CONDITIONALS

Present
will
Past simple would + inf
Past perfect would + have+
ppo
NOTA: Unless=if not
In my opinion, etc = If I
were you
Can
Be able to (con
will/would)

I WISH/IF ONLY
Lamento presente I wish + past
REPORTED
SPEECH
simple
STATEMENTS (said/told +obj)

What a pity they arent here. I wish

He
theysaid
werethat
here.
Ive lost my key ring, said Alice.
Alice said that she had lost her key
ring.

QUESTIONS (ask, wonder)

Y/N he asked me if +

frase
WH He asked me wh
+frase

Will I get better soon? she asked

the doctor. She asked the doctor if
she would get better soon.
What is your address? Bill asked
tom. Bill asked Tom what his
address was.
Nota: Tanto en statements como
questions hay cambios verbales (a
pasado anterior), temporales y
espaciales

COMMANDS
+ TO:
beg/warn/offer/refuse/tell
advise /order/invite
+ ING: apologize for/ suggest/
deny
recommend/ insist on
/admit/ accuse of
+THAT como statements
promise/

PASSIVE
Suj + vbo + CD + compl
Suj.pac + be(conj) + ppo +compl +
by
They took him to hospital. He was taken to
hospital

CAUSATIVE (HAVE/GET STH DONE)

My house is being painted now. Im having my
house painted now.
Im going to the opticians. He will test my
eyes. Im going to the opticians to have my
eyes tested.

IMPERSONAL
It is said/reported/etc that + frase
(suj + vb)

MODALS
Maybe/ its possible/ perhaps/ Im
not sure MAY/MIGHT
Im sure /suppose +aff MUST
Im sure neg CANT
Advice / If I were you SHOULD
Its not necessary NEEDNT
NOTA: Si la frase est en pasado
(present perfect, past simple,etc) se
usan modales perfectos Modal +Have +
ppo
CAN= be allowed to (permiso) y be able
to (capacidad)

LINKING WORDS

DESPITE/IN SPITE OF
ALTHOUGH
Give up= STOP +ing
Although + suj+ vbo+adj, frase
Remember
In spite of/Despite
MIX
+ to: olvidarse de hacer algo
+ vbo ing
Neither of= ninguno
de.
+ing: olvidar haber hecho algo (amnesia)
+ suj
Made an effort = try hard
On your own =+byadj
yourself
+ The fact that
I find sth . = sth is for me
Speak English
well
be in
good
English
They went
on =
a trip
spite at
of the
bad
Sth + is + here= there is+ sth +here
STH is interesting
= Im the
interested
in
weather. Although
weather was
I + vbo+ sth + in time= It take me+ STH
bad they went on a trip.
time+ to vbo +sth
BECAUSE
(porque)/
INYou
CASE
It was stupid
of you
to do sth.
do(por
Managed to = was/were able to
si)was
/ ASstupid
(como)/
sth, which
of SINCE
you. (ya que)/
Why dont you ? = suggest
SO (asi que)
Will you , please? = Do you mind + ING?
PREFER /RATHER
WHEREAS (mientras):
I prefer algo to algo
Contraposicin ideas.
I prefer to do algo rather
My brother speaks English, whereas I
than do algo
speak German
Id rather do algo than do algo
ALSO AS WELL AS
COMPARATIVES
Superioridad: +er /more than
Igualdad: (not) as + + as
Inferioridad: less than
SUPERLATIVES
The +est /the most/the
least
Superlative = such a
Its the worst film Ive ever seen.
Ive never seen such a bad film

IN ORDER TO + inf= SO THAT +

RELATIVE
Who/ which/whose/where/when
Defining = Especificativas
o
o

o
o

Sin comas
pronombre de sujeto NO
omisible
Pronombre de objeto omisible
Pronombres who/which = that

No defining = explicativas
o
o
o

Con comas
Pronombres NUNCA omisibles
Pronombres who/which - NUNCA
that

Shakespeare was a famous writer. He

wrote beautiful sonnets. Shakespeare,
who was a famous writer, wrote
beautiful sonnets.
I saw a man later. He was the president
of Spain.
The man (who/that) I saw later was the
president of Spain.
NOTA: Si la frase lleva preposicin se
pone
al final.
En formal, se pone delante
SUCH
A/SO
del
pronombre
whom/which
Such a + adjy+
noun, frase

Noun + so + adj, frase

It was such a pretty dress that I couldnt
resist it. The dress was so beautiful that I
couldnt resist it.

SINCE/FOR
Suj + present perfect + sth + for
+ time
Its + time+ since + suj + past
simple +sth
I havent had curry for a long time. Its a
long time since I had curry.

TOO/SO
Suj + vbo + TOO + adj+ for sb+
to +vbo2
Suj + vbo + SO + adj + that
+sb+ can+ vbo2
The metal was too hard for them to
break. The metal was so hard that they
couldnt break it.

TOO/ENOUGH