Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ME2308 - LML MM Lab
ME2308 - LML MM Lab
G.V.Vigneshwaran., ME.,
Laboratory In Charge
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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INDEX
Ex.
No
INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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Page No.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 1
Date:
AIM
To study about the basics of the engineering metrology and measurements.
FUNDAMENTALS
METROLOGY
Metrology is a Science of measurement . The most important parameter in
metrology is the length. Metrology is divided into Industrial Metrology and Medical
Metrology under consideration of its application and may be divided into metrology of length
and Metrology of time under consideration of its quantity. Metrology is mainly concerned
with the following aspects
FUNCTIONS OF METROLOGY
APPLICATIONS OF METROLOGY
Industrial Measurement
Commercial transactions
Public health and human safety ensuring.
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NEED OF INSPECTION
To determine the fitness of new made materials, products or component part and to
compare the materials, products to the established standard. It is summarised as
ELEMENTS OF A MEASUREMENT
Measurand: It is a physical quantity or property (length, diameter, thickness, angle
etc.).
Reference: Reference is a physical quantity or property and comparisons are made by
them.
Comparator: Comparing measurand with some other reference.
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fundamental method.
Contact method.
Transposition method.
Complementary method.
Deflection method.
1) Direct method:
The value to be measured is directly obtained. Examples: Vernier calipers, Scales.
2) Indirect method:
The value of quantity to be measured is obtained by measuring other quantities.
Diameter measurement by using three wires.
3) Comparative method:
In this method, the quantity to be measured is compared with other known value.
Example:Comparators.
4) Coincidence method:
The value of the quantity to be measured and determined is coincide with certain lines
and signals.
5) Fundamental method:
Measuring a quantity directly in related with the definition of that quantity
6) Contact method:
The sensor or measuring tip of the instrument touches the area (or) diameter (or)
surface to be measured. Example: Vernier caliper.
7) Transposition method:
In this method, the quantity to be measured is first balanced by a known value and
then it is balanced by other new known value. Example: Determination of mass by balancing
methods.
8) Complementary method:
The value of quantity to be measured is combined with known value of the same
quantity. Example: Volume determination by liquid displacement.
9) Deflection method:
The value to be measured is directly indicated by a deflection of pointer. Example: Pr
measurement.
RESULT
Thus the basics of the engineering metrology and measurements were studied.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 2
Date:
AIM
To determine the diameter of the given specimen by using the precision measuring
instruments like Vernier caliper, Micrometer and comparing the results.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Surface plate,
2. Vernier caliper,
3. Micrometer.
SPECIFICATION
Vernier caliper
Micrometer
Range:
Range:
L. C:
L. C:
FORMULAE
VERNIER CALIPER
Least Count = 1 Main Scale Division Vernier Scale Division
Vernier Scale Reading = Vernier Scale Coincidence X Least Count
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading
MICROMETER
Pitch Scale Reading = Pitch Scale Coincidence x Least Count
Total Reading = Head Scale Reading + Pitch Scale Reading
STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement
in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measurements.
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VERNIER CALIPER
The Vernier caliper has one L shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale
is attached. The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes
can be used to measure the length very accurately.
Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the
difference between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division.
Uses:
It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the
given specimen.
Fig. Micrometer
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Uses:
Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders and
spheres.
PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION
1. Range of the instruments is noted down.
2. The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for zero
3. Vernier is checked for zero error
4. Work piece is clamped between the jaws and the vernier scale is tighten by screws
5. Main scale and vernier scale coincidence are noted for 5 times and tabulated
6. Micrometer is checked for zero error
7. Work piece is clamped and its head scale reading and pitch scale coincidence is
noted and tabulated
8. The two averages are calculated and the difference is determined
TABULATION
VERNIER CALIPER
S.No.
Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
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Total Reading
= MSR + VSR
in mm
MICROMETER
S.No.
Head Scale
Reading
(HSR)
in mm
Pitch Scale
Coincidence
(PSC)
Total Reading
= HSR + PSR
in mm
RESULT
The precision measuring instruments are studied and compared. The diameter of work
pieces are determined by using
Vernier Caliper = _____________mm
Micrometer = ______________ mm
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 3
Date:
AIM
To calibrate the given Vernier Caliper using Slip Gauge
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Surface Plate,
2. Vernier scale,
3. Slip Gauge.
SPECIFICATION
Vernier caliper
Range:
L. C:
FORMULAE
Least Count = 1 Main Scale Division 1 Vernier Scale Division
Vernier Scale Reading = Vernier Scale Coincidence X Least Count
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading
Error = Slip gauge reading - Total reading
% Error =
Error
Actual reading
x 100
STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement
in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measurements.
VERNIER CALIPER
The Vernier caliper has one L shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale
is attached. The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes
can be used to measure the length very accurately.
Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the
difference between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division.
Uses:
It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the
given specimen.
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Slip
Gauge
Reading
MSR
VSC
VSR = VSC
x LC
1
2
3
4
5
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Error
TR =
(MSR+VSR)
% of
Error
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT
Thus the Vernier caliper was calibrated using slip gauges
Error range = ____________ mm
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 4
Date:
Aim:
To calibrate the given Micrometer using Slip Gauge.
Apparatus Required:
4. Surface Plate,
5. Vernier scale,
6. Slip Gauge.
SPECIFICATION
Micrometer
Range:
L. C:
FORMULAE
Least Count = Pitch Scale Division / Number of Threads
Pitch Scale Division = Distance Moved / Number of Rotation
Pitch Scale Reading = Pitch Scale Coincidence x Least Count
Total Reading = Head Scale Reading + Pitch Scale Reading
Error = Slip gauge reading - Total reading
% Error =
Error
Actual reading
x 100
STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement
in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measurements.
MICROMETER
The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20 threads/cm and revolves
in a fixed nut. The end of the screw is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary
anvil.
Uses:
Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter o f solid cylinder.
Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders and
spheres.
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Fig. Micrometer
SLIP GAUGES
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized. The surfaces are highly
polished to enhance wringing. It is used as a reference standard for transferring the
dimensions of unit of length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high carbon,
high chromium hardened steel.
Uses:
These are accurate and used as comparator.
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S.
No.
Slip
Gauge
Reading
Micrometer Reading
HSR
PSC
PSR = PSC x
LC
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Error
TR =
(HSR+PSR)
% of
Error
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT
Thus the micrometer was calibrated using slip gauges
Error range = ____________ mm
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 5
Date:
AIM
To determine the height of the given specimen by using the precision measuring
instruments like Vernier height gauge and Vernier depth gauge and comparing the results.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Surface plate,
2. Vernier caliper,
3. Micrometer.
SPECIFICATION
Vernier height gauge
Vernier depth gauge
Range:
Range:
L. C:
L. C:
FORMULAE
VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Least Count = 1 Main Scale Division 1 Vernier Scale Division
Vernier Scale Reading = Vernier Scale Coincidence X Least Count
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading
VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
Least Count = 1 Main Scale Division 1 Vernier Scale Division
Vernier Scale Reading = Vernier Scale Coincidence X Least Count
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading
STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement
in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measurements.
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Uses:
It is used to measure the heigth of the given specimen.
VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
The graduated scale is directly slide through the base, but the vernier scale remains
stationary. The base and the anvil should be firmly rested on the surface of the part to be
measured. If it is not so, the base may be affected by a trifle effected when the applied force
increases.
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8. Place the measuring face such that it touches the surface to be measured from the
smooth surface
9. Measure the main scale resding and vernier scale coincidence of the vernier depth
gauge
TABULATION
VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
S.No.
Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
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Total Reading
= MSR + VSR
in mm
S.No.
Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
Total Reading
= MSR + VSR
in mm
RESULT
The precision measuring instruments are studied and compared. The diameter of work
pieces are determined by using
Vernier height gauge = _____________mm
Vernier depth gauge = _____________mm
Difference between the two instruments = _____________mm
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FORMULA
Where,
W = Chordal width of tooth in mm
m = Module of gear in mm
D = Chordal addendum of gear in mm
T = No. of teeth
d = Outside diameter of gear in mm
STUDY
GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
The tooth thickness is defined as the length of the arc of the pitch circle between
opposite faces of the same tooth. Most of the time a gear vernier is used to determine the
tooth thickness. As the tooth thickness varies from top to bottom, any instrument for
measuring on a single tooth must
1. Measure the tooth thickness at a specified position on the tooth.
2. Fix that position at which the measurement is taken.
The gear tooth vernier, therefore, consists of a vernier caliper for making the
measurement M, combined with a vernier depth for setting the dimension h at which the
measurement M is to be affected.
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Module m: Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The pitch diameter is usually
specified in inches or millimeters; in the former case the module is the inverse of diametral
pitch.
Fillet : The small radius that connects the profile of a tooth to the root circle.
Pinion: The smaller of any pair of mating gears. The larger of the pair is called simply the
gear.
Velocity ratio: The ratio of the number of revolutions of the driving (or input) gear to the
number of revolutions of the driven (or output) gear, in a unit of time.
Pitch point: The point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears.
Common tangent: The line tangent to the pitch circle at the pitch point.
Line of action: A line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at their point of contact.
Path of contact: The path traced by the contact point of a pair of tooth profiles.
Pressure angle : The angle between the common normal at the point of tooth contact and
the common tangent to the pitch circles. It is also the angle between the line of action and the
common tangent.
Base circle : An imaginary circle used in involute gearing to generate the involutes that form
the tooth profiles.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Outside diameter d mm
1
2
3
4
5
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Main Scale
Reading
(MSR)
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
Total Reading =
MSR + VSR
in mm
Chordal addendum d mm
Actual
. Theoretical
Chordal width w mm
Actual
Theoretical
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Result:
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear tooth
Vernier.
The actual values are W =
D=
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Range:
FORMULA
Where,
= Taper angle
h = total height (thickness) of the slip gauges in mm
l = standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm
STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement
in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measurements.
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DIAL GAUGE
The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm. One complete revolution
of long hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface
whose dimension has to be read.
Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long hand.
Uses:
It is used as a mechanical comparator.
SINEBAR
A sine bar consists of a hardened, precision ground body with two precision ground
cylinders fixed at the ends. The distance between the centers of the cylinders is precisely
controlled, and the top of the bar is parallel to a line through the centers of the two rollers.
The dimension between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole number (for ease of later
calculations) and forms the hypotenuse of a triangle when in use.
When a sine bar is placed on a level surface the top edge will be parallel to that
surface. If one roller is raised by a known distance, usually using gauge blocks, then the top
edge of the bar will be tilted by the same amount forming an angle tha t may be calculated by
the application of the sine rule.
Uses:
It is used for setting up work at various angles for the machining or inspection of parts.
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S. No.
Sinebar length
in mm
Height
in mm
Sin
1
2
3
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Result:
The taper angle of the given specimen is
Using sine bar
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=_________________________ degrees
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STUDY
BEVEL PROTRACTOR
A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for
measuring or marking off angles. It is attached with an acute angle attachment. The body is
designed such that its back is flat and no projection is beyond its back. The base plate is
attached to the main body and an adjustable blade is attached to the circular plate containing
vernier scale. The main scale is graduated in degrees from 0 o -90o in both the direction. The
adjustable blade can be made to rotate freely about the centre. The base plate is made flat for
measuring angles and can be moved throughtout its length.
Uses:
It has wide application in architectural and mechanical drawing, although its use is
decreasing with the availability of modern drawing software or CAD.
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Specimen 2:
Main Scale
Reading
S.No.
(MSR)
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
Total Reading =
MSR + VSR
in mm
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
(VSC)
Total Reading =
MSR + VSR
in mm
RESULT:
Thus angle of the given specimens was determined by using bevel protractor
Angle of the given specimen 1 = ______________
Angle of the given specimen 2 = ______________
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Arm:
The arm has a groove guide on which the microscope tube is vertically adjusted by
rack and pinion system.
Focussing Mechanis m:
The course focusing movement provided in the microscope tube separately. The
coarse motion is knurled knob on both side of the tube and ha as the total travel of 200mm.
Its also lock any position by lever, this movement is characterized by its exceptionally
smooth and accurate precision. The vertical travel or measurement up to 10mm, thickness can
be read by the depth dial gauge. The thickness is being measured with the difference of two
different focusing of object. The least count of gauge is 0.01.
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Rotary Stage
A rotating stage is fixed in T-slots of square plate having 360 degree graduations on
its periphery with vernier reading to6 minute, and lock screw. All types of horizontal angular
measurements can be done with this stage.
Illuminating System
Two possible range of illuminating system are provided with standard equipment to
meet every application, operated through 6 volts solid state variable light control built in
transformer.
1. Sub-stage transmitted light from a bottom source providing collimated green filter
halogen light for viewing contours and transparent objects.
2. Surface incident illuminator for shadow free lighting, for high power examination of
opaque objects.
PROCEDURE
Measure ment of scre w thread pitch :
1. The image of the thread profile is set so that some of the profile coincides with the
cross hair as seen on the ground- glass screen.
2. The reading on thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted down.
3. Then the part is traversed by the micrometer screw until a corresponding point on the
profile of the next thread coincides with the cross hairs.
4. The reading on thimble is again noted and the difference in two readings gives the
actual pitch of the screw.
TABULATION
Pitch of the thread:
S.No.
Initial micrometer
reading on thread
pitch A (mm)
Final micrometer
reading on thread pitch
B (mm)
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TABULATION
Flank angle of the thread:
S.No.
Flank angle
= B-A (deg)
PRECAUTIONS
1. The coincidence on the component & cross hairs must be carefully matched.
2. Eyepieces are to be handled carefully.
3. Dont expose eyes directly to the light source.
RESULT:
The pitch and flank angle of the given object is measured with toolmakers microscope
are tabulated.
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=
=
=
=
=
0.1%
0-25 mm
0.1 mm
150/250 W Halogen
10x, 20x, 50x lenses
PROCEDURE
1. The required Magnification adapter is fixed in the center projector.
2. The flat specimen is placed on the glass plate and perfectly focused on the screen.
3. The profile of specimen is traced on a tracing paper is fixed on the screen using
pencil.
4. Then the angle between the two reference surface and dimension are measured
using table micrometer and the Rota table screen circular scale and are tabulated
STUDY
PROFILE PROJECTOR
A profile projector is also referred to as an optical comparator, or even known as a
shadowgraph, a profile projector is an optical instrument utilized for measuring. The
projector magnifies the profile of the specimen, and shows this on the built- in projection
screen. From this screen there is usually a grid that could be rotated 360 degrees therefore the
X-Y axis of the screen could be aligned correctly using a straight edge of the machined part
to analyze or measure. This projection screen shows the profile of the sample and is zoomed
for better ease of computing linear dimensions.
An edge of the sample to analyze could be aligned using the grid on the screen. After
that, basic measurements could be obtained for distances along with other points. This is
being carried out on a zoomed profile of the specimen. It could be easier and also lessen
mistakes by measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector.
The conventional way of illumination is by diascopic illumination, and that is
illumination from behind. This kind of illumination is also known as transmitted illumination
when the sample is transparent and light can go through it. When the specimen is solid, then
the light wont go through it, but can form a profile of the sample. Measuring of the sample
can be achieved on the projection screen. A profile projector could also have episcopic
illumination which happens to be light shining from above. This is convenient in exhibiting
bores or inner areas that needs to be measured.
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S.No.
Major diameter
D1
(mm)
Minor diameter
D2
(mm)
Pitch
(mm)
Angle
(deg)
Depth
(mm)
RESULT
Thus the thread parameter of the given screw thread was found using the pro file
projector.
Major diameter = _______________ mm
Minor diameter = _______________ mm
Pitch of screw = ________________ mm
Depth of thread = ________________ mm
Angle of thread = ________________ mm
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TABULATION
S.No
Frequency (Hz)
Displacement (mm)
Velocity (cm/sec)
Acceleration
(m/sec2 )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Result:
Various parameters of vibration such as displacement, velocity and acceleration are
studied and the following characteristic curves were plotted.
1. Displacement Vs Frequency
2. Velocity Vs Frequency
3. Acceleration Vs Frequency
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PROCEDURE
1. Plug the power chard to AC main 230v/50Hz & Switch on the instrument.
2. Plate RED/CAL switch at read position.
3. Balance the amplifier with the help of zero knobs. Without connecting LVDT
to instruments.
4. Replace the RED/CAL switch at CAL position.
5. Adjust the calibration point by rotating CAL knob so display should read 10.00
(i.e.) maximum ranges.
6. Rotate the core of micrometer till the micrometer reads 10 and adjust the
zero potentiometer till the display reads 10
7. Rotate back the micrometer core upto 20.00 and adjust the CAL potentiometer
till the display reed 10.00.
8. Now the instrument is calibrated for +/- 10.00 mm range. As the core of LVDT
moves the display reads the displacement in mm.
9. Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 2 mm and tabulate the readings.
10. Plot the graphs between
(i) Actual reading Vs Indicator reading,
(ii) Actual reading Vs Error
Indicator Reading
LVDT
in (mm)
2
4
Ascending
6
8
10
-2
-4
Descending
-6
-8
-10
MODEL GRAPH
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Error
% Error
RESULT
Thus scale was calibrated using LVDT Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
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Result:
Thus, the thread parameters of a screw thread are measured using floating carriage
micrometer.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ex.No. 14
Date:
AIM
To study the measurement of torque by using reaction torque sensors.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Torque measurement equipment
2. Strain gauge
3. Weight
4. Stand
5. Lever
FORMULA
Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg- m)
Error = Actual Torque - Normal Torque
STUDY
TORQUE MEASUREMENT
Torque is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. It is represented as a vector
of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single axis. The equation
relating power to torque is straight forward. A shaft rotating with angular velocity and
carrying power will undergo a torque T,
Power = T x
Where,
T = Torque.
= Angular acceleration.
Thus torque is the essential tensional twisting about its axis of rotation. In this setup
shear type load is used to measure the torque an inverse method of measuring the load with
the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement of shear
components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends.
STRAIN GAUGE
A strain gauge takes advantage of the p hysical property of electrical conductance and
its dependence on the conductor's geometry. When an electrical conductor is stretched within
the limits of its elasticity such that it does not break or permanently deform, it will beco me
narrower and longer, changes that increase its electrical resistance end-to-end. Conversely,
when a conductor is compressed such that it does not buckle, it will broaden and shorten,
changes that decrease its electrical resistance end-to-end. From the measured electrical
resistance of the strain gauge, the amount of applied stress may be inferred.
A typical strain gauge arranges a long, thin conductive strip in a zig- zag pattern of
parallel lines such that a small amount of stress in the direction of the orientation of the
parallel lines results in a multiplicatively larger strain measurement over the effective length
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9. Adjust the potentiometer in the front panel till the display resds 0.00
10. Apply load to the fulcrum arm by adding dead weights in step of 100g.
11. Change the fulcrum distance and repeat the procedure given above.
12. Note down the reading displayed in the instrument LED and tabulate the
readings.
13. Plot the graphs between
(i) Actual reading vs Indicator reading,
(ii) Actual reading vs Error
TABULATIONS
Actual Loading
Distance,
D (m)
Weight, W
(Kg)
Indicator
Reading
(kg- m)
D xW
(kg- m)
Error
% Error
1M
0.75 M
0.5 M
0.25 M
MODEL GRAPH
Result:
Thus the torque was determined using various load and distances and the results
tabulated and plotted.
Error range = ______________ kg- m
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Where,
Va = Actual temperature
Vi = Indicated temperature of thermocouple
STUDY
THERMOCOUPLE
The basic principle of thermocouple is when two dissimilar metals are joined
together an e.m.f will exist between the points A and B, which is primarily a function of the
junction temperature. The above principle is called See Back effect.
A thermocouple is a device made by two different wires joined at one end,
called junction end or measuring end. The two wires are called thermoelements or legs of the
thermocouple: the two thermoelements are distnguished as positive and negative ones. The
other end of the thermocouple is called tail end or reference end (Figure1). The junction end
is immersed in the enviroment whose temperature T2 has to be measured, which can be for
instance the temperature of a furnace at about 500C, while the tail end is held at a different
temperature T1, e.g. at ambient temperature.
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PROCEDURE
1. Check the connections made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the
front panel.
2. Allow the instrument in on position for 10 mins for initial warm up
3. Fill the around full of water to the kettle and place the thermometer and
thermocouple inside the kettle.
4. Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer. Adjust the initial set
potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature.
5. Switch on the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the thermometer reading
and final set potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.
6. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the kettle and change the water
and replace the thermocouple and tha thermometer in to kettle.
7. Switch on the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 o interval and tabulate the
readings.
8. Plot the graph between
(1) Actual reading Vs Indicator Reading
(2) Actual reading vs Error
TABULATIONS
S.No
Actual temperature,
Va in C
Thermocouple
indicated temperature,
Vi in C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Error
% Error
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT
Thus the temperature is measured using thermometer and thermocouple
apparatus and the comparison was done.
Errror range = _____________C
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PROCEDURE
1. Clean the instruments and its accessories by fine cotton cloths
2. Measure the basic size of the given specimen by using Vernier Caliper
3. Place the slip gauge on the mechanical comparator
4. Now set the basic size of the work piece in the mechanical comparator and set the
dial indicator in zero position and remove the slip gauge from the mechanical
comparator
5. The given specimen is placed under the plunger of mechanical comparator and
note down the variation in height of the component is noted from reading of dial.
6. Tabulate the readings
Specimen
TABULATIONS
Mechanical
Slip gauge reading
comparator reading
in (mm)
in (mm)
Total value
in (mm)
RESULT
The dimensions of the specimen was checked by using mechanical comparator.
Actual size of the component = _______________ mm
Deviation from the actual size = _______________ mm
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