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Skip Graph in Distributed Environments: A Review: 1.1 Skiplist
Skip Graph in Distributed Environments: A Review: 1.1 Skiplist
Skip Graph in Distributed Environments: A Review: 1.1 Skiplist
Abstract: As we see that the world has become closer and faster and with the enormous growth of distributed networks like p2p,
social networks, overlay networks, cloud computing etc. Theses Distributed networks are represented as graphs and the
fundamental component of distributed network is the relationship defined by linkages among units or nodes in the network.
Major concern for computer experts is how to store such enormous amount of data especially in form of graphs. There is a need
for efficient data structure used for storage of such type of data should provide efficient format for fast retrieval of data as and
when required, in this types of networks. Although adjacency matrix is an effective technique to represent a graph having few or
large number of nodes and vertices but when it comes to analysis of huge amount of data from site likes like face book or twitter,
adjacency matrix cannot do this. In this paper, we study the existing application of a special kind of data structure, skip graph
with its various versions which can be efficiently used for storing such type of data resulting in optimal storage, space utilization
retrieval and concurrency.
Keywords: Skip List, Skip Graph, and Distributed Networks, Efficient and fast search
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SKIPLIST
A skip list [3] is an ordered data structure based on a
succession of linked lists with geometrically
decreasing numbers of items. The deterministic
versions
of
skip
list
have
guaranteed properties whereas randomized skip lists
only offer high probability performance. This height
(Hn) is the maximum length of a search path for any
key from the top of the skip list. Devroye has proved
that this height Hn is of order log n [10].
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2.
MODELS
AND
NOTATIONS
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Correctness
under
concurrency
As discussed in section 2, both insertion and
deletion can be comfortably done on skip
graph and search operations eventually find
their target node or correctly report that it is
not present in the skip graph. So any search
operation can be linearized with respect to
insertion and deletion. In effect, the skip
graph inherits the atomicity properties of its
bottom layer, with upper layers serving only
to
provide
increased
efficiency.
Concurrency is not handled properly in
various
applications.
Fault Tolerance
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Random
failures
Rainbow skip graph, skipmards, skip webs
and skip nets efficiently handles random
failures, the situation appears even more
promising, experimental results presented in
[4,7,9] show that for a reasonably large skip
graph nearly all nodes remain in the primary
component until about two-thirds of the
nodes fail, and that it is possible to make
searches highly resilient to failure even
without using the repair mechanism by use
of
redundant
links.
Load
balancing
skip index, skip graph++, inverted skip
graphs are best suitable application for load
balancing in didtributed networks like p2p.
In addition to fault-tolerance, a skip graph
provides a limited form of load balancing,
by smoothing out hot spots caused by
popular search targets. The guarantees that a
skip graph makes in this case are similar to
the guarantees made for survivability. Just
as an element stored at a particular node will
not survive the loss of that node or its
neighbours in the graph, many searches
directed at a particular element will lead to
high load on the node that stores it and on
nodes likely to be on a search path.
However, James has shown that this effect
drops off rapidly with distance elements that
are far away from a popular target in the
bottom-level list produce little additional
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Low
hitting
times
skip streams provides Random walks on
expanders done in [7] have the property of
hitting a large set of nodes fast and with
high probability. This can be used for a
variety of applications such as load
balancing, gathering statistics on the nodes
of the skip graph and for finding highly
replicated.
4. CONCLUSIONS
SCOPE
AND
FUTURE
393
5. REFERENCES
[1] L. Arge, D. Eppstein, and M.T. Goodrich. Skipwebs: efficient distributed data structures for multidimensional data sets. Proceedings of the annual
ACM SIGACT-SIGOPS symposium on Principles of
distributed computing, pages 6976, 2009.
[2] J. Aspnes and G. Shah. Skip graphs. Proceedings
of the fourteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on
Discrete algorithms, pages 384 393, 2003.
[3] James Aspnes and Gauri Shah. Skip graphs. ACM
Transactions on Algorithms, 3(4):37, November
2007.
[4] James Aspnes and Udi Wieder. The expansion
and mixing time of skip graphs with applications. In
SPAA 05: Proceedings of the seventeenth annual
ACM symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and
architectures, pages 126134, New York, NY, USA,
2005. ACM.
[5] Thomas Clouser, Mikhail Nesterenko, Christian
Scheideler : Tiara: A self-stabilizing deterministic
skip list and skip graph . 2012 Elsevier
[6] Hammurabi Mendes , Cristina G. Fernandes - A
Concurrent Implementation of Skip graphs .
Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics 35 (2009 )
page no .-263-268 .
[7] James Aspnes , Udi Wieder -The expansion and
mixing time of skip graphs with applications. page no
385-394 , Springer-Verlag 2008
[8] Michael T. Goodrich, Michael J. Nelson ,
Jonathan Z. Sun The Rainbow Skip Graph: A FaultTolerant Constant-Degree P2P Relay Structure .
ArXiv - 2009
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