrosis ;
12 reference to transcription or translation in correct context ; A description
12a AVP ; e.g. protein produced, is non-functional / not produced / incomplete [7
max]
(b) Explain how natural selection may bring about evolution. [8]
13 individuals in population have great reproductive potential / AW ;
14 numbers in population remain roughly constant ;
15 variation in members of population ;
16 environmental factors / named factor (biotic or abiotic) ; linked to 17 and 18
17 (cause) many, fail to survive / die / do not reproduce ;
18 those best adapted survive / survival of the fittest ;
19 (reproduce to) pass on alleles ; R genes
20 genetic variation leads to change in phenotype ;
21 ref: changes in, gene pool / allele frequency ;
22 over time produces evolutionary change ;
23 new species arise from existing ones / speciation ;
24 directional / stabilising, selection ; [8 max]
anaphase 2
15 centromeres divide ;
16 chromatids move to poles ;
17 pulled by microtubules ;
9 (a)
18 ref. haploid number ;
allow 4 or 14
allow 11 or 17 [9 max]
Describe the ways by which gene mutations can occur. [6]
19 change in, base / nucleotide, sequence (in DNA) ;
20 during DNA replication ;
21 detail of change ; e.g. base, substitution / addition / deletion
22 frame shifts / AW ;
23 different / new, allele ;
24 random / spontaneous ;
25mutagens ;
26ionising radiation ;
27UV radiation
11 (a) Explain how changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA may affect the amino acid
sequence in a protein.
11 (a) 1. (amino acid) code is three, bases / nucleotides ; A triplet code
2. (gene) mutation ; R chromosome mutation
3. base / nucleotide, substitution / addition / deletion
4. addition / deletion, has large effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
5. frame shift ;
6. completely new code after mutation / alters every 3 base sequence which follows ;
7. substitution may have little or no effect / silent mutation ;
8. different triplet but same amino acid / new amino acid in non-functional part of protein ;
9. substitution may have big effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
10. could produce stop codon ;
11. sickle cell anaemia / PKU / cystic fibrosis ;
12. reference to transcription or translation in correct context ; A description [8 max
(b) Explain how the allele for haemophilia may be passed from a man to his grandchildren.
You may use genetic diagrams to support your answer. [7]
(b) 13. (haemophilia) allele on X chromosome ; A gene
14. sex-linked ;
15. (haemophilia) allele recessive ;
16. man, homogametic / has one X chromosome ;
17. Y chromosome does not have blood clotting gene ;
18. only daughter(s) get his X chromosome ;
19. daughter(s) carrier(s) of (haemophilia) allele ;
20. grandson(s) 50% chance of having, (haemophilia) allele / haemophilia ;
21. granddaughter(s) 50% chance of carrying, (haemophilia) allele ;
allow following marks from diagram
22. correct symbols ; e.g. XH and Xh explained
23. mans genotype ; e.g. XhY ignore partners genotype
24. F1 (daughters) genotype ; e.g. XHXh ignore her partners genotype
25. F2 (grandsons) genotypes ; e.g. XhY XHY both required
26. F2 (granddaughters) genotypes ; e.g. XHXH XHXh both required or XhXh XHXh [7 max]
9 (a) Describe how crossing over and independent assortment can lead to genetic variation.
[9]
(a) 1 occur during meiosis I ;
crossing over
2 between non-sister chromatids ;
3 of, (a pair of) homologous chromosomes / a bivalent ;
4 in prophase 1 ;
5 at chiasma(ta) ;
6 exchange of genetic material / AW ;
R genes unqualified
7 linkage groups broken / AW ;
8 new combination of alleles (within each chromosome) ;
independent assortment
9 of homologous chromosomes pairs / bivalents ;
10 each pair lines up independently of others ;
11 line up on equator ;
12 (during) metaphase 1 ;
13 results in gametes that are genetically unique / AW
(a) Describe the first division of meiosis (meiosis I) in animal cells. [6]
1. reduction division / (to) halve number of chromosomes / diploid to haploid /
AW ;
2. homologous chromosomes pair up / bivalents form ;
3. ref. chiasmata / ref. crossing over ;
4. homologous chromosome pairs / bivalents, line up on equator ;
5. independent assortment ;
6. spindle / microtubules, attached to centromeres ;
7. chromosomes of each pair pulled to opposite poles ;
8. by shortening of, spindle / microtubules ;
9. nuclear envelopes re-form ;
10. cytokinesis / AW ; [6 max]
(b) Discuss the link between the frequency of sickle cell anaemia and the number
of cases
of malaria. [9]
accept alternative symbols for alleles throughout
11. frequency of sickle cell anaemia is highest in areas where malaria is common ;
12. sickle cell anaemia red blood cells cannot carry oxygen very well / AW ;
A sickling blocks capillaries
13. homozygous HS / HS
HS
, have sickle cell anaemia / may die ;
14. homozygous HN / HNHN, have normal, Hb / red blood cells ;
15. heterozygotes, have sickle cell trait
or
(sickle cell trait) red blood cells not (severely) affected ;
16. malaria parasite / Plasmodium, affects red blood cells ;
17. malaria lethal ;
18. sickle cell trait people / heterozygotes, less likely to suffer from (severe effects
of)
malaria ;
19. have selective advantage ;
20. pass on both HN and HS
;
21. malaria selects against, homozygous HN / HNHN ;
22. sickle cell anaemia selects against, homozygous HS / HS
HS;
23. idea that sickle cell allele is maintained within population
because of sickle cell trait individuals ; [9 max]
11 (a) Explain how changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA may affect the amino acid
sequence in a protein. [8]
1. (amino acid) code is three, bases / nucleotides ; A triplet code
2. (gene) mutation ; R chromosome mutation
3. base / nucleotide, substitution / addition / deletion
4. addition / deletion, has large effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
5. frame shift ;
6. completely new code after mutation / alters every 3 base sequence which follows ;
7. substitution may have little or no effect / silent mutation ;
8. different triplet but same amino acid / new amino acid in non-functional part of protein ;
9. substitution may have big effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
10. could produce stop codon ;
11. sickle cell anaemia / PKU / cystic fibrosis ;
12. reference to transcription or translation in correct context ; A description [8 max
(b) Explain how the allele for haemophilia may be passed from a man to his grandchildren.
You may use genetic diagrams to support your answer. [7]
(b) 13. (haemophilia) allele on X chromosome ; A gene
14. sex-linked ;
15. (haemophilia) allele recessive ;
16. man, homogametic / has one X chromosome ;
17. Y chromosome does not have blood clotting gene ;
18. only daughter(s) get his X chromosome ;
19. daughter(s) carrier(s) of (haemophilia) allele ;
20. grandson(s) 50% chance of having, (haemophilia) allele / haemophilia ;
21. granddaughter(s) 50% chance of carrying, (haemophilia) allele ;
allow following marks from diagram
22. correct symbols ; e.g. XH and Xh explained
23. mans genotype ; e.g. XhY ignore partners genotype
24. F1 (daughters) genotype ; e.g. XHXh ignore her partners genotype
25. F2 (grandsons) genotypes ; e.g. XhY XHY both required
26. F2 (granddaughters) genotypes ; e.g. XHXH XHXh both required or XhXh XHXh [7 max]
9 (a) Explain the need to maintain biodiversity in an ecosystem such as a tropical rainforest.
[7]
(b) Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of captive breeding programmes for
mammals. [8]
(b) advantages (max 5)
13. can monitor health of mother;
14. can monitor development of foetus;
15. storage of, sperm/eggs/gametes;
16. artificial insemination;
17. IVF;
18. ref. surrogate mothers;
19. international cooperation;
20. genetic records kept;
21. can prevent extinction/extend range of a species/used in restoring
ecosystem;
disadvantages (max 5)
22. unnatural environment;
23. stress in captivity;
24. behavioural changes;
25. reproductive cycles disrupted;
26. may reject selected mate;
27. examples of problems with release ;;
28. difficulty in finding food
may not integrate into groups
more susceptible to disease
very little natural habitat left to release animals into
[max 8]
[Total: 15]
9 (a) Bacteria are members of the kingdom Prokaryota. Describe the main features of a
bacterial cell. [8]
(a) 1. DNA not surrounded by nuclear membrane / no nucleus;
2. (prokaryote) DNA is circular;
3. DNA not associated with histones; A naked DNA
4. plasmids (may) be present;
5. no (double) membrane-bound organelles; A no, mitochondria / chloroplasts
6. no, ER / Golgi; A ribosomes not attached to membranes
7. ribosomes,70S / 18 nm / smaller (than eukaryotic cells);
8. cell wall made of, peptidoglycan / murein / amino sugars / AW;
9. (usually) unicellular;
10. 0.5 to 5.0 m diameter; A any value between 0.5 and 5.0 as long as m is used
11. AVP; (may) have, flagella / pili / capsule / slime layer [8 max]
(b) Outline the use of bacteria in the extraction of metals from ores. [7]
(b) 12. ores (may) contain metal sulfides;
13. example; e.g. iron / copper / zinc / cobalt / lead
14. insoluble in water so difficult to extract;
15. bacteria oxidise metal sulfide;
16. to soluble sulfate;
17. bioleaching;
18. example of bacteria; e.g. A.ferrooxidans
19. bacteria need to survive in acidic conditions;
20. mixture of bacteria required (in bioheap);
21. (in order to) survive a wide range of temperatures / range of bacteria with different
temperature optima;
22. advantage;
23 e.g. low grade ores / spoil heaps, can be exploited
can get metal from industrial waste
does not produce sulfur dioxide
can be done in situ
low energy demand
less (heavy) machinery
not labour intensive