4.drilling Equipment

Instituto Superior Tcnico
Universidade de Lisboa
Masters in Petroleum Engineering 2014-2015
Drilling Engineering Course
Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Mining and Geological Engineering Msc.
Petroleum Engineering Msc.
Drilling Engineering Course

4. Drilling Equipment
Casing
Tubulars, Mud, and Cement

Drill Bit
Characteristics and Types
Drill String
Components, BHA Design
Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015
Masters in Petroleum Engineering
Mechanics (Steel)
Stress and Strength
Stress = Load divided by the cross-sectional area where the load is applied
Strain and Stretch
Strain = Stretch divided by original Length
Young Modulus
E = Stress divided by Strain
Mechanics (Steel)
Elastic limit
Limit beyond which, when stress is removed, the steel will have acquired a permanent stretch
Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a strain of 0.5%. When stress is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2%
of permanent deformation
Ultimate Tensile Stress
The maximum stress on the curve, very close to the stress which will cause steel failure
Steel Properties
Yield Strength
The level at which the material changes from predominantly elastic to predominantly plastic
strain behaviour (psi)
Tensile Strength
The highest stress level a material achieves before it fails (breaks) (Lbs)
Casing
Functions of Casing
Provide structural integrity to the well
Control troublesome zones (over-pressured, weak and fractured formations,
unconsolidated, etc)
Prevent cave-ins
Isolate porous formations (different fluid pressure regimes) allowing drilling and production
Allow selective communication between the formations and the well
Cover up problems in existing casing
Casing
Functions of Casing (Cont.)
Serve as a high-strength flow conduit from reservoir to surface both for drilling and production
fluids
Prevent near surface fresh water zones from contamination (reservoir fluids and drilling fluids)
Provide connection and support of the wellhead equipment and blow out preventers
Provide exact dimensions for running testing, completions and production subsurface equipment
Casing
Functions of Casing (Cont.)
All Casing shall be designed to withstand all loads that can be imposed on them
during installation and the lifetime of the well
No well construction program should be put forward without an approved
casing design
Casing
Casing Types
(Offshore) Driven into the sea bed
Cassion Pipe
(not mandatory)
Tied Back to the conductor or surface casing and does not carry
any load
Prevents washouts of near surface unconsolidated formations
Ensures the stability of the ground upon which the rig is seated
Serves as a flow conduit for the drilling mud to the surface
Casing
Casing Types
Outermost casing string
Between 40-500ft in length onshore and up to 1000ft
offshore
Conductor Pipe
Isolates weak formations

Prevents erosion of the ground below the rig
Provides a mud return path
Supports the weight of the subsequent casing strings
and the wellhead equipment
Conductors can be driven, jetted in or drilled and cemented in place

10
Casing
Casing Types
Depths vary from 300 to 5000ft
Setting depth is often determined by regulators or
company policy rather than technical reasoning
Surface Casing
Provides a base (means to nipple up) for the BOP

Provides a casing seat strong enough to safely shut-in
the well
Provides protection for shallow aquifers
Provides wellbore stabilisation
11
Casing
Casing Types
Purely technical casing (a.k.a. protective casing)

Length varies from 7000 to 15000ft
Intermediate Casing
Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones
(abnormal pressures, unstable shales, lost circulation

zones, salt sections, etc.)
Provides integrity to withstand the high mud weights
to reach TD or the next casing string
This casing type should be set within more competent formations than the
surface casing, thus allowing higher blow out protection for drilling deeper
12
Casing
Casing Types
Set through the productive zone(s)
Designed to hold the maximum shut-in pressure
Designed to withstand the stimulating pressures

during completions and workover operations
Production Casing
Provides zonal isolation (prevents fluid migration)

Confines production to wellbore
Provides the possibility
completion equipment
to
install
subsurface
Provides protection in case of tubing failure
This type of casing is often not cemented to surface

13
Casing
Casing Types Liners
Casing strings that dont run all the way to the surface, being
hung in the previous casing shoe or even overlapping the
previous casing
Drilling Liner
Production Liner
Scab Liner
Scab Tie-Back Liner
Mainly run for economic reasons but also mechanical,
technical and safety (avoid having an annulus up to surface)
14
Casing
Casing Classification
API Standardisation is the most commonly used method of classifying casing
Outside Diameter (OD)
Inside Diameter (ID)
Length (range)
Weight
Type of Connection
Grade
Size
API: 5C3, 5CT, 5L, 5B

15
Casing
Casing Size
(OD-ID)/2 = Wall Thickness
Manufacturers often produce casing slightly
larger than specified, nonetheless, there is
an approved OD tolerance: -0.5% to +1%
ID is specified in terms of wall thickness and
drift diameter (size of a drift mandrel)
Minimum wall thickness is 87.5% of the
nominal wall thickness
16
Casing
Casing Length Range
API 5CT
Range
Length (ft)
Average Length (ft)
16-25
22
25-34
31
Over 34
42
Casing Weight
Determined by nominal pipe body wall thickness expressed as weight per unit length
Nominal Weight, Plain-end Weight or Threaded and Coupled Weight (Average)
Tolerance: -12.5% to 0%
17
Casing
Type of Connection
Mechanical device used to join pipe together (>90% of string failures occur in the connection)
Should be as strong as the pipe it connects and have similar geometry
Structural elements (properties)
Threads
Shoulders
Seal
Body
18
Casing
Grade
The steel grade of the casing relates to the tensile strength of the steel
The steel grade is expressed as a code number which consist of a letter and a number
Letter
Number
Arbitrarily selected to provide a unique designation for each grade of casing

Designates the minimal yield strength of the steel (in thousand psi)
Example: K-55
Yield Strength of 55000psi
19
Casing
Mechanical Properties
Casing is subjected to different loads during running, landing, cementing, drilling and
production operations
Tensile Loads
Burst
Collapse
Wear (erosion)
Vibration
Shock (pounding)
Gun perforating
Corrosion
Combination of several loads combined (Von Misses equivalent, VME)

20
Casing
Mechanical Properties
21
Casing
How do we select it?
It usually depends on four considerations
1)
2)
3)
4)
Physical Strength (tension, burst, collapse, torsion, compression or combined tri-axial loads
Chemical Properties (resistance to H2S, CO2, water, etc)
Availability
Cost
22
Casing
How do we select it? Physical Strength
Pressure Burst
Pressure Collapse
Axial Tension
Triaxial (VME)
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Burst
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Collapse
Maximum Load Case

Condition for Tension
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)
Multiply Load Line by

Design factor (Design
Line)
Select Casing String

with load capacity
equal or bigger than
Design Line
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)

Line)
For casing selected in

burst design, check
that load capacity
equal or bigger then
Design line
Calculate resulting
loads (Load Line)

Line)
For casing selected in

Collapse design, check
that load capacity
equal or bigger then
Design line
Combination of pressures and tensions/stresses

23
Casing
Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement
Initial selection of casing setting depth is based on the pore and fracture pressure gradients for
the well
Lithological Column (problem zones, salt zones, fractured formations, etc)
Minimum Hole Size in the reservoir
Temperature Profile
Fluids encountered (Water,oil, gas, H2S and CO2)
Well objectives (exploration cost is secondary; or development minimise cost)
24
Casing
Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement
Should Be designed from bottom upwards
After the preliminary shoe depth selection, hole sizes and mud weights has been done a study
of kick tolerance should be carried out at each shoe
The hole section shouldnt be drilled deeper than is possible to safely circulate
out a kick!
25
Casing
Casing Shoe/Seat Placement Pore & Frac
26
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud
Transmit hydraulic energy to the tools and bit

Remove cuttings from the well
Ensure adequate formation evaluation
Control formation pressure
Control corrosion
Suspend and release cuttings
Facilitate cementing and completion
Seal permeable formations (mud cake)
Minimize impact on environment
Maintain wellbore stability
Prevent gas hydrate formation
Minimise reservoir damage
Cool, lubricate and support the bit and drilling assembly
27
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Remove cuttings from the well
Function of
Cutting size, shape and density

ROP
RPM
Flow rate and profile (annular velocity)
Wellbore orientation (inclination)
Mud Properties (density and viscosity)
Mud properties are critical are the primary

cause of non productive time in drilling
operations
Strongly influence bit performance
Mud Loggers determine the depth where the cuttings originated and analyse at their properties
at the well site
28
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Control Formation Pressure
Avoid losses, kicks and formation instability

29
Drilling Fluids Mud
Functions of Mud Formation Damage (Skin)
The drilling muds selected in the drilling program need to minimise the formation damage,
especially in the reservoir
Mud or drilling solids invade the formation matrix
Reduction of the
Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir
Formation damage
natural
Solids precipitation with the fluid mix (insoluble salts)
porosity/permeability/
Mud filtrate and formation fluid form an emulsion
Wettability
Specially designed fluids are used for workover and completions
30
Drilling Fluids Mud
Types of Mud
Water Based Mud
Water base with clays (bentonite) and other chemicals
Lowest Cost but can react with some formations
Oil Based Mud
Base petroleum product (e.g. diesel); Toxic
Very good drilling/formation properties
Mid Cost; use might be restricted
Synthetic Based Mud
Base synthetic oil (less toxic)
Very good drilling/formation properties
Highest cost
Thin and free flowing while pumped

Thick when pumping stops (gelling)
Non damaging to the reservoir (low
reactivity)
31
Drilling Fluids Mud
Mud Additives
Alkalinity and PH Control Lime, caustic soda and bicarbonate of soda
Bactericides Paraformaldehyde caustic soda, lime and starch preservatives
Calcium Reducers Caustic soda, soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, some polyphosphates. Prevent contamination effects
Corrosion inhibitors Hydrated lime and amine salts. Prevent effects of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide (OBMs excellent anti-corrosion)
Defoamers Reduce surface tension. Reduce foaming action in salt/saltwater mud based systems
Emulsifiers Create an homogeneous mixture of two liquids. Fatty acids, amine derivatives and modified lignosulfonates
Filtrate reducers Reduce the amount of water lost to the formations. Bentonite clays, CMC and pre-gelatinized starch
Salt, hydrated lime, gypsum and sodium tetraphosphates
Flocculants
32
Drilling Fluids Mud
Mud Additives
Foaming Agents
Used in air drilling. Create foam in the presence of water
Lost Circulation Materials
Lubricants
Plug large openings preventing loss of whole drilling fluid. Nut shells (nut plug) and mica flakes
Used to reduce torque at the bit by reducing friction. Soaps, and some oils
Spotting fluids in areas of stuck pipe, reduce friction increase lubricity and inhibit formation hydration. Soaps,
detergents, oils, surfactants
shale/clay formations. Gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium
Inhibitors Control hydration, caving and disintegration oflignosulfonates
Pipe-Freeing Agents
Shale-Control
Surfactants
Reduce the interfacial tension between fluids (oil/water, water/solids, water/air, etc..)
Weighting agents
Provide weight to the mud beyond its specific gravity. Barite, hematite, calcium carbonate and galena
33
Drilling Fluids Mud
Drilling Fluid System
Delivers hydraulic horse power (HHP) to the bit
Cleans the bottom of the hole enabling the bit to reach new formation
Cools the downhole tools
Carries cuttings to surface
Design is a compromise between:
Bit Power
Hole Cleaning
Losses
Hole washouts
Equipment pressure (flow rate limits)
Pump Reliability
34
Drilling Fluids Mud
35
Drilling Fluids Mud
Tanks (pit) and mixers
Shale Shakers
De-gasser
Cyclone De-sander
De-silter
Mud Cleaner
Centrifuge
36
Drilling Fluids Mud
Shale Shakers
De-gasser
Cyclone De-sander
De-silter
Mud Cleaner
Centrifuge
37
Drilling Fluids Mud
Shale Shakers
De-gasser
Cyclone De-sander
De-silter
Mud Cleaner
Centrifuge
38
Drilling Fluids Mud
Shale Shakers
De-gasser
Cyclone De-sander
De-silter
Mud Cleaner
Centrifuge
39
Drilling Fluids Cement
Purpose of Cement
The introduction of cementacious material into the annulus between casing and the open hole
provides:
Zonal Isolation
Support for the axial load of subsequent casing strings (shear bond)
Casing support and protection
Support the borehole
Oilfield cement is manufactured according to the API specification 10A (classes: A to H)
40
Purpose of Cement
Cements may be modified with additives to deliver required properties according to the
cement job:
Accelerators
Retarders
Slurry density reducers/enhancers
Temperature Resistance
Compressive Strength
Flow properties
Elasticity
41
Purpose of Cement
Cementation is the final, and crucial, operation in securing a well section!
This operation must achieve:
High quality uncontaminated cement that bonds the casing with the formation
High compressive strength
Well control during the operation
Float equipment (prevent flow inside casing, AKA U-tubbing)
Prevent channelling (flow outside casing)
Isolation of water/hydrocarbon zones
Protection from corrosive fluids
42
Downhole Cementing Equipment
Float Equipment
Prevent back-flow when cement is pumped in place
Provide landing shoulder for wiper plugs (collar)
Provide guide for casing (shoe)
Enable pressure test of casing after displacement cement (collar)
43
Downhole Cementing Equipment
Wiper Plugs
Remove drilling fluid residue from casing (bottom plug)
Separate drilling fluid/spacers from cement
Wipe Cement residue from casing
Enable pressure test of casing after displacement;
landing on float collar (top plug)
44
Surface Cementing Equipment
Cement Head
Enable sequential release of cement plugs
Provide circulation path for drilling fluid,
spacers and cement
45
Accessories: Cementing Equipment
Centralisers
Provide casing centralisation (stand-off from the bore hole)
Minimising cement channelling, enable cement uniform distribution
Scratchers and Wipers
Scrape the wall cake from the borehole enabling cement bonding
More on Cementing operations in the next lecture
46
Casing & Cementing Example
47
Drill String
The combination of the drillpipe, the bottom hole assembly

and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the
bottom of the wellbore.
- Schlumberger
48
Drill String - Bits
Steel-toothed piece of equipment attached to the end of the

drill string designed to crush, scrape and grind rock
Roller Cutters
Steel Tooth
Tungsten Carbide Inserts
Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)
Diamond
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)
Hybrid
49
Drill String - Bits
During the planning stage, the drilling engineer must

review all the offset well data (bit performance record)
and correctly select the drilling bits required to drill the
well
Expected lithological column w/description of each
formation
Drilling fluids details

Well Profile
50
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters
Two or more cones containing the cutting elements
The cones rotate around the their axis, they rotate
due to string rotation and not due to any internal
driving force
Structural Materials
Bearing-seal-lubricating design
Cutting Structure and hydraulic arrangements
51
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters
Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)
Inserts pressed into the cone
Milled Tooth (MT)

Steel Tooth pre-milled and covered with
hardfacing
52
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters External Anatomy
1
2
3
4
5
6
API Pin (American Petroleum Institute)

Leg
Shirttail
Nozzle Boss
Nozzle
Cone
4
2
3
5
6
53
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Internal Anatomy
1
2
3
4
Secondary (inner) Bearing

Primary (outer) Bearing
Primary Seal
Secondary Seal
54
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Internal Anatomy
1
1
2
3
4
5
Grease Reservoir
Grease Long Tube Hole
Ball Hole
Seals
Ball Bearings (cone retention)
2
3
5
55
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters
TCI Cone
56
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters
Milled Tooth Cone
57
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Structural Materials

Appropriate yield strength
Impact resistant
Cones are usually heat treated

NiMo-Steel alloy
Teeth are heat treated
NiCrMo-Steel alloy
High machinability
Subjected to heat treatment
58
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Bearing-Seal-lubricating Design

Function as a unit
Must Withstand
Large Impact Loads

Harsh Chemicals of the drilling fluids
High temperatures
Types of Bearings
Standard Open Bearings

Sealed Bearings (Grease Lubricant)
Journal Bearings (Solid Lubricant)
59
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Cuttings Structure Arrangements
1
1
2
Indentation and Fracture

Tooth Displacement
Weight On Bit (WOB)

Rotations Per Minute (RPM)
Soft Formations Gouging and Scraping

Most Aggressive Cutting action
High Rate of Penetration (ROP) Applications
Hard Formations Chipping and Crushing
Most Durable Cutting Action

Low ROP Applications
60
Drill String - Bits
Offset is the horizontal distance between the axis of
the bit and a vertical plane of the journal
61
Drill String - Bits
Journal angle is the angle formed by the axis of the
journal and a plane perpendicular to the bit axis
Soft-Medium formations
Low Journal Angle (30- 33)
Medium-Hard formations
High Journal Angle (34 - 39)
62
Drill String - Bits
The Cone may have different tooth shapes
Long
Designed to drill soft formations, with low

compressive strength (easily penetrated,
more yielding)
Short
Designed to drill hard formations,

with high compressive strength
(by fracturing)
63
Drill String - Bits
Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)
Fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit, rotating as a unit with the drill string
Cutting elements
Steel Cutters
Diamond Cutters
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)
Design Parameters
Bit Profile
Blade Configuration
Cutter Layout
Cutter Orientation
Nozzle Placement
Gauge Pad Considerations
64
Drill String - Bits
Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) Bit Profile
Apex
Cone
Geometrical centre of the bit

Shallow Cone (~150)
Medium Cone (~115)
Deep Cone (~90)
Steerability
Bit Cleaning
Aggressiveness (ROP)
Bit Stability
Diamond Volume in the centre
Stability
Diamond Volume in the centre
Steerability
Cleaning Efficiency
Bit aggressiveness (ROP)
65
Drill String - Bits
Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) Bit Profile
Large Radius
Hard transitional formation
Higher surface area (better load distribution)
Nose
Small/Sharp Radius
Soft homogeneous formation
Lower surface area (higher point loading/Increase penetration)
66
Drill String - Bits
Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) Blade Configuration
Number of blades
From 3-20 blades
Blade Symmetry
Symmetric
Asymmetric
Blade Geometry
Straight
Spiral
Cutter Size
Cutter Structure
>Larger Diameter > more aggressive (in mm)

Single Set
Multi Set
Random
Forward
Reverse
67
Drill String - Bits
Roller Cutters Vs Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)
Less Torque
More Torque
More Vibration
Less Vibration
Non Homogeneous formations
Homogeneous Formations
Moving Parts
Solid and Stronger
Older > Optimised Design
Newer
Cheaper
More Expensive
68
Drill String - Bits
Bit Classification Drag Bits
International Association of Drilling Contractors
Identify similar Bit types made by different manufacturers
Each type of bit has a four digit code
1st Digit
2nd Digit
3rd Digit
4th Digit
Defines the type of cutter and body material (letter: D;M;S;T;O)

Defines bit profile (number, 1-9 and G= gauge height or C= cone height)
Defines the hydraulic design (number, 1-9)
Defines the cutter size and density (number, 0-9)
69
Drill String - Bits
135M
Soft Formation milled tooth bit
Roller bearings w/ gauge protection
Motor Application
Bit Classification Roller Bit

International Association of Drilling Contractors
Identify similar Bit types made by different manufacturers
Each type of bit has a four digit code
1st Digit
2nd Digit
3rd Digit
4th Digit
Defines if MT or TCI and formation hardness (number, 1-8)

Defines sub classification of formation hardness (number, 1-4)
Defines type of bearing and presence of gage protection (number, 1-7)
Defines general bit information (letter, A-Z)
70
Drill String Hole Openers/Gauge maintenance
71
Drill String Hole Openers/Gauge maintenance
72
Drill String Drill Pipe
Serves as a conduit/conductor for drilling fluid and transmits rotation from surface to
the bit
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded aluminium tool joints attached to
each end of a seamless tube
The tool joints provide drill string connectivity and are separate pieces of metal welded
to the tube, thick enough to have a pin or box cut into them
Classified with: Size, Length (range), Grade, Weight and class
Example: 5, Range 2, G-105, 19.5 ppf, New
73
Drill String Drill Pipe
74
Drill String Drill Collar
Heavy walled metal tubes with threaded ends (box and pin)
Provide weight on bit and keep the string from buckling
Spiral collars are used where there is a change of getting stuck in the hole
Square collars are used in crooked holes
75
Drill String Drill Collar
Protect the drill string from bending
Control direction and inclination of wells
Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
Provide Pendulum effect
Reduce dolegs, key seats and ledges
Improve the probabilities of running casing in the hole
Increase bit performance
Reduce bouncing and sticking of the string
76
Drill String Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
HWDP has higher weight and longer tool joins than normal DP
Used in transition zones between the DCs and DPs avoiding the DP from buckling
(theoretically may be used in compression) and to provide a smooth transition
between different sections of the drill string components
Shouldnt be used to obtain WOB in vertical wells (may also buckle)
Same OD as DP but with much smaller ID
77
Drill String Pipe
All drill string components, especially pipe (DP, HWDP and DC) should have a
mechanical thorough study regarding (mechanical) loads
Tension
Torsional Strength
Burst
Collapse
Biaxial (Tension & Torsion and Tension and Collapse)
78
Drill String Stabilisers
Stabilizer tools are an important part of the BHA that allow the DD to control
Control Hole Deviation

Dogleg Severity
Prevent Differential sticking
Concentrate the weight of the DC on the bit
Stiffness of the DS
(reducing torque and bending stresses)
Centralise the DS without digging into the borehole wall!
79
Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers Pendulum Principle
Removing the stabilizer above the bit and adding additional DC making the BHA more flexible
The upper stabilizers, properly placed, hold the bottom DC away from the low side of the hole
Gravitational forces act on the bottom collar and bit causing the hole to drop (decrease inclination)
80
Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers Fulcrum Principle
Installing a stabilizer just above the bit, when it is rotating, enough weight is applied bowing the
bottom collars
The bow causes the bit to push against the top side of the hole, resulting in a build up (increase
inclination)
81
Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers Stabilization Principle
Installing stabilizers at specified points in the BHA to increase stiffness, preventing the string to
bend or bow forcing the bit to drill a straight hole
Packed Assemblies are designed to maintain borehole angle
82
Drill String Motors
Turbine
Multistage blade-type rotor and stator sections (vary from25-50), a thrust

bearing section and a drive shaft
Rotor blades connected to the drive shaft and powered by the circulating mud
PDM (Positive Displacement Motor)

Rotor and Stator (power section), by-pass valve, universal joint
and a bearing assembly
83
Drill String Motors
PDM (Positive Displacement Motor)
Power Section
Helical Steel rotor fitted inside a spirally-shaped elastomer moulder stator
Mud fills the cavities between the rotor and stator displacing the rotor causing
rotation (elliptical movement) which is then converted into circular rotation by the
universal joint assembly
84
Drill String Stabilisers + RSS/Motor
Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers
85
Drill String Float Valve
Check valve that has a spring-loaded plate (or flapper valve)
May be pumped through, generally in the downhole direction, but closes
if the fluid attempts to flow back through the drill string to the surface.
Reverse flow might be encountered due to
U-tube effect when the bulk density of the mud in the annulus is higher
than that inside the drillpipe
Well control event
86
Drill String MWD
Measurement While Drilling
Real time well site evaluation tool (data) basic trajectory parameters
Inclination
Direction
Tool-face
Consists of a sensor package (accelerometers and magnetometers), Electronics package and a
Transmission system
Powered through lithium batteries or with a downhole turbine (generator)
87
Drill String MWD
Sensor package
Accelerometers gravitational measurement
Magnetometers magnetic field measurement
Electronics package
Transmission
Mud Pulse
EM signals
Wired pipe
88
Drill String MWD
Transmission
Mud Pulse
Signal used for directional data
Opens (positive surge) and closes(negative surge, drop) a valve
Range of 10-15 psi decoded by a transducer in the standpipe
No depth limitations but rely on proper drilling fluid
89
Drill String Other equipment
LWD
Xover
Bent Subs
Whipstocks
90
End of Drilling Equipment
Next Chapter: 5. Drilling Operations
Questions?
91

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Instituto Superior Tcnico

Jos Pedro Santos Baptista

Drilling Engineering Course

Tubulars, Mud, and Cement

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

(Offshore) Driven into the sea bed

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Isolates weak formations

Conductors can be driven, jetted in or drilled and cemented in place

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Provides a base (means to nipple up) for the BOP

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Purely technical casing (a.k.a. protective casing)

Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones

(abnormal pressures, unstable shales, lost circulation

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Designed to withstand the stimulating pressures

Provides zonal isolation (prevents fluid migration)

Provides protection in case of tubing failure

This type of casing is often not cemented to surface

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

API: 5C3, 5CT, 5L, 5B

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Average Length (ft)

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Arbitrarily selected to provide a unique designation for each grade of casing

Yield Strength of 55000psi

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Combination of several loads combined (Von Misses equivalent, VME)

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Maximum Load Case

Maximum Load Case

Maximum Load Case

Multiply Load Line by

Select Casing String

Multiply Load Line by

For casing selected in

Multiply Load Line by

For casing selected in

Combination of pressures and tensions/stresses

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Masters in Petroleum Engineering